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Research paper thumbnail of The monetary status of properties in the Wa Municipalities -Ghana

Land as fixed assets upon which a monetary value could be accrued seems to be valueless if approp... more Land as fixed assets upon which a monetary value could be accrued seems to be valueless if appropriate valuation method is not used in appraising its monetary worth.As a results,most investors in the commercial real estate market value the rents of their lands using the right methods of valuation.This paper discusses the right methods of valuation used when the purpose of valuing the property becomes known.It was revealed from the survey conducted in the property market in Wa in the Upper West region of Ghana that most landlords used the capital method of valuation in knowing the monetary worth of their propetties taken into consideration the cost of the land and the price of building materials.As a results,the study took a residential apartment and by applying the cannons of the capital and the comparison methods of valuation to value such property and the outcome of such valuation aided in knowing how rental payments are made in the city.Transact walk,personal observation and questionnaires were used to gather raw data from the property market while data from the lands commission and the valuation department in the Wa Municipal Assmbly served as secondary data upon which comparisons were made on previous and current property values.It was then revealed that the cap rate is the most key factor that determines the capital worth of propeties and as such most investors have different rental values depending on the variability of the cap rate.

Research paper thumbnail of Title: how far have Ghana exploited her scarce economic trees

There is a philosophical adage which goes "when the last tree dies, the last person will also die... more There is a philosophical adage which goes "when the last tree dies, the last person will also die'' and there are a lot of physical,environemental,social and economic signs which justify this adage.However,Ghana as a country is naturally endowed with versatile land upon which divers species of plants are found including scarce medicinal and economic trees. As I speak, there is a tree on the land of Ghana called 'prekese'' in the local dialect which is found only in two countries across the continent of the world; thus Israel and Ghana. This tree is noted for its nutritional, medicinal and economic importance since it has been recognized as the secrete behind all the brewery and cosmetics industries across the world. It is the only tree that has a flavor that drives away snakes and other insects from home and the same time use in the treatment of coccidiosis in poultry birds. This notwithstanding, there are additional two economic and medicinal plants on the lands of Ghana that perform distinct functions in the perspective of pharmacy and nutrition. This trees are the Dawadawa and the Shea tree. These three trees aforementioned have been serving Ghanaians for so many years economically and medicinally yet there seems to be a little attention given to this scarce flora from both the government and the individuals in Ghana where this trees are found on how these trees could be conserved for sustainability. As a results, these trees are now been used as sources of raw materials for charcoal burning while some are lumbered indiscriminately by illegal chain saw operators for export. This article therefore seeks to bring to the notice of academia and policy makers across the universe on the unique functions of these trees and the need to protect them to sustain for the current and the unborn generation.

Research paper thumbnail of Sustainable Environmental Sanitation:the role of waste disposal facilities in a nucleated settlement-a case of Wa Municipality

ABSTRACT The study aimed at ensuring a clean environment in the Wa Township. It analyzed the unde... more ABSTRACT
The study aimed at ensuring a clean environment in the Wa Township. It analyzed the underlying factors affecting sustainable environmental sanitation in the Township and suggested possible measures to tackle the problem. The research gathered data from two main sources namely: secondary and primary sources. The three main techniques employed in gathering the primary data were: preliminary field investigation, questionnaire survey and interview guide. The following key findings were established to be the factors affecting sustainable environmental sanitation in the Wa Township. These were:

• Public drainages constructed in most of the suburbs are far away from the houses and that may have implications on environmental hygiene.
• Inadequate resources for Zoomlion to effectively deal with the waste situation in Wa Township.
• Absence of waste disposal, it was revealed from the analysis that the absence of waste disposal produce bad odour and out-break of diseases.

The study recommends that:
• Improvement of knowledge on hygiene in the township is recommended by experts as the hall mark of healthy society.
• It is suggested that, since the septic tank serving the SNNIT community was inadequate, it is recommended that the community contribute to the cost of material for construction and labour to provide another septic tank.
• In the light of these problems enumerated above, the research recommends that, there must adequate supply of dustbins and garbage containers at vantage point.

The study proposes a further research that after carting the waste products, research must be done on how it is treated to add value for the benefit of the people and the environment.

Research paper thumbnail of Title: how far have Ghana exploited her scarce economic trees

The deterioration of flora and fauna is not new to the world as plants and animals have lost thei... more The deterioration of flora and fauna is not new to the world as plants and animals have lost their habitat to human beings who are classified the most superior of all creatures in the parlance of human ecology. As such, human as tool making animals have displaced plant and animal species to make way for their accommodation with disregard to the philosophy that "if the last tree dies, the last person would fade out" .This attitude of land degradation of humankind is getting worse to the extent that, the ecosystem has been destroyed just to satisfy the use value of humankind with little attention given to the intrinsic values provided by the ecosystem. In Africa and Ghana for instance,some trees that are biologically and economically classified as useful are not spared of this attitude of humankind .There are three particular tress in Ghana classified as been economic trees:Dawadawa,Shea and Prekese trees which are been degraded to their extinction by human irrespective of their scarcity in the world and their medical,environmental and economic benefit to humankind. This Article then intends to throw more light on the rate at which these economic trees have be degraded in Ghana and their importance geared towards the need to sustain them for the betterment of the current and the unborn generation.

Research paper thumbnail of Title: how far has Ghana exploited her scarce economic trees

The deterioration of flora and fauna is not new to the world as plants and animals have lost thei... more The deterioration of flora and fauna is not new to the world as plants and animals have lost their habitat to human beings who are classified the most superior of all creatures in the parlance of human ecology. As such, human as tool making animals have displaced plant and animal species to make way for their accommodation with disregard to the philosophy that "if the last tree dies, the last person would fade out" .This attitude of land degradation of humankind is getting worse to the extent that, the ecosystem has been destroyed just to satisfy the use value of humankind with little attention given to the intrinsic values provided by the ecosystem. In Africa and Ghana for instance,some trees that are biologically and economically classified as useful are not spared of this attitude of humankind .There are three particular tress in Ghana classified as been economic trees:Dawadawa,Shea and Prekese trees which are been degraded to their extinction by human irrespective of their scarcity in the world and their medical,environmental and economic benefit to humankind. This Article then intends to throw more light on the rate at which these economic trees have be degraded in Ghana and their importance geared towards the need to sustain them for the betterment of the current and the unborn generation.

Thesis Chapters by peres ofori

Research paper thumbnail of OPEN DUMPS AND RESIDENTIAL RENTAL VALUES NEXUS IN AGOGO,GHANA

THESIS PAPER, 2018

The study intended researching into the relationship between residential rental values and their ... more The study intended researching into the relationship between residential rental values and their proximity to a solid waste dump site. It assessed the extent to which open dumps impact residential rental values using regression, correlation and ANOVA. The research collected data from both secondary and primary sources and used the mixed method cross sectional survey. The Linear Hedonic price model was adopted to suit the research objectives. The three main techniques employed in gathering the primary data were: field investigation, questionnaire survey and expert interview. The following key findings were identified from the study:
 The study found that, there was a positive relationship between rent and distance of a property from an open dump as all the residential properties that were far away from the open dumps had higher rental values between (GH₵ 1200-1680 ) than those that were close (GH₵ 600-720).
 Moreover, the study found that frequent mosquitoes bites, frequent flies invasion and bad odour were the perceived negative externalities (nuisances) associated with the solid waste disposal sites within the communities found close to them.
The study recommends that:
 An engineered landfill must be constructed by the district assembly for the town where all the solid waste dumps that are too close to residential areas would be cart into so as to reduce their associated negative environmental and economic impacts
 Real Estate developers in the town should be more circumspect about the siting of their residential properties since most of the people were not ready to pay higher rent if buildings are close to a filthy area like a dump site irrespective of the type of building.

Papers by peres ofori

Research paper thumbnail of The Extent of Mortgage Financing in the Supply of Commercial Space: A Review of WA Space Market

The Future of the African Real Estate Sector: What Next? The 20th Annual AfRES Conference, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Housing poverty in developing countries: Challenges and implications for decent accommodation in Swedru, Ghana

Research paper thumbnail of Waste Disposal Sites and Residential Rental Values Nexus: An Appraisal of Agogo Asante Akyem Dumps

The study, using regression and ANOVA, assessed the extent to which waste disposal sites impact r... more The study, using regression and ANOVA, assessed the extent to which waste disposal sites impact residential rental values. The research collected data from both secondary and primary sources using a mixed method cross sectional survey. The linear hedonic price model was adopted to suit the research objectives. A questionnaire survey, expert interviews and a field investigation were used to gather raw data. The study revealed that all the residential properties that were far away from the waste disposal sites had higher rental values between (GH¢1200–1680) than those that were close (GH¢600–720). Construction of an engineered landfill by the district assembly for the town was recommended. Also, real estate developers in the town should be more circumspect about the siting of their residential properties since most of the people were not willing to pay higher rent if buildings are close to a filthy area like a dump site, irrespective of the architectural designs.

Research paper thumbnail of Modern Trends in Ownership and Acquisition of Large-scale Lands in Teshie and Kasoa, Ghana

Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 2020

With the rising urbanisation of some parts of Ghana, the demand for land for various purposes is ... more With the rising urbanisation of some parts of Ghana, the demand for land for various purposes is inevitable. The article assesses current trend of large-scale land acquisition in Teshie and Kasoa. The study used semi-structured interviews to solicit primary data from key informants such as chiefs at Nyanyano-Kasoa and Tsie-We family head at Teshie, land guards, and investors who acquire large scale lands in these areas to identify the trends in such acquisitions between 2014 to 2019.The study uncovered that though there are variations in the nature of land ownership in Teshie and Kasoa, multiple sale of lands, poor land management practices, litigation and land guarding are common practices in both areas. The study found that there is an institutional gap as both the state and traditional institutions have not really done much to deal with the challenges confronting LSLAs in these areas. It is recommended that land owning groups be engaged and educated by the Lands Commission in c...

Research paper thumbnail of Mortgage market and climate variability adaptation: evidence from the mortgage market in emerging cities

SN Business & Economics, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of GHANA IS A NON-SERIOUS COUNTRY. Type of document: Article Title: GHANA IS A NON-SERIOUS COUNTRY. Faculty of Planning and Land Management, Department of Real Estate and Land Management

Ghana as a country has since independence relied on imported goods to the inclusion of common too... more Ghana as a country has since independence relied on imported goods to the inclusion of common tooth pic and needles.Meanwhile,apart from the fact that this country is blessed with all sorts of natural resources one can think of,it is blessed with several inventors and innovators one of whom is Apostle Dr.Ing.Kwdwo Safo. However,sadly the country is proving adamant in supporting that very single man who has been manufacturing latest modern cars and not forgetting an aircraft.It is however significantly important to bring to bare how the country is under utilizing their human resources to the detriment of achieving the SDG goals of eradicating poverty in Africa.And to say that Ghana as a country is never poor but rather the country(Siting Presidents/governments) are not serious.Besides,the few educated elites who could have helped are dying of the False paradigm model,a saddest situation of the Third world nations

Research paper thumbnail of Impact assessment’s contribution to the global efforts to addressing Climate Change a case of Ghana.docx

The study aimed at investigating into how best impact assessment on farming practices in Ghana co... more The study aimed at investigating into how best impact assessment on farming practices in Ghana could contribute to climate change mitigation. It analyzed the underlying factors that constitute bad farming practice and suggested possible indigenous measures to tackle the problem. The research gathered data from two main sources namely: secondary and primary sources. The three main techniques employed in gathering the primary data were: preliminary field investigation, questionnaire survey and interview guide. A major key finding that came out from the survey was that the use of local soap made from cocoa pods and cocoyam peels and salt can perform the same function as the weedicide without harming pollinators and seeds of young plant species.

Research paper thumbnail of THE FRUITS GIVE US LIVELIHOOD BUT WE DO NOT NEED THE TREES ON OUR LAND

Africa and Ghana in particular is blessed with so much resources to the inclusion of scarce econo... more Africa and Ghana in particular is blessed with so much resources to the inclusion of scarce economic trees that provide source of livelihood on regular basis to humankind.The Shea forms part of these economic trees found mostly in the three northern parts of Ghana(Upper West,Northern and Upper East). These trees apart from their non-use values provide income to about 30% of the inhabitants in the north most of whom are women and hence contribute to about 3.2% of our GDP.But it is of much perplexing to see the extent to which this trees have been over exploited to their extinction by chain saw operators and charcoal burners in the country with impunity.It is upon this that this paper is written to bring to the table of all including policy formulators to see the nature of the destruction and the way forward.

Research paper thumbnail of The monetary status of properties in the Wa Municipalities -Ghana

Land as fixed assets upon which a monetary value could be accrued seems to be valueless if approp... more Land as fixed assets upon which a monetary value could be accrued seems to be valueless if appropriate valuation method is not used in appraising its monetary worth.As a results,most investors in the commercial real estate market value the rents of their lands using the right methods of valuation.This paper discusses the right methods of valuation used when the purpose of valuing the property becomes known.It was revealed from the survey conducted in the property market in Wa in the Upper West region of Ghana that most landlords used the capital method of valuation in knowing the monetary worth of their propetties taken into consideration the cost of the land and the price of building materials.As a results,the study took a residential apartment and by applying the cannons of the capital and the comparison methods of valuation to value such property and the outcome of such valuation aided in knowing how rental payments are made in the city.Transact walk,personal observation and questionnaires were used to gather raw data from the property market while data from the lands commission and the valuation department in the Wa Municipal Assmbly served as secondary data upon which comparisons were made on previous and current property values.It was then revealed that the cap rate is the most key factor that determines the capital worth of propeties and as such most investors have different rental values depending on the variability of the cap rate.

Research paper thumbnail of Title: how far have Ghana exploited her scarce economic trees

There is a philosophical adage which goes "when the last tree dies, the last person will also die... more There is a philosophical adage which goes "when the last tree dies, the last person will also die'' and there are a lot of physical,environemental,social and economic signs which justify this adage.However,Ghana as a country is naturally endowed with versatile land upon which divers species of plants are found including scarce medicinal and economic trees. As I speak, there is a tree on the land of Ghana called 'prekese'' in the local dialect which is found only in two countries across the continent of the world; thus Israel and Ghana. This tree is noted for its nutritional, medicinal and economic importance since it has been recognized as the secrete behind all the brewery and cosmetics industries across the world. It is the only tree that has a flavor that drives away snakes and other insects from home and the same time use in the treatment of coccidiosis in poultry birds. This notwithstanding, there are additional two economic and medicinal plants on the lands of Ghana that perform distinct functions in the perspective of pharmacy and nutrition. This trees are the Dawadawa and the Shea tree. These three trees aforementioned have been serving Ghanaians for so many years economically and medicinally yet there seems to be a little attention given to this scarce flora from both the government and the individuals in Ghana where this trees are found on how these trees could be conserved for sustainability. As a results, these trees are now been used as sources of raw materials for charcoal burning while some are lumbered indiscriminately by illegal chain saw operators for export. This article therefore seeks to bring to the notice of academia and policy makers across the universe on the unique functions of these trees and the need to protect them to sustain for the current and the unborn generation.

Research paper thumbnail of Sustainable Environmental Sanitation:the role of waste disposal facilities in a nucleated settlement-a case of Wa Municipality

ABSTRACT The study aimed at ensuring a clean environment in the Wa Township. It analyzed the unde... more ABSTRACT
The study aimed at ensuring a clean environment in the Wa Township. It analyzed the underlying factors affecting sustainable environmental sanitation in the Township and suggested possible measures to tackle the problem. The research gathered data from two main sources namely: secondary and primary sources. The three main techniques employed in gathering the primary data were: preliminary field investigation, questionnaire survey and interview guide. The following key findings were established to be the factors affecting sustainable environmental sanitation in the Wa Township. These were:

• Public drainages constructed in most of the suburbs are far away from the houses and that may have implications on environmental hygiene.
• Inadequate resources for Zoomlion to effectively deal with the waste situation in Wa Township.
• Absence of waste disposal, it was revealed from the analysis that the absence of waste disposal produce bad odour and out-break of diseases.

The study recommends that:
• Improvement of knowledge on hygiene in the township is recommended by experts as the hall mark of healthy society.
• It is suggested that, since the septic tank serving the SNNIT community was inadequate, it is recommended that the community contribute to the cost of material for construction and labour to provide another septic tank.
• In the light of these problems enumerated above, the research recommends that, there must adequate supply of dustbins and garbage containers at vantage point.

The study proposes a further research that after carting the waste products, research must be done on how it is treated to add value for the benefit of the people and the environment.

Research paper thumbnail of Title: how far have Ghana exploited her scarce economic trees

The deterioration of flora and fauna is not new to the world as plants and animals have lost thei... more The deterioration of flora and fauna is not new to the world as plants and animals have lost their habitat to human beings who are classified the most superior of all creatures in the parlance of human ecology. As such, human as tool making animals have displaced plant and animal species to make way for their accommodation with disregard to the philosophy that "if the last tree dies, the last person would fade out" .This attitude of land degradation of humankind is getting worse to the extent that, the ecosystem has been destroyed just to satisfy the use value of humankind with little attention given to the intrinsic values provided by the ecosystem. In Africa and Ghana for instance,some trees that are biologically and economically classified as useful are not spared of this attitude of humankind .There are three particular tress in Ghana classified as been economic trees:Dawadawa,Shea and Prekese trees which are been degraded to their extinction by human irrespective of their scarcity in the world and their medical,environmental and economic benefit to humankind. This Article then intends to throw more light on the rate at which these economic trees have be degraded in Ghana and their importance geared towards the need to sustain them for the betterment of the current and the unborn generation.

Research paper thumbnail of Title: how far has Ghana exploited her scarce economic trees

The deterioration of flora and fauna is not new to the world as plants and animals have lost thei... more The deterioration of flora and fauna is not new to the world as plants and animals have lost their habitat to human beings who are classified the most superior of all creatures in the parlance of human ecology. As such, human as tool making animals have displaced plant and animal species to make way for their accommodation with disregard to the philosophy that "if the last tree dies, the last person would fade out" .This attitude of land degradation of humankind is getting worse to the extent that, the ecosystem has been destroyed just to satisfy the use value of humankind with little attention given to the intrinsic values provided by the ecosystem. In Africa and Ghana for instance,some trees that are biologically and economically classified as useful are not spared of this attitude of humankind .There are three particular tress in Ghana classified as been economic trees:Dawadawa,Shea and Prekese trees which are been degraded to their extinction by human irrespective of their scarcity in the world and their medical,environmental and economic benefit to humankind. This Article then intends to throw more light on the rate at which these economic trees have be degraded in Ghana and their importance geared towards the need to sustain them for the betterment of the current and the unborn generation.

Research paper thumbnail of OPEN DUMPS AND RESIDENTIAL RENTAL VALUES NEXUS IN AGOGO,GHANA

THESIS PAPER, 2018

The study intended researching into the relationship between residential rental values and their ... more The study intended researching into the relationship between residential rental values and their proximity to a solid waste dump site. It assessed the extent to which open dumps impact residential rental values using regression, correlation and ANOVA. The research collected data from both secondary and primary sources and used the mixed method cross sectional survey. The Linear Hedonic price model was adopted to suit the research objectives. The three main techniques employed in gathering the primary data were: field investigation, questionnaire survey and expert interview. The following key findings were identified from the study:
 The study found that, there was a positive relationship between rent and distance of a property from an open dump as all the residential properties that were far away from the open dumps had higher rental values between (GH₵ 1200-1680 ) than those that were close (GH₵ 600-720).
 Moreover, the study found that frequent mosquitoes bites, frequent flies invasion and bad odour were the perceived negative externalities (nuisances) associated with the solid waste disposal sites within the communities found close to them.
The study recommends that:
 An engineered landfill must be constructed by the district assembly for the town where all the solid waste dumps that are too close to residential areas would be cart into so as to reduce their associated negative environmental and economic impacts
 Real Estate developers in the town should be more circumspect about the siting of their residential properties since most of the people were not ready to pay higher rent if buildings are close to a filthy area like a dump site irrespective of the type of building.

Research paper thumbnail of The Extent of Mortgage Financing in the Supply of Commercial Space: A Review of WA Space Market

The Future of the African Real Estate Sector: What Next? The 20th Annual AfRES Conference, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Housing poverty in developing countries: Challenges and implications for decent accommodation in Swedru, Ghana

Research paper thumbnail of Waste Disposal Sites and Residential Rental Values Nexus: An Appraisal of Agogo Asante Akyem Dumps

The study, using regression and ANOVA, assessed the extent to which waste disposal sites impact r... more The study, using regression and ANOVA, assessed the extent to which waste disposal sites impact residential rental values. The research collected data from both secondary and primary sources using a mixed method cross sectional survey. The linear hedonic price model was adopted to suit the research objectives. A questionnaire survey, expert interviews and a field investigation were used to gather raw data. The study revealed that all the residential properties that were far away from the waste disposal sites had higher rental values between (GH¢1200–1680) than those that were close (GH¢600–720). Construction of an engineered landfill by the district assembly for the town was recommended. Also, real estate developers in the town should be more circumspect about the siting of their residential properties since most of the people were not willing to pay higher rent if buildings are close to a filthy area like a dump site, irrespective of the architectural designs.

Research paper thumbnail of Modern Trends in Ownership and Acquisition of Large-scale Lands in Teshie and Kasoa, Ghana

Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 2020

With the rising urbanisation of some parts of Ghana, the demand for land for various purposes is ... more With the rising urbanisation of some parts of Ghana, the demand for land for various purposes is inevitable. The article assesses current trend of large-scale land acquisition in Teshie and Kasoa. The study used semi-structured interviews to solicit primary data from key informants such as chiefs at Nyanyano-Kasoa and Tsie-We family head at Teshie, land guards, and investors who acquire large scale lands in these areas to identify the trends in such acquisitions between 2014 to 2019.The study uncovered that though there are variations in the nature of land ownership in Teshie and Kasoa, multiple sale of lands, poor land management practices, litigation and land guarding are common practices in both areas. The study found that there is an institutional gap as both the state and traditional institutions have not really done much to deal with the challenges confronting LSLAs in these areas. It is recommended that land owning groups be engaged and educated by the Lands Commission in c...

Research paper thumbnail of Mortgage market and climate variability adaptation: evidence from the mortgage market in emerging cities

SN Business & Economics, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of GHANA IS A NON-SERIOUS COUNTRY. Type of document: Article Title: GHANA IS A NON-SERIOUS COUNTRY. Faculty of Planning and Land Management, Department of Real Estate and Land Management

Ghana as a country has since independence relied on imported goods to the inclusion of common too... more Ghana as a country has since independence relied on imported goods to the inclusion of common tooth pic and needles.Meanwhile,apart from the fact that this country is blessed with all sorts of natural resources one can think of,it is blessed with several inventors and innovators one of whom is Apostle Dr.Ing.Kwdwo Safo. However,sadly the country is proving adamant in supporting that very single man who has been manufacturing latest modern cars and not forgetting an aircraft.It is however significantly important to bring to bare how the country is under utilizing their human resources to the detriment of achieving the SDG goals of eradicating poverty in Africa.And to say that Ghana as a country is never poor but rather the country(Siting Presidents/governments) are not serious.Besides,the few educated elites who could have helped are dying of the False paradigm model,a saddest situation of the Third world nations

Research paper thumbnail of Impact assessment’s contribution to the global efforts to addressing Climate Change a case of Ghana.docx

The study aimed at investigating into how best impact assessment on farming practices in Ghana co... more The study aimed at investigating into how best impact assessment on farming practices in Ghana could contribute to climate change mitigation. It analyzed the underlying factors that constitute bad farming practice and suggested possible indigenous measures to tackle the problem. The research gathered data from two main sources namely: secondary and primary sources. The three main techniques employed in gathering the primary data were: preliminary field investigation, questionnaire survey and interview guide. A major key finding that came out from the survey was that the use of local soap made from cocoa pods and cocoyam peels and salt can perform the same function as the weedicide without harming pollinators and seeds of young plant species.

Research paper thumbnail of THE FRUITS GIVE US LIVELIHOOD BUT WE DO NOT NEED THE TREES ON OUR LAND

Africa and Ghana in particular is blessed with so much resources to the inclusion of scarce econo... more Africa and Ghana in particular is blessed with so much resources to the inclusion of scarce economic trees that provide source of livelihood on regular basis to humankind.The Shea forms part of these economic trees found mostly in the three northern parts of Ghana(Upper West,Northern and Upper East). These trees apart from their non-use values provide income to about 30% of the inhabitants in the north most of whom are women and hence contribute to about 3.2% of our GDP.But it is of much perplexing to see the extent to which this trees have been over exploited to their extinction by chain saw operators and charcoal burners in the country with impunity.It is upon this that this paper is written to bring to the table of all including policy formulators to see the nature of the destruction and the way forward.