Daniel McIntosh | University of Denver (original) (raw)

Papers by Daniel McIntosh

The social and psychological consequences of being a female law student may include greater stres... more The social and psychological consequences of being a female law student may include greater stress and worse health than that experienced by male students. First-year law students at a major state university were surveyed about their physical and psychological health prior to, in the middle of, and at the end of the school year. They were also asked about specific sources of strain (e.g., grades, time pressure) at midyear. Relative to men, women reported greater strain due to sexism, lack of free time, and lack of time to spend with one's spouse/partner. Women also displayed more depression and physical symptoms at the end of the year. Partial correlation analyses controlling for baseline health were used to show associations between midyear strain and end-of-year emotional and physical health. Gender-role constraints may be more responsible for women's stress than law school per se. In I 870, Illinois refused to license Myra Bradwell as a lawyer simply because she was a woman (Fossum, 1983). In upholding this decision, the Illinois Supreme Court wrote that, "God designed the sexes to occupy different spheres of action and that it belonged to men to make, apply, and execute the laws .... " (Wallach, 1975, p. 86). Such overt sexism is no longer legally sanctioned, and the number of women lawyers is rapidly increasing. In 1971, only 9% of the students in American Bar Association (ABA)-approved law schools were women (McLean, 1992). In 1987, women made up approximately 20% of all lawyers worldwide (World Almanac, 1989), and since 1987 they have comprised over 40% of students in law schools approved by the ABA ("Different mix," 1991; McLean, 1992). 1 We appreciate the assistance of Scheon Griffin and Steve Yaung in data collection and coding. We would to thank an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on an earlier draft. This study would not have been possible without the support and cooperation of Sherry Kozlouski and Dean of Students Susan Eklund of the University of Michigan Law School.

Mimicking expressions is a phylogenetically ancient and basic form of intraspecies communication ... more Mimicking expressions is a phylogenetically ancient and basic form of intraspecies communication (Brothers, 1990); it may have been evolutionarily adaptive because it helped humans communicate and foster relationships (Lakin, Jefferis, Cheng, & Chartrand, 2003). When an observer matches the facial expression of another, emotion-related thoughts and feelings may be modulated or initiated in the observer (McIntosh, 1996; McIntosh, Druckman, & Zajonc, 1994). Thus, mimicry appears to play a role in such intertwined and basic social processes as emotional contagion (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1992; Lundquist & Dimberg, 1995; McIntosh et al., 1994; Vaughan & Lanzetta, 1981), dyadic rapport (Capella, 1993), behaviors such as helping and generosity (van Baaren, Holland, Kawakami, & van Knippenberg, 2004), and the perception and interpretation of facial expressions of emotion (Niedenthal, Brauer, Halberstadt, & Innes-Ker, 2001). Moreover, mimicry appears impaired in autism, a disorder of ...

Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2018

Human actions induce attentional orienting toward the target of the action. We examined the influ... more Human actions induce attentional orienting toward the target of the action. We examined the influence of action cueing in social (man throwing toward a human) and non-social (man throwing toward a tree) contexts in observers with and without autism spectrum condition (ASC). Results suggested that a social interaction enhanced the cueing effect for neurotypical participants. Participants with ASC did not benefit from non-predictive cues and were slower in social contexts, although they benefitted from reliably predictive cues. Social orienting appears to be automatic in the context of an implied social interaction for neurotypical observers, but not those with ASC. Neurotypical participants' behavior may be driven by automatic processing, while participants with ASC use an alternative, effortful strategy.

Previous research has investigated the role of personal faith and locus of control in attribution... more Previous research has investigated the role of personal faith and locus of control in attribution. To expand these investigations to include the role of Quest faith (a personal struggle to understand), 154 undergraduates (57 males, 97 females) participated in a study. Participants were those who ranked themselves at least 4 out of 7 on a pre-selection. religiosity self-rating sheet and attended church at least once a month. Subjects also completed questionnaires measuring forms of personal faith and locus of control. Attributional tendencies were determined from subjects' ratings of 12 vignettes for the involvement of self, others, chance, and God. Analysis of results showed that intrinsic religion correlated positively with God control and negatively with chance in specific circumstances and with chance and powerful others on the general scales. Extrinsic religion affiliated positively with overall control by chance and powerful others. Quest faith associated positively with control by self for favorable outcomes only and with chance for both favorable and unfavorable outcomes. The nature of the correlations among Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Quest forms of faith does not appear to explain the pattern of associations with Quest faith. (MCF)

Psychological Science, 1992

Psychological Medicine, 2007

Motivation and Emotion, 1996

Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 2003

Examined the role of emotion-based moral processes in the committing of delinquent acts by adoles... more Examined the role of emotion-based moral processes in the committing of delinquent acts by adolescent males with conduct disorder (CD). An Affective Morality Index (AMI) was developed to assess emotional responses to vignettes of delinquent acts. CD groups, as compared to a non-CD group, reported lower levels of guilt and fear and higher levels of excitement and happiness following described transgressions. Number of CD symptoms and a recidivism-risk item were correlated negatively with reported guilt and fear and positively with happiness and excitement. Trends suggested that youth with childhood-onset CD (CO) show lower levels of affective morality than those with adolescent-onset CD (AO). There were no effects for anger. This research, and in particular the AMI, expands our understanding of affective-based morality, especially in discriminating between CD and non-CD youth.

Cognition & Emotion, 1997

The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2004

This study is the first to systematically examine estimated rates of sensory processing disorders... more This study is the first to systematically examine estimated rates of sensory processing disorders using survey data. Parents of incoming kindergartners from one suburban U.S. public school district were surveyed using the Short Sensory Profile, a parent-report screening tool that evaluates parents’ perceptions of functional correlates of sensory processing disorders (McIntosh, Miller, Shyu, & Dunn, 1999a). A total of 703 completed surveys were returned, which represents 39% of the kindergarten enrollment (n = 1,796) in the district for the 1999–2000 school year. Of the 703 children represented by the surveys, 96 children (13.7% of 703) met criteria for sensory processing disorders based upon parental perceptions. A more conservative prevalence estimate of children having sensory processing disorders based on parental perceptions was calculated by assuming that all non-respondents failed to meet screening criteria. This cautious estimate suggests that based on parents’ perceptions, 5...

Psychological Science, 2013

Millions of people witnessed early, repeated television coverage of the September 11 (9/11), 2001... more Millions of people witnessed early, repeated television coverage of the September 11 (9/11), 2001, terrorist attacks and were subsequently exposed to graphic media images of the Iraq War. In the present study, we examined psychological- and physical-health impacts of exposure to these collective traumas. A U.S. national sample ( N = 2,189) completed Web-based surveys 1 to 3 weeks after 9/11; a subsample ( n = 1,322) also completed surveys at the initiation of the Iraq War. These surveys measured media exposure and acute stress responses. Posttraumatic stress symptoms related to 9/11 and physician-diagnosed health ailments were assessed annually for 3 years. Early 9/11- and Iraq War–related television exposure and frequency of exposure to war images predicted increased posttraumatic stress symptoms 2 to 3 years after 9/11. Exposure to 4 or more hr daily of early 9/11-related television and cumulative acute stress predicted increased incidence of health ailments 2 to 3 years later. Th...

Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2009

Individuals frequently perceive positive changes in themselves following adversity; after a colle... more Individuals frequently perceive positive changes in themselves following adversity; after a collective trauma, they may perceive such benefits in others or in their society as well. We examined perceived benefits of the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks in a 3-year study of a national sample of adults (N = 1382). Many individuals (57.8%) perceived social benefits of 9/11, including increased prosocial behavior, religiousness, or political engagement. Individuals who found increased national religiosity as a benefit 2 months post-9/11 reported greater positive affect and life satisfaction and lower distress and posttraumatic stress up to 3 years post-9/11. Pre-9/11 religiousness and Republican political affiliation predicted perceiving religion-related social benefits post-9/11. Perceptions of social change are important but understudied responses to stressful events. Many people find meaning or perceive benefits in traumatic experiences (Lehman et al., 1993; Silver, Boon, & Stones, 1983; Taylor, 1983). Growing evidence suggests that perceiving benefits following trauma often promotes well-being and adjustment (for a meta-analysis, see Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006; also see Joseph & Linley, 2005, for a contrasting view on adversity and growth). Previous research on perceived benefits or growth has focused on individuals' perceptions of positive change within themselves, but most traumatic events affect more than one person in some way, and some traumas may affect entire families, communities, or even societies (e.g.,

Archives of General Psychiatry, 2008

The terrorist attacks of 9/11 (September 11, 2001) present an unusual opportunity to examine pros... more The terrorist attacks of 9/11 (September 11, 2001) present an unusual opportunity to examine prospectively the physical health impact of extreme stress in a national sample. Objective: To examine the degree to which acute stress reactions to the 9/11 terrorist attacks predict cardiovascular outcomes in a national probability sample over the subsequent 3 years. Design, Setting, and Participants: A national probability sample of 2729 adults (78.1% participation rate), 95.0% of whom had completed a health survey before 9/11 (final health sample, 2592), completed a Webbased assessment of acute stress responses approximately 9 to 14 days after the terrorist attacks. Follow-up health surveys reassessed physician-diagnosed cardiovascular ailments 1 (n = 1923, 84.3% participation rate), 2 (n=1576, 74.2% participation rate), and 3 (n=1950, 78.9% participation rate) years following the attacks. Main Outcome Measures: Reports of physiciandiagnosed cardiovascular ailments over the 3 years following the attacks. Results: Acute stress responses to the 9/11 attacks were associated with a 53% increased incidence of cardiovascular ailments over the 3 subsequent years, even after adjusting for pre-9/11 cardiovascular and mental health status, degree of exposure to the attacks, cardiovascular risk factors (ie, smoking, body mass index, and number of endocrine ailments), total number of physical health ailments, somatization, and demographics. Individuals reporting high levels of acute stress immediately following the attacks reported an increased incidence of physician-diagnosed hypertension (rate ratios, 2.15 at 1 year and 1.75 at 2 years) and heart problems (rate ratios, 2.98 at 1 year and 3.12 at 2 years) over 2 years. Among individuals reporting ongoing worry about terrorism post-9/11, high 9/11-related acute stress symptoms predicted increased risk of physician-diagnosed heart problems 2 to 3 years following the attacks (rate ratios, 4.67 at 2 years and 3.22 at 3 years). Conclusion: Using health data collected before 9/11 as a baseline, acute stress response to the terrorist attacks predicted increased reports of physician-diagnosed cardiovascular ailments over 3 years following the attacks.

How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org ... more How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Religion and the PaRanoRmal: assessing Freudian hypotheses inteRaÇÕeS-Cultura e Comunidade / Uberlândia / v. 6 n. 9 / p. 105-120 / jan./jun. 2011 105

International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 1998

Page 1. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION, 8(1), 49-56 Copyright 0 1998, L... more Page 1. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION, 8(1), 49-56 Copyright 0 1998, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. RESEARCH REPORT Children's God Concepts: Influences of Denomination, Age, and Gender ...

Applied Developmental Science, 2004

This study examined age and gender differences and similarities in stress responses to September ... more This study examined age and gender differences and similarities in stress responses to September 11th. Adolescents, young adults, and adults reported using a variety of strategies to cope with the terrorist attacks including acceptance, positive thinking, and emotional expression. In addition, involuntary stress responses such as physiological arousal, rumination, and emotional numbing were common. A number of age trends emerged, showing increases across the three groups in emotion-based coping strategies and decreases in some forms of disengagement coping. In addition, rumination decreased with age, whereas intrusive thoughts were more prevalent in the older groups. Females in both the adolescent and young adult samples reported using emotion-based strategies more than males, and these strategies were related to better functioning for females only. In addition, males reported higher levels of disengagement responses; and these responses were related to worse functioning, but only for females. The utility of using the Responses to Stress Questionnaire (Connor-Smith, Compas, Wadsworth, Thomsen, & Saltzman, 2000) to examine coping and involuntary stress responses in reference to terrorism and across a wide age range was examined. Implications for coping theory and empirical research are explored.

Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2001

... Phoebe C. Ellsworth, PhD, is the Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law and Robert B. Zajonc Col... more ... Phoebe C. Ellsworth, PhD, is the Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law and Robert B. Zajonc Collegiate Professor of Psychology, at the University of Michigan. ... psychiatrist (for another description of a law school counseling program, see Dickerson, 1987). ...