Keith Baverstock - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Keith Baverstock
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 1, 1985
A model for cancer induction in man exposed to low doses of radiation and based on the analysis o... more A model for cancer induction in man exposed to low doses of radiation and based on the analysis of a survey of workers from a nuclear fuel processing plant is examined and com- pared with that adopted by the ICRP to limit risks to radiation workers. It is shown that claims that ICRP has significantly underestimated the risk apply primarily to those exposed in later life, and arise from assumptions regarding the age dependence of sensitivity to radiation which are questionable. A preliminary attempt is made to test the proposed model using the United King- dom luminiser population. Deaths from cancers in four tissues believed to be sensitive to radia- tion induced carcinogenesis are examined and the observed number of deaths in the study population is compared with the number predicted by the model. Taken individually, only one of these sites rejects the model but taken together these four sites, which comprise about half the cancer observed in the luminiser population, provide a conclusive rejection of the model.
Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 1982
A technique for determining the double strand break (dsb) yield in irradiated iso-disperse DNA us... more A technique for determining the double strand break (dsb) yield in irradiated iso-disperse DNA using the molecular length profile of the damaged DNA is described. The technique employs visualisation of the irradiated DNA fragments on the electron microscope followed by length measurement of a randomly selected sample. The range of damage index measurable (0.01-1 dsb/106 Dalton) is substantially greater than that accessible by techniques involving centrifugation. Moreover the use of the whole profile of molecular lengths in the irradiated sample allows errors in the determination to be assessed. Results of experiments with T7 bacteriophage DNA irradiated in dilute aqueous solution indicate that the observed molecular length profiles are in good agreement with those generated theoretically assuming random breakage. The techniques for fitting observed profiles by the method of maximum fikelihood to those generated theoretically are described in detail in an appendix. There is no evidence of bias caused by preferential losses in any part of the length profile.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 1997
Insofar as international conferences reflect the state of development of the subject under discus... more Insofar as international conferences reflect the state of development of the subject under discussion, they provide an opportunity to question, at a rather fundamental level, the direction of and progress in the subject. With regard to the effects of radiation on health, many of the problems faced today, including uncertainties in the relationship between risk and dose and the origins of the psychosocial phenomena associated with many aspects of environmental radiation exposure, arise from a lack of adequate frameworks within which to understand the radiopathological impact of radiation exposure and the psychological and social implications of such exposures. It is concluded that in seeking an understanding of the relationship of health effects to exposure, through the underlying radiobiological processes, the perturbation of the dynamic interactions within the components of the organism should receive more emphasis.The public perception of risk from environmental radiation exposures appears to encompass factors in addition to the accrued health detriment. It is argued that the radiological protection of the public might be seen more beneficially in the context of other environmental risks.
International Congress Series, 2002
Intervention levels for emergency response are for national authorities to decide, but the latest... more Intervention levels for emergency response are for national authorities to decide, but the latest information suggests that stable iodine prophylaxis for children up to the age of 18 years be considered at 10 mGy, that is 1/10th of the generic intervention level expressed in the International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources. For adults over 40, the scientific evidence suggests that stable iodine prophylaxis not be recommended unless doses to the thyroid from inhalation are expected to exceed levels that would threaten thyroid function. This is because the risk of radiation induced thyroid carcinoma in this group is very low while, on the other hand, the risk of side effects increases with age. The latest information on the balance of risks and benefits will also need to be properly considered in the plans for any distribution and storage of stable iodine. It suggests that stockpiling is warranted, when feasible, over much wider areas than normally encompassed by emergency planning zones, and that the opportunity for voluntary purchase be part of national plans.
Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 2014
The sequencing of the human genome raises two intriguing questions: why has the prediction of the... more The sequencing of the human genome raises two intriguing questions: why has the prediction of the inheritance of common diseases from the presence of abnormal alleles proved so unrewarding in most cases and how can some 25 000 genes generate such a rich complexity evident in the human phenotype? It is proposed that light can be shed on these questions by viewing evolution and organisms as natural processes contingent on the second law of thermodynamics, equivalent to the principle of least action in its original form. Consequently, natural selection acts on variation in any mechanism that consumes energy from the environment rather than on genetic variation. According to this tenet cellular phenotype, represented by a minimum free energy attractor state comprising active gene products, has a causal role in giving rise, by a self-similar process of cell-to-cell interaction, to morphology and functionality in organisms, which, in turn, by a self-similar process entailing Darwin's ...
British Journal of Cancer, 1986
Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 2021
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2012
Due to the discrete and localised nature of energy deposition by ionising radiation, it is possib... more Due to the discrete and localised nature of energy deposition by ionising radiation, it is possible to estimate from the dose response the minimum size of the biological target (chromosome, gene, etc.) that when hit gives rise to the observed biological effect, in this case GI.
DNA Instability, Paternal Irradiation and Leukaemia in Children Around Sellafield
International Journal of Radiation Biology, 1991
The chemical instability of DNA under physiological conditions requires that cells have highly de... more The chemical instability of DNA under physiological conditions requires that cells have highly developed processes for repairing stochastic single-strand damage. It is proposed here that provided ionizing-radiation-induced single-strand damage does not occur at a rate sufficient to perturb the dynamic steady state between degradation and repair, it can be regarded as "irrelevant' to biological effect, leaving double-strand damage and DNA-protein crosslinks as "relevant' damage to biological effect. At dose rates of approximately 0.05 Gy/min low-LET radiation the rate of induced single-strand damage equals that of the spontaneous damage, and in this region a transition, with increasing dose-rate, from constant effect to increasing effect, will be expected. This is observed in studies of specific locus mutation by radiation in the male mouse. The application of this biophysical principle governing the influence of radiation dose-rate, to the association observed between paternal preconceptional dose to Sellafield workers and childhood leukaemia in their offspring, shows that the likelihood of a causal relationship is extremely remote.
A summary of evidence on radiation exposures received near to the Semipalatinsk nuclear weapons test site in Kazakhstan
Health physics, 2003
Advertisement. Close Window. Close Window. Thank you for choosing to subscribe to the eTOC for He... more Advertisement. Close Window. Close Window. Thank you for choosing to subscribe to the eTOC for Health Physics. Enter your Email address: Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed ...
PLOS One, 2008
Background: Understanding how mammalian cells are regulated epigenetically to express phenotype i... more Background: Understanding how mammalian cells are regulated epigenetically to express phenotype is a priority. The cellular phenotypic transition, induced by ionising radiation, from a normal cell to the genomic instability phenotype, where the ability to replicate the genotype accurately is compromised, illustrates important features of epigenetic regulation. Based on this phenomenon and earlier work we propose a model to describe the mammalian cell as a self assembled open system operating in an environment that includes its genotype, neighbouring cells and beyond. Phenotype is represented by high dimensional attractors, evolutionarily conditioned for stability and robustness and contingent on rules of engagement between gene products encoded in the genetic network. Methodology/Findings: We describe how this system functions and note the indeterminacy and fluidity of its internal workings which place it in the logical reasoning framework of predicative logic. We find that the hypo...
Communicative & Integrative Biology, 2016
The second law of thermodynamics is on one hand understood to account for irrevocable flow of ene... more The second law of thermodynamics is on one hand understood to account for irrevocable flow of energy from the top down, on the other hand it is seen to imply irreversible increase of disorder. This tension between the 2 stances is resolved in favor of the free energy consumption when entropy is derived from the statistical mechanics of open systems. The change in entropy is shown to map directly to the decrease in free energy without any connotation attached to disorder. Increase of disorder, just as order, is found to be merely a consequence of free energy consumption. The erroneous association of disorder with entropy stems from an unwarranted assumption that a system could undergo changes of state without concomitant dissipation, i.e., a change in energy. KEYWORDS disorder; free energy; the principle of increasing entropy; the principle of least action; the second law of thermodynamics CONTACT Arto Annila
A Comparison of Independently Conducted Dose Assessments to Determine Compliance and Resettlement Options for the People of Rongelap Atoll
Health Physics, 1997
Rongelap Island was the home of Marshallese people numbering less than 120 in 1954; 67 were on th... more Rongelap Island was the home of Marshallese people numbering less than 120 in 1954; 67 were on the island and severely exposed to radioactive fallout from an atomic weapons test in March of that year. Those resident on Rongelap were evacuated 50 h after the test, returned 3 y later, then voluntarily left their home island in 1985 due to their ongoing fear of radiation exposure from residual radioactive contamination. Following international negotiations in 1991, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed in early 1992 between the Republic of the Marshall Islands Government, the Rongelap Atoll Local Government, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. Department of the Interior. In this MOU it was agreed that the Republic of the Marshall Islands, with the aid of the U.S. Department of Energy, would carry out independent dose assessments for the purpose of assisting and advising the Rongelap community on radiological issues related to a safe resettlement of Rongelap. The MOU enacted two action levels which were agreed to be used to establish whether mitigation should be considered as a condition for resettlement of Rongelap Island: (1) no individual should receive an annual dose in the future of 1 mSv or more, above that from natural background radiation, assuming that his/her diet consists of only locally produced foods, and (2) the total surface soil concentration of plutonium and other transuranic elements must be less than 629 Bq kg(-1) (averaged over the top 5 cm). Environmental radiological data and dietary information were collected over two years (1992-1993) for the purpose of predicting future potential doses to Rongelapese who might resettle. In 1994, four independent assessments were reported, including one from each of the following entities: Marshall Islands Nationwide Radiological Study; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; an independent advisor from the United Kingdom (MCT); and a committee of the National Research Council. All four assessments concluded that possibly more than 25% of the adult population could exceed the 1 mSv y(-1) dose level based on strict utilization of a local food diet. The purpose of this report is to summarize the methodology, assumptions, and findings from each of four assessments; to summarize the recommendations related to mitigation and resettlement options; to discuss unique programmatic aspects of the study; and to consider the implications of the findings to the future of the Rongelap people.
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2007
Workshop on Age Related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry
Journal of The Society for Radiological Protection, 1987
LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Measurements of iodine-131
Journal of The Society for Radiological Protection, 1987
The Chernobyl accident 20 years on: an assessment of the health consequences and the internationa... more The Chernobyl accident 20 years on: an assessment of the health consequences and the international response * O acidente de Chernobyl 20 anos depois: avaliação das conseqüências e resposta internacional Resumo Vinte anos após o acidente de Chernobyl ocorrido em 1986, a OMS e a Autoridade Internacional sobre Energia Atômica lançaram um relatório sobre as conseqüências desse desastre. Nosso objetivo neste estudo é avaliar o impacto de tal acidente sobre a saúde e a reação internacional sobre o ocorrido, além de considerar se é possível melhorar as respostas em futuros desastres. Observamos que a radiação sobre a tireóide, proveniente de radioisótopos de iodo, causou milhares de casos de câncer, mas poucas mortes; as crianças expostas foram as mais suscetíveis. O foco no câncer de tireóide, porém, distraiu a atenção de especialistas sobre outros possíveis efeitos. A resposta internacional ao acidente foi inadequada, descoordenada e injustificavelmente tranqüilizadora. Acurada avaliação sobre efeitos futuros nem sempre é possível por causa de uma certa dose de incertezas frente ao estágio atual dos debates sobre radiação. É essencial que investigações sobre efeitos e conseqüências do desastre possam ser socializadas e apoiadas por um longo período de tempo. Por causa das inadequadas respostas internacionais ao problema, a ONU deveria iniciar uma revisão independente a respeito das ações e responsabilidades das agências, com recomendações de como agir em futuros desastres. Isso deveria envolver cientistas independentes e não que atuassem em competição. Palavras-chave Acidente de Chernobyl, Radiação, Acidente nuclear, Reposta a desastre ambiental, Câncer de tireóide
Measurements of iodine-131
Journal of the Society for Radiological Protection, 1987
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 1, 1985
A model for cancer induction in man exposed to low doses of radiation and based on the analysis o... more A model for cancer induction in man exposed to low doses of radiation and based on the analysis of a survey of workers from a nuclear fuel processing plant is examined and com- pared with that adopted by the ICRP to limit risks to radiation workers. It is shown that claims that ICRP has significantly underestimated the risk apply primarily to those exposed in later life, and arise from assumptions regarding the age dependence of sensitivity to radiation which are questionable. A preliminary attempt is made to test the proposed model using the United King- dom luminiser population. Deaths from cancers in four tissues believed to be sensitive to radia- tion induced carcinogenesis are examined and the observed number of deaths in the study population is compared with the number predicted by the model. Taken individually, only one of these sites rejects the model but taken together these four sites, which comprise about half the cancer observed in the luminiser population, provide a conclusive rejection of the model.
Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 1982
A technique for determining the double strand break (dsb) yield in irradiated iso-disperse DNA us... more A technique for determining the double strand break (dsb) yield in irradiated iso-disperse DNA using the molecular length profile of the damaged DNA is described. The technique employs visualisation of the irradiated DNA fragments on the electron microscope followed by length measurement of a randomly selected sample. The range of damage index measurable (0.01-1 dsb/106 Dalton) is substantially greater than that accessible by techniques involving centrifugation. Moreover the use of the whole profile of molecular lengths in the irradiated sample allows errors in the determination to be assessed. Results of experiments with T7 bacteriophage DNA irradiated in dilute aqueous solution indicate that the observed molecular length profiles are in good agreement with those generated theoretically assuming random breakage. The techniques for fitting observed profiles by the method of maximum fikelihood to those generated theoretically are described in detail in an appendix. There is no evidence of bias caused by preferential losses in any part of the length profile.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 1997
Insofar as international conferences reflect the state of development of the subject under discus... more Insofar as international conferences reflect the state of development of the subject under discussion, they provide an opportunity to question, at a rather fundamental level, the direction of and progress in the subject. With regard to the effects of radiation on health, many of the problems faced today, including uncertainties in the relationship between risk and dose and the origins of the psychosocial phenomena associated with many aspects of environmental radiation exposure, arise from a lack of adequate frameworks within which to understand the radiopathological impact of radiation exposure and the psychological and social implications of such exposures. It is concluded that in seeking an understanding of the relationship of health effects to exposure, through the underlying radiobiological processes, the perturbation of the dynamic interactions within the components of the organism should receive more emphasis.The public perception of risk from environmental radiation exposures appears to encompass factors in addition to the accrued health detriment. It is argued that the radiological protection of the public might be seen more beneficially in the context of other environmental risks.
International Congress Series, 2002
Intervention levels for emergency response are for national authorities to decide, but the latest... more Intervention levels for emergency response are for national authorities to decide, but the latest information suggests that stable iodine prophylaxis for children up to the age of 18 years be considered at 10 mGy, that is 1/10th of the generic intervention level expressed in the International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources. For adults over 40, the scientific evidence suggests that stable iodine prophylaxis not be recommended unless doses to the thyroid from inhalation are expected to exceed levels that would threaten thyroid function. This is because the risk of radiation induced thyroid carcinoma in this group is very low while, on the other hand, the risk of side effects increases with age. The latest information on the balance of risks and benefits will also need to be properly considered in the plans for any distribution and storage of stable iodine. It suggests that stockpiling is warranted, when feasible, over much wider areas than normally encompassed by emergency planning zones, and that the opportunity for voluntary purchase be part of national plans.
Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 2014
The sequencing of the human genome raises two intriguing questions: why has the prediction of the... more The sequencing of the human genome raises two intriguing questions: why has the prediction of the inheritance of common diseases from the presence of abnormal alleles proved so unrewarding in most cases and how can some 25 000 genes generate such a rich complexity evident in the human phenotype? It is proposed that light can be shed on these questions by viewing evolution and organisms as natural processes contingent on the second law of thermodynamics, equivalent to the principle of least action in its original form. Consequently, natural selection acts on variation in any mechanism that consumes energy from the environment rather than on genetic variation. According to this tenet cellular phenotype, represented by a minimum free energy attractor state comprising active gene products, has a causal role in giving rise, by a self-similar process of cell-to-cell interaction, to morphology and functionality in organisms, which, in turn, by a self-similar process entailing Darwin's ...
British Journal of Cancer, 1986
Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 2021
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2012
Due to the discrete and localised nature of energy deposition by ionising radiation, it is possib... more Due to the discrete and localised nature of energy deposition by ionising radiation, it is possible to estimate from the dose response the minimum size of the biological target (chromosome, gene, etc.) that when hit gives rise to the observed biological effect, in this case GI.
DNA Instability, Paternal Irradiation and Leukaemia in Children Around Sellafield
International Journal of Radiation Biology, 1991
The chemical instability of DNA under physiological conditions requires that cells have highly de... more The chemical instability of DNA under physiological conditions requires that cells have highly developed processes for repairing stochastic single-strand damage. It is proposed here that provided ionizing-radiation-induced single-strand damage does not occur at a rate sufficient to perturb the dynamic steady state between degradation and repair, it can be regarded as "irrelevant' to biological effect, leaving double-strand damage and DNA-protein crosslinks as "relevant' damage to biological effect. At dose rates of approximately 0.05 Gy/min low-LET radiation the rate of induced single-strand damage equals that of the spontaneous damage, and in this region a transition, with increasing dose-rate, from constant effect to increasing effect, will be expected. This is observed in studies of specific locus mutation by radiation in the male mouse. The application of this biophysical principle governing the influence of radiation dose-rate, to the association observed between paternal preconceptional dose to Sellafield workers and childhood leukaemia in their offspring, shows that the likelihood of a causal relationship is extremely remote.
A summary of evidence on radiation exposures received near to the Semipalatinsk nuclear weapons test site in Kazakhstan
Health physics, 2003
Advertisement. Close Window. Close Window. Thank you for choosing to subscribe to the eTOC for He... more Advertisement. Close Window. Close Window. Thank you for choosing to subscribe to the eTOC for Health Physics. Enter your Email address: Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed ...
PLOS One, 2008
Background: Understanding how mammalian cells are regulated epigenetically to express phenotype i... more Background: Understanding how mammalian cells are regulated epigenetically to express phenotype is a priority. The cellular phenotypic transition, induced by ionising radiation, from a normal cell to the genomic instability phenotype, where the ability to replicate the genotype accurately is compromised, illustrates important features of epigenetic regulation. Based on this phenomenon and earlier work we propose a model to describe the mammalian cell as a self assembled open system operating in an environment that includes its genotype, neighbouring cells and beyond. Phenotype is represented by high dimensional attractors, evolutionarily conditioned for stability and robustness and contingent on rules of engagement between gene products encoded in the genetic network. Methodology/Findings: We describe how this system functions and note the indeterminacy and fluidity of its internal workings which place it in the logical reasoning framework of predicative logic. We find that the hypo...
Communicative & Integrative Biology, 2016
The second law of thermodynamics is on one hand understood to account for irrevocable flow of ene... more The second law of thermodynamics is on one hand understood to account for irrevocable flow of energy from the top down, on the other hand it is seen to imply irreversible increase of disorder. This tension between the 2 stances is resolved in favor of the free energy consumption when entropy is derived from the statistical mechanics of open systems. The change in entropy is shown to map directly to the decrease in free energy without any connotation attached to disorder. Increase of disorder, just as order, is found to be merely a consequence of free energy consumption. The erroneous association of disorder with entropy stems from an unwarranted assumption that a system could undergo changes of state without concomitant dissipation, i.e., a change in energy. KEYWORDS disorder; free energy; the principle of increasing entropy; the principle of least action; the second law of thermodynamics CONTACT Arto Annila
A Comparison of Independently Conducted Dose Assessments to Determine Compliance and Resettlement Options for the People of Rongelap Atoll
Health Physics, 1997
Rongelap Island was the home of Marshallese people numbering less than 120 in 1954; 67 were on th... more Rongelap Island was the home of Marshallese people numbering less than 120 in 1954; 67 were on the island and severely exposed to radioactive fallout from an atomic weapons test in March of that year. Those resident on Rongelap were evacuated 50 h after the test, returned 3 y later, then voluntarily left their home island in 1985 due to their ongoing fear of radiation exposure from residual radioactive contamination. Following international negotiations in 1991, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed in early 1992 between the Republic of the Marshall Islands Government, the Rongelap Atoll Local Government, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. Department of the Interior. In this MOU it was agreed that the Republic of the Marshall Islands, with the aid of the U.S. Department of Energy, would carry out independent dose assessments for the purpose of assisting and advising the Rongelap community on radiological issues related to a safe resettlement of Rongelap. The MOU enacted two action levels which were agreed to be used to establish whether mitigation should be considered as a condition for resettlement of Rongelap Island: (1) no individual should receive an annual dose in the future of 1 mSv or more, above that from natural background radiation, assuming that his/her diet consists of only locally produced foods, and (2) the total surface soil concentration of plutonium and other transuranic elements must be less than 629 Bq kg(-1) (averaged over the top 5 cm). Environmental radiological data and dietary information were collected over two years (1992-1993) for the purpose of predicting future potential doses to Rongelapese who might resettle. In 1994, four independent assessments were reported, including one from each of the following entities: Marshall Islands Nationwide Radiological Study; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; an independent advisor from the United Kingdom (MCT); and a committee of the National Research Council. All four assessments concluded that possibly more than 25% of the adult population could exceed the 1 mSv y(-1) dose level based on strict utilization of a local food diet. The purpose of this report is to summarize the methodology, assumptions, and findings from each of four assessments; to summarize the recommendations related to mitigation and resettlement options; to discuss unique programmatic aspects of the study; and to consider the implications of the findings to the future of the Rongelap people.
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2007
Workshop on Age Related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry
Journal of The Society for Radiological Protection, 1987
LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Measurements of iodine-131
Journal of The Society for Radiological Protection, 1987
The Chernobyl accident 20 years on: an assessment of the health consequences and the internationa... more The Chernobyl accident 20 years on: an assessment of the health consequences and the international response * O acidente de Chernobyl 20 anos depois: avaliação das conseqüências e resposta internacional Resumo Vinte anos após o acidente de Chernobyl ocorrido em 1986, a OMS e a Autoridade Internacional sobre Energia Atômica lançaram um relatório sobre as conseqüências desse desastre. Nosso objetivo neste estudo é avaliar o impacto de tal acidente sobre a saúde e a reação internacional sobre o ocorrido, além de considerar se é possível melhorar as respostas em futuros desastres. Observamos que a radiação sobre a tireóide, proveniente de radioisótopos de iodo, causou milhares de casos de câncer, mas poucas mortes; as crianças expostas foram as mais suscetíveis. O foco no câncer de tireóide, porém, distraiu a atenção de especialistas sobre outros possíveis efeitos. A resposta internacional ao acidente foi inadequada, descoordenada e injustificavelmente tranqüilizadora. Acurada avaliação sobre efeitos futuros nem sempre é possível por causa de uma certa dose de incertezas frente ao estágio atual dos debates sobre radiação. É essencial que investigações sobre efeitos e conseqüências do desastre possam ser socializadas e apoiadas por um longo período de tempo. Por causa das inadequadas respostas internacionais ao problema, a ONU deveria iniciar uma revisão independente a respeito das ações e responsabilidades das agências, com recomendações de como agir em futuros desastres. Isso deveria envolver cientistas independentes e não que atuassem em competição. Palavras-chave Acidente de Chernobyl, Radiação, Acidente nuclear, Reposta a desastre ambiental, Câncer de tireóide
Measurements of iodine-131
Journal of the Society for Radiological Protection, 1987