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2 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 3 profundidad estándar (CCS-18). Tras un primer año en plantación (resultado pr... more 2 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 3 profundidad estándar (CCS-18). Tras un primer año en plantación (resultado preliminar), la supervivencia fue alta (87,5%), aunque no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos.

We are reporting the fi rst locality of invasive giant African snail, Achatina (Lissachatina) ful... more We are reporting the fi rst locality of invasive giant African snail, Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica (Férussac, 1821) in the Ecuadorian Amazon. It was found present in 32 out of 50 urban sites studied. The abundance where present was relatively high when compared to literature from other parts of the world. The snails were found in aggregations, usually foraging — most often on dogs’ feces. Statistical analysis suggests a preference toward this source of alimentation. This is the first report of such preference in this species, which is highly significant considering the possible implications. Besides the threat posed by an invasive species to the invaluable ecosystems of the Amazon, the pathogens transferred by A. fulica combined with a high abundance of the species in an urban environment and its food preferences may constitute an important health hazard for local human populations.

In 2012, a biologic water quality study was conducted in the central part of Río Puyo, in Pastaza... more In 2012, a biologic water quality study was conducted in the central part of Río Puyo, in Pastaza Province.
The river is characterized for an increasing environmental degradation due to a rise in population with a simultaneous housing development increase. Goals. To assess Rio Puyo water quality with macroinvertebrate monitoring and chemical parameters. Methods. The macroinvertebrates were collected at four different dates, and two biotic indexes, Biological Monitoring Working Party for Costa Rica (BMWP-CR) and Biological Family Index for El Salvador (IBF-SV), were determined for each site. The study was complemented with pH and dissolved oxygen sampling to determine their correlation with the biotic indices. Results. There were 14 orders, 40 families and 2 808 individuals identified, most of the especimens belong to Leptohyphidae (23.3%) and Hydropsychidae (18.7%) families. The indexes showed that the water quality in the river drops significantly between points 1 (Fátima) and 3 (La Isla), showing some increase at point 4 (Unión Base). A 5% significance correlation were established between dissolved oxygen and BMWP-CR index (r=0.915), and 1% significance correlation between BMWP-CR an IBF-SV index (-0.947). Conclusions. all indexes show a significant drop of quality at the urban areas, one of them (IBF-SV) shows some recovery when the river leaves the city.

Mera, Santa Clara and Pastaza municipalities are located in the Ecuadorian Amazon region. The obj... more Mera, Santa Clara and Pastaza municipalities are located in the Ecuadorian Amazon region. The objective of the study was to identify plant species used in traditional medicine by small farmers of these localities, and to classify these plants according to locality, farmer ethnicity and purposes of use. It was also investigated whether the use of medicinal plants differs between the ethnic groups. Data were collected by applying a questionnaire and personal interview with 213 farmers belonging to two ethnicities (Kichwa and mestizo), and to different municipalities (Mera, Santa Clara and Pastaza). Generated data were analyzed using contingency tables and frequency and the most representative species were determined by proportion analysis comparison. A total of 34 families and 52 species of medicinal plants were identified. The most used species was Ilex guayusa which was cited 48 times. Santa Clara municipality and Kichwa farmers used the highest number of species. These species belonged to the Lamiaceae and Solanacease family, and the plants were used for treating stomach pain, cold and inflammations. There were significant differences (Chi square test p < 0.05) between localities and ethnicities (Kichwa and mestizo). There were differences in the use of medicinal plant species among members of the Kichwa ethnicity and mestizo farmers, depending on locality, being Ilex guayusa the most used species. Uso de plantas medicinais por populações rurais da província de Pastaza, na Amazônia equatoriana RESUMO A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três municípios da Província de Pastaza, (Mera, Santa Clara e Pastaza), na Amazônia equatoriana. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar espécies vegetais utilizadas na medicina tradicional pelos agricultores nestas localidades e classificar as espécies segundo a localidade, etnia do produtor e as aflições nas que eram utilizadas. Alem disso, na pesquisa analisaram-se as diferença de uso das plantas entre as etnias Kichwa e Mestiça. A metodologia do trabalho consistiu na aplicação de questionários e entrevistas pessoais com 213 agricultores das diferentes etnias. Utilizaram-se as tabelas de contingência por freqüência de uso com os dados gerados, para determinar as espécies mais representativas e em cada grupo realizou-se comparação por análise de proporções. Os principais resultados mostraram a existência de 52 espécies de plantas medicinais pertencente a 34 famílias. A espécie mais utilizada foi Ilex guayusa com 48 registros. Os produtores Kichwa do município Santa Clara registraram o maior número de espécies pertencente às famílias Lamiaceae e Solanacease e as plantas foram utilizadas para tratamento de dor de estômago, gripe e inflamações. A prova de " chi quadrado " mostrou diferenças (p < 0,05) entre os municípios e as etnias. Conclui-se que existe diferença no uso de plantas medicinais entre as localidades e os grupos étnicos estudados. A espécie Ilex guayusa foi a planta medicinal mais usada pelos agricultores independentemente da localidade e a etnia.

Distribution data on Achatina fulica Bowdich were obtained from pest control agencies and from a ... more Distribution data on Achatina fulica Bowdich were obtained from pest control agencies and from a survey of potential localities randomly distributed in all provinces of Ecuador. Among the total of 1,236 localities, 1,065 (86.2%) held populations of the species. The snail was found to spread much faster than predicted and was present in areas not previously suspected to be under the risk of invasion. The most endangered and infested areas were the coastal and Amazonian regions of the country. According to the pest control reports from government agencies, A. fulica most often affected plantations of cocoa (24.8% of localities), plantain (11.8%) and banana (11.2%), but was also known to forage on 56 other species of cultivated plants. The survey of likely habitats in random localities showed a high infestation rate; urban and ruderal sites turned out to be important but largely neglected dispersal hotspots for the species. Regular observations on two populations in the city of Puyo (Pastaza province, Amazonia) showed that the growth rate and population density were high: reaching adult size took on average four weeks.

Organic products in the neighboring municipalities of Nova Friburgo and Cachoeiras de Macacú foll... more Organic products in the neighboring municipalities of Nova Friburgo and Cachoeiras de Macacú follow three primary value chains that reach consumers through farmers markets, home delivery baskets, and processing and distribution industries. Organic products are mainly certified by the participatory guarantee system. Within the first municipality, a maximum of 86 products are distributed, where 60–70% of the final value goes to the farmers, having a stronger set of stakeholders. The second municipality has a maximum of 104 products distributed to final sale points, where 23–36% of the final value goes to the farmers. Stakeholders have identified the importance of their certification groups and potential private alliances within the value chains.

In this paper we provide the first record of the eutardigrade Dactylobiotus parthenogeneticus Ber... more In this paper we provide the first record of the
eutardigrade Dactylobiotus parthenogeneticus Bertolani,
1982 from Mexico (North America). Our report increases
the range of this species and the number of tardigrade
species known from Mexico to 43 taxa.

Conference Presentations by PEDRO RIOS

Nova Friburgo and Cachoeiras de Macacú municipalities follow mainly three value chains which end ... more Nova Friburgo and Cachoeiras de Macacú municipalities follow mainly three value chains which end up at: farmers markets, delivery home baskets, and industries of processing and distribution. Cachoeiras de Macacu [CM] is shaped by three main value chains where a maximum of 104 products was distributed along its final sale points, at farmers markets, 23% to 36% of share of final value goes to the farmers whilst a variation of 77% to 64% respectably go to the farmer who does the commercialization. Nova Friburgo [NF] is also shaped by three main value chains that distribute a maximum of 86 products; here the 60% to 70% share of final value goes to the famers, whilst 40% to 30% remains with the farmers who do the commercialization at farmers markets respectively; NF has a larger institutional network where Government institutions and Public Private Partnerships are starting to contribute with new project opportunities, in the other hand; in CM there are the Government institutions which are fostering new opportunities for organic agriculture.

Se recolectaron datos de distribución de Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica (Férussac, 1821) (Gastrop... more Se recolectaron datos de distribución de Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica (Férussac, 1821) (Gastropoda: Achatinidae), caracol gigante africano; en 1236 localidades potenciales distribuidas al azar en todas las provincias ecuatorianas, de ellas 1065 alojaban poblaciones del molusco. Se determinó que contrariamente a las predicciones realizadas anteriormente, la invasión de la especie es mucho más rápida y cubre un área que no se pensaba fuese objeto de riesgo. Los lugares de mayor infestación son las provincias de la Costa y de la Amazonía, en donde afectan con mayor frecuencia plantaciones de Theobroma cacao (24.8% de las localidades) Musa paradisiaca (11.8%) y Musa acuminata (11.2%); sin embargo, su presencia ha sido reportada en otras 56 plantas cultivadas. Una inspección realizada en varias localidades para identificar los requerimientos de hábitat mostró un alto grado de infestación sobre todo en condiciones urbanas o de tierras abandonadas cercanas a las ciudades, las cuales son importantes pero descuidadas en gran medida, permitiendo que se conviertan en puntos de dispersión de la plaga. Se condujeron observaciones regulares de dos poblaciones ubicadas en Puyo (Pastaza, Ecuador) que nos muestran la rapidez del crecimiento y multiplicación del molusco, determinando que probablemente son necesarias, apenas cuatro semanas para alcanzar tamaños correspondientes a ejemplares sexualmente activos.