Mahir Said | University of Dar es Salaam (original) (raw)
Papers by Mahir Said
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology
This study aimed to determine levels of cyanide (CN) pollution in the soil and surface water at s... more This study aimed to determine levels of cyanide (CN) pollution in the soil and surface water at selected mining sites of Mbeya region. A total of (n = 124) samples were collected and analyzed by spectrophotometry. The cyanide levels of soil-based samples and water-based samples at Mwasenga, and Ifumbo mining sites were above the permissible limits. This was due to poor disposal of tailing from the gold processing plants and mismanagement of wastewater. On the other hand, the Cyanide was within the allowable limit for both soil and water at Godima, Itewe, Ashishira and Nyatula mining sites. This was attributed by proper management of wastewater by using artificial tanks, ponds and trenches. Also, it was observed that there is a mobility of cyanide from the processing mining site, if the tailings and wastewater are not well managed. The concentration of cyanide in the soil and water samples of about 2 mg/L was observed at distance of more than 70 m from the processing plant at Mwaseng...
Tanzania Journal of Science
The access to electricity is still not reliable in Tanzania. Whilst, there are several locations ... more The access to electricity is still not reliable in Tanzania. Whilst, there are several locations within the country that have wastewater cites that are not economically used to produce electricity. At the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), there are main grid power, and few scattered solar panels. This study was intended to bridge the divide between the current increasing power demands of the UDSM by exploiting not so much used sources, such as electric energy from wastewater. This study was undertaken to develop a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) prototype fed by sewage in Dar es Salaam, for electricity generation using cost effective materials for the cathode compartment. The collection of samples took place using sewage substrates from the UDSM oxidation ponds. The untreated sewage was collected from oxidation ponds. Preliminary experiments were carried out to identify the cathode and substrate that produced better results in terms of volts and current output. Aluminium produced the mo...
Tanzania Journal of Engeering and Technology, Dec 31, 2022
Combined biological and Physicochemical treatment method was used to treat vinasse using microorg... more Combined biological and Physicochemical treatment method was used to treat vinasse using microorganisms (Aspergillus niger (fungi) and Bacillus subtilis (bacteria)), coagulants (aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) and iron III chlorides (FeCl3))
and followed by filtration. Three factors; coagulant type, type of microorganism and coagulant concentration was analysed using full factorial design (2n) with replication, on their percentage removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and turbidity. Pareto chart and regression analysis with a 95% confidence interval (5% significant level) were used to analyse the results using MINITAB 22 (current version). Initially, the vinasse had (COD), (BOD), (TSS), and turbidity of 10240 mg/ℓ, 5340 mg/ℓ, 400 mg/ℓ, and 1980 NTU, respectively, and a pH of 5.68. COD, BOD, TSS, and turbidity were reduced by 99.5%,
99.7%, 99.7%, and 93.7%, respectively, after the treatment, while pH was raised to 7.5, which is neutral. Using Bacillus subtilis and aluminium sulphate, the combined biological and physicochemical process produced good results for the treatment of vinasse.
Journal of Environmental Protection
Journal of Environmental Protection
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2018
Alternative Technologies, 2016
Journal of Renewable Energy, 2015
The kinetic properties of coconut shells during pyrolysis were studied to determine its reactivit... more The kinetic properties of coconut shells during pyrolysis were studied to determine its reactivity in ground form. The kinetic parameters were determined by using thermogravimetric analyser. The activation energy was 122.780 kJ/mol. The pyrolysis products were analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The effects of pyrolysis temperature on the distribution of the pyrolytic products were assessed in a temperature range between 673 K and 1073 K. The set time for pyrolysis was 2 s. Several compounds were observed; they were grouped into alkanes, acids, ethers and alcohols, esters, aldehydes and ketones, furans and pyrans, aromatic compounds, and nitrogen containing compounds. The product compositions varied with temperature in that range. The highest gas proportion was observed at high temperature while the acid proportion was observed to be highest in coconut shells, thus lowering the quality of bio-oil. It has been concluded that higher pyrolysis temp...
Open Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development, 2014
Climate Change Management, 2013
ABSTRACT The trend for material and energy recovery from biomass-waste along with the need to red... more ABSTRACT The trend for material and energy recovery from biomass-waste along with the need to reduce green house gases has led to an increased interest in the thermal processes applied to biomass. The thermal process applied to biomass produces either liquid fuel (bio-oil) or gaseous fuel. Liquid fuel is more preferred because it is easier to transport from one point to another and also it can be used for production of chemicals. One of the biomass obtained in Tanzania is sugarcane bagasse. The sugarcane bagasse is the fibrous materials that remain after sugarcane is crushed to extract juice. Currently, it is burnt directly in the boilers for production of steam, but it can be used for production of bio-oil. The bio-oil can be optimally obtained by fast pyrolysis, which is a fast thermal decomposition of biomass material at temperature range 523–800 K in the absence of an oxidizing agent. In order to undertake a parametric study on the fast pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, it is imperative to establish its thermal characteristics. The paper reports the proximate and ultimate analysis, and thermal degradation of sugarcane bagasse in nitrogen as heating agent. The thermal degradation was conducted in a thermo-gravimetric analyzer from room temperature to 1,000 K at different heating rates of 5, 10, 20 and 40 K min−1. The thermo-gravimetric analyzer was used to study the effect of heating rate on the thermal degradation characteristics and to determine mass loss kinetics. The sugarcane bagasse was observed to be suitable for use in pyrolysis since it contains high volatile level of 80.5 % and fixed carbon of 8.2 %. The peak temperature was observed at 573 K at 10 K min−1 and corresponding activation energy was 387.457 kJ/mol.
Educational Research and Reviews, 2012
The objective of the study was to determine the hydrodynamics of the two stage counter-current ca... more The objective of the study was to determine the hydrodynamics of the two stage counter-current cascade wet scrubbers used during incineration of medical waste. The dependence of the hydrodynamics on two main variables was studied: Inlet air flow rate and inlet liquid flow rate. This study introduces a new wet scrubber operating features, which are liquid accumulation, together with a detailed analysis of liquid-togas ratio and pressure drops. Liquid accumulation at the base of each scrubber helps to prevent the gas from short circuiting to the scrubber solution feed tanks. It was observed that liquid accumulation increases linearly with inlet scrubbing liquid flow rate beyond 0.2 L/s in the absence of flue gas flow. When flue gas is flowing into multistage wet scrubber the accumulation level increases abruptly starting from inlet scrubbing liquid of 0.45 L/s and stabilizes at accumulation level of 0.1 m beyond 0.75 L/s. Increasing the flue gas flow rate increases the minimum inlet scrubbing liquid flow rate at which initial accumulation was observed. The outlet scrubbing solution flow rate and liquid accumulation in the bottom of the scrubber increase as the inlet liquid flow rate increases. Beyond inlet liquid flow rate of 0.75 L/s, the outlet liquid flow rate does not increase any more, the wet scrubber enters flooding range, whereby, the volume of accumulated liquid increases faster with inlet scrubbing liquid flow rate. The maximum liquid-togas ratio was observed to be 1.9 L/m 3 and the minimum liquid-togas ratio was 0.1 L/m 3. Based on liquid accumulation and minimum flooding conditions, the operating liquid-togas ratio was recommended to be 0.6 to 1.9 L/m 3 , while the allowable inlet liquid flow rate ranged between 0.45 and 0.75 L/s, giving a constant accumulation of scrubbing liquid in the wet scrubber. The pressure drop across the wet scrubber remained constant at lower flow rate and increased linearly beyond U g = 5 m/s. The maximum pressure drop of the multistage wet scrubber was 75 kPa.
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2014
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy, 2014
Pine sawdust was analyzed for thermal chemical conversion such as combustion, torrefaction, pyrol... more Pine sawdust was analyzed for thermal chemical conversion such as combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis and gasification. The methods used to analyze involved performing proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, heating value and thermal decomposition for determining the biomass characteristics. Based on elemental composition, the pine sawdust exhibited lower energy content of 15.01 MJ/kg than bituminous coal that has about 31.8 MJ /kg. The kinetic parameters of pine sawdust described the individual component decomposition; the easiest component to decompose is hemicelluloses followed by cellulose and lignin. The heat released during thermal degradation of pine sawdust was -4380 J/g under inert condition, this shows pine sawdust potential for production of energy during combustion. Keywords: Thermogravimentry, Kinetics, Pine Sawdust, Differential Scanning Calorimetry
The trend for material and energy recovery from biomass-waste along with the need to reduce green... more The trend for material and energy recovery from biomass-waste along with the need to reduce green house gases has led to an increased interest in the thermal processes applied to biomass. The thermal process applied to biomass produces either liquid fuel (bio-oil) or gaseous fuel. One of the biomass wastes that are produced in large quantities in Tanzania is rice husk. The behaviour of this waste is important to any designing of thermal handling equipment when subjected thermal environment such as burning or thermal degradation. Due to this it is imperative to establish thermal characteristics of the rice husk pursued in a laboratory to understand its thermal degradation behaviour. The thermal degradation was conducted in a thermo-gravimetric analyzer from room temperature to 1273 K at different heating rates. The activation energy was 180.075 kJ/mol and suitable heating rate for high degradation of rice husk is 10 K/min, and gives 77.20 wt% of volatile release which is the suitable...
Effect of mild hydrothermal pretreatment on biomass pyrolysis characteristics and vapors : A Mass... more Effect of mild hydrothermal pretreatment on biomass pyrolysis characteristics and vapors : A Mass and Energy Balance Perspective
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology
Climate change poses potential impacts on hydropower generation either positively by increasing o... more Climate change poses potential impacts on hydropower generation either positively by increasing or negatively by decreasing river flow. This study assessed the impacts of climate variability on hydropower with a focus on the New Pangani Falls in Tanzania. Rainfall and temperature time series data from 1980-2014 were analyzed in relation to river discharge and associated impacts to hydropower generation. The Man-Kendall test was used to detect trend in both annual and seasonal time series. The results showed a negative trend in annual rainfall with Z=-2.41 at α = 0.05 and the slope Q =-0.964. Seasonal trend analysis showed that the amount of rainfall received during both dry and wet seasons has been decreasing. Positive trend was observed in both average annual maximum and minimum temperature series at α = 0.1 with Z = 1.73 and α = 0.001 with Z= 4.04, respectively and a positive slope for both. Analysis of regime shift at a 5% significant level showed that, rainfall in the New Pangani falls from 1980 to 2014 experienced two decreasing shifts both occurring in the last 15 years of analysis with a percentage of change of more than 10%. This strongly confirms climate variability in the study area. The study shows that hydropower generation depends strongly on the river inflow to the dam (r = 0.98) while changes in temperature do not affect the functioning of the hydropower plant as depicted by the weak linear relationship between temperature, rainfall (r = 0.085) and power generation (r =-0.082). It can be concluded, therefore, that river discharge variability in catchment has an adverse impact on hydropower generation in hydropower plant.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
The study has been performed to determine fundamental combustion characteristics of syngas. Three... more The study has been performed to determine fundamental combustion characteristics of syngas. Three technologies were selected to produce the syngas; High Temperature Agent Gasifier (HTAG), Entrained Flow Gasifier (EFG) and Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier (CFBG). Although the material used for production of syngas was the same, wood biomass, the compositions of syngas obtained were different. The adiabatic flame temperatures were determined at different air to fuel ratio. The maximum adiabatic temperature for HTAG, EFG and CFBG syngas at stoichiometric condition were 1846 K, 2250 K and 2234 K respectively. It has been observed that during combustion of CFBG syngas produces more NOx than EFG. The high NOx in CFBG is caused by the high methane content, which increases the adiabatic flame temperature to 2200 K at stoicheometric condition. The lowest NOx emission was observed in HTAG syngas. The adiabatic temperature increased linearly with the preheating temperature, whilst oxygen enrichment increased the adiabatic temperature. It has been concluded that syngas produced from EFG and CFBG are better candidate as gaseous fuel in combustion chamber than HTAG syngas.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Jun 20, 2014
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology
This study aimed to determine levels of cyanide (CN) pollution in the soil and surface water at s... more This study aimed to determine levels of cyanide (CN) pollution in the soil and surface water at selected mining sites of Mbeya region. A total of (n = 124) samples were collected and analyzed by spectrophotometry. The cyanide levels of soil-based samples and water-based samples at Mwasenga, and Ifumbo mining sites were above the permissible limits. This was due to poor disposal of tailing from the gold processing plants and mismanagement of wastewater. On the other hand, the Cyanide was within the allowable limit for both soil and water at Godima, Itewe, Ashishira and Nyatula mining sites. This was attributed by proper management of wastewater by using artificial tanks, ponds and trenches. Also, it was observed that there is a mobility of cyanide from the processing mining site, if the tailings and wastewater are not well managed. The concentration of cyanide in the soil and water samples of about 2 mg/L was observed at distance of more than 70 m from the processing plant at Mwaseng...
Tanzania Journal of Science
The access to electricity is still not reliable in Tanzania. Whilst, there are several locations ... more The access to electricity is still not reliable in Tanzania. Whilst, there are several locations within the country that have wastewater cites that are not economically used to produce electricity. At the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), there are main grid power, and few scattered solar panels. This study was intended to bridge the divide between the current increasing power demands of the UDSM by exploiting not so much used sources, such as electric energy from wastewater. This study was undertaken to develop a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) prototype fed by sewage in Dar es Salaam, for electricity generation using cost effective materials for the cathode compartment. The collection of samples took place using sewage substrates from the UDSM oxidation ponds. The untreated sewage was collected from oxidation ponds. Preliminary experiments were carried out to identify the cathode and substrate that produced better results in terms of volts and current output. Aluminium produced the mo...
Tanzania Journal of Engeering and Technology, Dec 31, 2022
Combined biological and Physicochemical treatment method was used to treat vinasse using microorg... more Combined biological and Physicochemical treatment method was used to treat vinasse using microorganisms (Aspergillus niger (fungi) and Bacillus subtilis (bacteria)), coagulants (aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) and iron III chlorides (FeCl3))
and followed by filtration. Three factors; coagulant type, type of microorganism and coagulant concentration was analysed using full factorial design (2n) with replication, on their percentage removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and turbidity. Pareto chart and regression analysis with a 95% confidence interval (5% significant level) were used to analyse the results using MINITAB 22 (current version). Initially, the vinasse had (COD), (BOD), (TSS), and turbidity of 10240 mg/ℓ, 5340 mg/ℓ, 400 mg/ℓ, and 1980 NTU, respectively, and a pH of 5.68. COD, BOD, TSS, and turbidity were reduced by 99.5%,
99.7%, 99.7%, and 93.7%, respectively, after the treatment, while pH was raised to 7.5, which is neutral. Using Bacillus subtilis and aluminium sulphate, the combined biological and physicochemical process produced good results for the treatment of vinasse.
Journal of Environmental Protection
Journal of Environmental Protection
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2018
Alternative Technologies, 2016
Journal of Renewable Energy, 2015
The kinetic properties of coconut shells during pyrolysis were studied to determine its reactivit... more The kinetic properties of coconut shells during pyrolysis were studied to determine its reactivity in ground form. The kinetic parameters were determined by using thermogravimetric analyser. The activation energy was 122.780 kJ/mol. The pyrolysis products were analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The effects of pyrolysis temperature on the distribution of the pyrolytic products were assessed in a temperature range between 673 K and 1073 K. The set time for pyrolysis was 2 s. Several compounds were observed; they were grouped into alkanes, acids, ethers and alcohols, esters, aldehydes and ketones, furans and pyrans, aromatic compounds, and nitrogen containing compounds. The product compositions varied with temperature in that range. The highest gas proportion was observed at high temperature while the acid proportion was observed to be highest in coconut shells, thus lowering the quality of bio-oil. It has been concluded that higher pyrolysis temp...
Open Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development, 2014
Climate Change Management, 2013
ABSTRACT The trend for material and energy recovery from biomass-waste along with the need to red... more ABSTRACT The trend for material and energy recovery from biomass-waste along with the need to reduce green house gases has led to an increased interest in the thermal processes applied to biomass. The thermal process applied to biomass produces either liquid fuel (bio-oil) or gaseous fuel. Liquid fuel is more preferred because it is easier to transport from one point to another and also it can be used for production of chemicals. One of the biomass obtained in Tanzania is sugarcane bagasse. The sugarcane bagasse is the fibrous materials that remain after sugarcane is crushed to extract juice. Currently, it is burnt directly in the boilers for production of steam, but it can be used for production of bio-oil. The bio-oil can be optimally obtained by fast pyrolysis, which is a fast thermal decomposition of biomass material at temperature range 523–800 K in the absence of an oxidizing agent. In order to undertake a parametric study on the fast pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, it is imperative to establish its thermal characteristics. The paper reports the proximate and ultimate analysis, and thermal degradation of sugarcane bagasse in nitrogen as heating agent. The thermal degradation was conducted in a thermo-gravimetric analyzer from room temperature to 1,000 K at different heating rates of 5, 10, 20 and 40 K min−1. The thermo-gravimetric analyzer was used to study the effect of heating rate on the thermal degradation characteristics and to determine mass loss kinetics. The sugarcane bagasse was observed to be suitable for use in pyrolysis since it contains high volatile level of 80.5 % and fixed carbon of 8.2 %. The peak temperature was observed at 573 K at 10 K min−1 and corresponding activation energy was 387.457 kJ/mol.
Educational Research and Reviews, 2012
The objective of the study was to determine the hydrodynamics of the two stage counter-current ca... more The objective of the study was to determine the hydrodynamics of the two stage counter-current cascade wet scrubbers used during incineration of medical waste. The dependence of the hydrodynamics on two main variables was studied: Inlet air flow rate and inlet liquid flow rate. This study introduces a new wet scrubber operating features, which are liquid accumulation, together with a detailed analysis of liquid-togas ratio and pressure drops. Liquid accumulation at the base of each scrubber helps to prevent the gas from short circuiting to the scrubber solution feed tanks. It was observed that liquid accumulation increases linearly with inlet scrubbing liquid flow rate beyond 0.2 L/s in the absence of flue gas flow. When flue gas is flowing into multistage wet scrubber the accumulation level increases abruptly starting from inlet scrubbing liquid of 0.45 L/s and stabilizes at accumulation level of 0.1 m beyond 0.75 L/s. Increasing the flue gas flow rate increases the minimum inlet scrubbing liquid flow rate at which initial accumulation was observed. The outlet scrubbing solution flow rate and liquid accumulation in the bottom of the scrubber increase as the inlet liquid flow rate increases. Beyond inlet liquid flow rate of 0.75 L/s, the outlet liquid flow rate does not increase any more, the wet scrubber enters flooding range, whereby, the volume of accumulated liquid increases faster with inlet scrubbing liquid flow rate. The maximum liquid-togas ratio was observed to be 1.9 L/m 3 and the minimum liquid-togas ratio was 0.1 L/m 3. Based on liquid accumulation and minimum flooding conditions, the operating liquid-togas ratio was recommended to be 0.6 to 1.9 L/m 3 , while the allowable inlet liquid flow rate ranged between 0.45 and 0.75 L/s, giving a constant accumulation of scrubbing liquid in the wet scrubber. The pressure drop across the wet scrubber remained constant at lower flow rate and increased linearly beyond U g = 5 m/s. The maximum pressure drop of the multistage wet scrubber was 75 kPa.
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2014
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy, 2014
Pine sawdust was analyzed for thermal chemical conversion such as combustion, torrefaction, pyrol... more Pine sawdust was analyzed for thermal chemical conversion such as combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis and gasification. The methods used to analyze involved performing proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, heating value and thermal decomposition for determining the biomass characteristics. Based on elemental composition, the pine sawdust exhibited lower energy content of 15.01 MJ/kg than bituminous coal that has about 31.8 MJ /kg. The kinetic parameters of pine sawdust described the individual component decomposition; the easiest component to decompose is hemicelluloses followed by cellulose and lignin. The heat released during thermal degradation of pine sawdust was -4380 J/g under inert condition, this shows pine sawdust potential for production of energy during combustion. Keywords: Thermogravimentry, Kinetics, Pine Sawdust, Differential Scanning Calorimetry
The trend for material and energy recovery from biomass-waste along with the need to reduce green... more The trend for material and energy recovery from biomass-waste along with the need to reduce green house gases has led to an increased interest in the thermal processes applied to biomass. The thermal process applied to biomass produces either liquid fuel (bio-oil) or gaseous fuel. One of the biomass wastes that are produced in large quantities in Tanzania is rice husk. The behaviour of this waste is important to any designing of thermal handling equipment when subjected thermal environment such as burning or thermal degradation. Due to this it is imperative to establish thermal characteristics of the rice husk pursued in a laboratory to understand its thermal degradation behaviour. The thermal degradation was conducted in a thermo-gravimetric analyzer from room temperature to 1273 K at different heating rates. The activation energy was 180.075 kJ/mol and suitable heating rate for high degradation of rice husk is 10 K/min, and gives 77.20 wt% of volatile release which is the suitable...
Effect of mild hydrothermal pretreatment on biomass pyrolysis characteristics and vapors : A Mass... more Effect of mild hydrothermal pretreatment on biomass pyrolysis characteristics and vapors : A Mass and Energy Balance Perspective
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology
Climate change poses potential impacts on hydropower generation either positively by increasing o... more Climate change poses potential impacts on hydropower generation either positively by increasing or negatively by decreasing river flow. This study assessed the impacts of climate variability on hydropower with a focus on the New Pangani Falls in Tanzania. Rainfall and temperature time series data from 1980-2014 were analyzed in relation to river discharge and associated impacts to hydropower generation. The Man-Kendall test was used to detect trend in both annual and seasonal time series. The results showed a negative trend in annual rainfall with Z=-2.41 at α = 0.05 and the slope Q =-0.964. Seasonal trend analysis showed that the amount of rainfall received during both dry and wet seasons has been decreasing. Positive trend was observed in both average annual maximum and minimum temperature series at α = 0.1 with Z = 1.73 and α = 0.001 with Z= 4.04, respectively and a positive slope for both. Analysis of regime shift at a 5% significant level showed that, rainfall in the New Pangani falls from 1980 to 2014 experienced two decreasing shifts both occurring in the last 15 years of analysis with a percentage of change of more than 10%. This strongly confirms climate variability in the study area. The study shows that hydropower generation depends strongly on the river inflow to the dam (r = 0.98) while changes in temperature do not affect the functioning of the hydropower plant as depicted by the weak linear relationship between temperature, rainfall (r = 0.085) and power generation (r =-0.082). It can be concluded, therefore, that river discharge variability in catchment has an adverse impact on hydropower generation in hydropower plant.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
The study has been performed to determine fundamental combustion characteristics of syngas. Three... more The study has been performed to determine fundamental combustion characteristics of syngas. Three technologies were selected to produce the syngas; High Temperature Agent Gasifier (HTAG), Entrained Flow Gasifier (EFG) and Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier (CFBG). Although the material used for production of syngas was the same, wood biomass, the compositions of syngas obtained were different. The adiabatic flame temperatures were determined at different air to fuel ratio. The maximum adiabatic temperature for HTAG, EFG and CFBG syngas at stoichiometric condition were 1846 K, 2250 K and 2234 K respectively. It has been observed that during combustion of CFBG syngas produces more NOx than EFG. The high NOx in CFBG is caused by the high methane content, which increases the adiabatic flame temperature to 2200 K at stoicheometric condition. The lowest NOx emission was observed in HTAG syngas. The adiabatic temperature increased linearly with the preheating temperature, whilst oxygen enrichment increased the adiabatic temperature. It has been concluded that syngas produced from EFG and CFBG are better candidate as gaseous fuel in combustion chamber than HTAG syngas.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Jun 20, 2014