Roman Bednarik | University of Eastern Finland (original) (raw)
Papers by Roman Bednarik
The purpose of program visualization is to illustrate some aspects of the execution of a program.... more The purpose of program visualization is to illustrate some aspects of the execution of a program. A number of program visualization tools have been developed to support teaching and learning of programming, but only few have been empirically evaluated. Moreover, the dynamics of gaze behavior during pro- gram visualization has not been investigated using eye movements and little is known
International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 2000
The possibilities of eye-tracking technologies in educational gaming are seemingly endless. The q... more The possibilities of eye-tracking technologies in educational gaming are seemingly endless. The question we need to ask is what the effects of gaze-based interaction on user experience, strategy during learning and problem solving are. In this paper we evaluate the effects of two gaze based input techniques and mouse based interaction on user experience and immersion. In a between-subject study
Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Eye Gaze in Intelligent Human Machine Interaction - Gaze-In '12, 2012
Abstract When using a multiparty video mediated system, interacting participants assume a range o... more Abstract When using a multiparty video mediated system, interacting participants assume a range of various roles and exhibit behaviors according to how engaged in the communication they are. In this paper we focus on estimation of conversational engagement from gaze signal. In particular, we present an annotation scheme for conversational engagement, a statistical analysis of gaze behavior across varying levels of engagement, and we classify vectors of computed eye tracking measures. The results show that in 74% ...
Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction Fun, Fast, Foundational - NordiCHI '14, 2014
Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction Fun, Fast, Foundational - NordiCHI '14, 2014
International Journal of Business Information Systems, 2015
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems on - CHI EA '13, 2013
Most of the current methods for user experience evaluation require that users are able to reflect... more Most of the current methods for user experience evaluation require that users are able to reflect on and communicate their own experience. Such methods, however, are not suitable when users have limited communication skills. We conducted video observations to evaluate user experience of four low-functioning children with an autism spectrum disorder while they were playing a prototype of a game. Our preliminary results suggest that despite its limitations, video observation can be a useful technique for evaluating episodic user experience of children with special needs.
Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Companion - CSCW '12, 2012
ABSTRACT Dual eye-tracking (DUET) is a promising methodology to study and support collaborative w... more ABSTRACT Dual eye-tracking (DUET) is a promising methodology to study and support collaborative work. The method consists of simultaneously recording the gaze of two collaborators working on a common task. The main themes addressed in the workshop are eye-tracking methodology (how to translate gaze measures into descriptions of joint action, how to measure and model gaze alignment between collaborators, how to include gaze in multimodal interaction models, how to address task specificity inherent to eye-tracking data), empirical studies involving dual eye tracking and more generally future applications of dual eye-tracking in CSCW.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications - ETRA '14, 2014
While knowledge about reading behavior in natural-language text is abundant, little is known abou... more While knowledge about reading behavior in natural-language text is abundant, little is known about the visual attention distribution when reading source code of computer programs. Yet, this knowledge is important for teaching programming skills as well as designing IDEs and programming languages. We conducted a study in which 15 programmers with various expertise read short source codes and recorded their eye movements. In order to study attention distribution on code elements, we introduced the following procedure: First we (pre)-processed the eye movement data using logtransformation. Taking into account the word lengths, we then analyzed the time spent on different lexical elements. It shows that most attention is oriented towards understanding of identifiers, operators, keywords and literals, relatively little reading time is spent on separators. We further inspected the attention on keywords and provide a description of the gaze on these primary building blocks for any formal language. The analysis indicates that approaches from research on natural-language text reading can be applied to source code as well, however not without review.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications - ETRA '12, 2012
Abstract Differences between visual attention strategies of experts and novices have been investi... more Abstract Differences between visual attention strategies of experts and novices have been investigated in many fields, but little has been done in the field of microneurosurgery. In the hands of an experienced surgeon, microneurosurgery seems like an elegant, routine and clean procedure with minimal blood loss. However, microneurosurgery is a multifaceted task with clinical risks associated to surgeons' skills. In a preliminary study, eye movements of eight surgeons were recorded while observing four images representing four phases in a ...
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications - ETRA '12, 2012
ABSTRACT Interaction intent prediction and the Midas touch have been a longstanding challenge for... more ABSTRACT Interaction intent prediction and the Midas touch have been a longstanding challenge for eye-tracking researchers and users of gaze-based interaction. Inspired by machine learning approaches in biometric person authentication, we developed and tested an offline framework for task-independent prediction of interaction intents. We describe the principles of the method, the features extracted, normalization methods, and evaluation metrics. We systematically evaluated the proposed approach on an example dataset of gaze-augmented problem-solving sessions. We present results of three normalization methods, different feature sets and fusion of multiple feature types. Our results show that accuracy of up to 76% can be achieved with Area Under Curve around 80%. We discuss the possibility of applying the results for an online system capable of interaction intent prediction.
Eye Gaze in Intelligent User Interfaces, 2013
ABSTRACT This paper presents a summary of the sixth workshop in Eye Gaze in Intelligent Human Mac... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a summary of the sixth workshop in Eye Gaze in Intelligent Human Machine Interaction. The GazeIn'13 workshop is a part of a series of workshops held around the topics related to gaze and multimodal interaction. The workshop web-site can be found at http://cs.uef.fi/gazein2013/
ABSTRACT Micro-neurosurgery has been revolutionized by advances in the surgical microscope such a... more ABSTRACT Micro-neurosurgery has been revolutionized by advances in the surgical microscope such as high magnification that have increased a surgeon's ability to have a clear view of the surgical field. High magnification necessitates frequent interaction with the microscope during an operation, and the current interaction technique for positioning and adjusting the microscope introduces risk factors that force a surgeon to remove hands from the operating field. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential for hands-free interaction in micro-neurosurgery. We present findings from a contextual study of how neurosurgeons interact with the microscope and the surgical team, and discuss the implications of the findings for designing hands-free, especially gaze-based interaction techniques for micro-neurosurgery.
Pupil size is known to correlate with changes of cognitive task workloads, but the pupillary resp... more Pupil size is known to correlate with changes of cognitive task workloads, but the pupillary response to requirements of basic goaldirected motor tasks is not yet clear, although pointing with tools is a ubiquitous human task. This work describes a user study to investigate the pupil dilations during aiming in two tele-operation tasks with different target settings, one aiming at targets with different sizes located at constant distance apart, and the other aiming at targets varying in different distances. The task requirements in each task were defined by Fitts' index of difficulty (ID). The purpose of this work is to further explore how the changes in task requirements are reflected by the changes of pupil size, i.e., whether the pupil responds to either target size or target distance, or to both of them. Pupil responses to different task IDs were recorded in each task. The results showed that the pupil responds to the changes of ID, not just to the change of target size. This implies that pupil diameter can be employed as an indicator of task requirement in goal-directed movements, because higher task difficulty evoked higher peak pupil dilation which occurred with longer delay. These findings can be used for detailed understanding of eye-hand coordination mechanisms in interactive systems and contribute to the foundation for developing methods to objectively evaluate interactive task requirements using pupil parameters during goal-directed movements.
The purpose of program visualization is to illustrate some aspects of the execution of a program.... more The purpose of program visualization is to illustrate some aspects of the execution of a program. A number of program visualization tools have been developed to support teaching and learning of programming, but only few have been empirically evaluated. Moreover, the dynamics of gaze behavior during pro- gram visualization has not been investigated using eye movements and little is known
International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 2000
The possibilities of eye-tracking technologies in educational gaming are seemingly endless. The q... more The possibilities of eye-tracking technologies in educational gaming are seemingly endless. The question we need to ask is what the effects of gaze-based interaction on user experience, strategy during learning and problem solving are. In this paper we evaluate the effects of two gaze based input techniques and mouse based interaction on user experience and immersion. In a between-subject study
Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Eye Gaze in Intelligent Human Machine Interaction - Gaze-In '12, 2012
Abstract When using a multiparty video mediated system, interacting participants assume a range o... more Abstract When using a multiparty video mediated system, interacting participants assume a range of various roles and exhibit behaviors according to how engaged in the communication they are. In this paper we focus on estimation of conversational engagement from gaze signal. In particular, we present an annotation scheme for conversational engagement, a statistical analysis of gaze behavior across varying levels of engagement, and we classify vectors of computed eye tracking measures. The results show that in 74% ...
Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction Fun, Fast, Foundational - NordiCHI '14, 2014
Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction Fun, Fast, Foundational - NordiCHI '14, 2014
International Journal of Business Information Systems, 2015
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems on - CHI EA '13, 2013
Most of the current methods for user experience evaluation require that users are able to reflect... more Most of the current methods for user experience evaluation require that users are able to reflect on and communicate their own experience. Such methods, however, are not suitable when users have limited communication skills. We conducted video observations to evaluate user experience of four low-functioning children with an autism spectrum disorder while they were playing a prototype of a game. Our preliminary results suggest that despite its limitations, video observation can be a useful technique for evaluating episodic user experience of children with special needs.
Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Companion - CSCW '12, 2012
ABSTRACT Dual eye-tracking (DUET) is a promising methodology to study and support collaborative w... more ABSTRACT Dual eye-tracking (DUET) is a promising methodology to study and support collaborative work. The method consists of simultaneously recording the gaze of two collaborators working on a common task. The main themes addressed in the workshop are eye-tracking methodology (how to translate gaze measures into descriptions of joint action, how to measure and model gaze alignment between collaborators, how to include gaze in multimodal interaction models, how to address task specificity inherent to eye-tracking data), empirical studies involving dual eye tracking and more generally future applications of dual eye-tracking in CSCW.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications - ETRA '14, 2014
While knowledge about reading behavior in natural-language text is abundant, little is known abou... more While knowledge about reading behavior in natural-language text is abundant, little is known about the visual attention distribution when reading source code of computer programs. Yet, this knowledge is important for teaching programming skills as well as designing IDEs and programming languages. We conducted a study in which 15 programmers with various expertise read short source codes and recorded their eye movements. In order to study attention distribution on code elements, we introduced the following procedure: First we (pre)-processed the eye movement data using logtransformation. Taking into account the word lengths, we then analyzed the time spent on different lexical elements. It shows that most attention is oriented towards understanding of identifiers, operators, keywords and literals, relatively little reading time is spent on separators. We further inspected the attention on keywords and provide a description of the gaze on these primary building blocks for any formal language. The analysis indicates that approaches from research on natural-language text reading can be applied to source code as well, however not without review.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications - ETRA '12, 2012
Abstract Differences between visual attention strategies of experts and novices have been investi... more Abstract Differences between visual attention strategies of experts and novices have been investigated in many fields, but little has been done in the field of microneurosurgery. In the hands of an experienced surgeon, microneurosurgery seems like an elegant, routine and clean procedure with minimal blood loss. However, microneurosurgery is a multifaceted task with clinical risks associated to surgeons' skills. In a preliminary study, eye movements of eight surgeons were recorded while observing four images representing four phases in a ...
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications - ETRA '12, 2012
ABSTRACT Interaction intent prediction and the Midas touch have been a longstanding challenge for... more ABSTRACT Interaction intent prediction and the Midas touch have been a longstanding challenge for eye-tracking researchers and users of gaze-based interaction. Inspired by machine learning approaches in biometric person authentication, we developed and tested an offline framework for task-independent prediction of interaction intents. We describe the principles of the method, the features extracted, normalization methods, and evaluation metrics. We systematically evaluated the proposed approach on an example dataset of gaze-augmented problem-solving sessions. We present results of three normalization methods, different feature sets and fusion of multiple feature types. Our results show that accuracy of up to 76% can be achieved with Area Under Curve around 80%. We discuss the possibility of applying the results for an online system capable of interaction intent prediction.
Eye Gaze in Intelligent User Interfaces, 2013
ABSTRACT This paper presents a summary of the sixth workshop in Eye Gaze in Intelligent Human Mac... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a summary of the sixth workshop in Eye Gaze in Intelligent Human Machine Interaction. The GazeIn'13 workshop is a part of a series of workshops held around the topics related to gaze and multimodal interaction. The workshop web-site can be found at http://cs.uef.fi/gazein2013/
ABSTRACT Micro-neurosurgery has been revolutionized by advances in the surgical microscope such a... more ABSTRACT Micro-neurosurgery has been revolutionized by advances in the surgical microscope such as high magnification that have increased a surgeon's ability to have a clear view of the surgical field. High magnification necessitates frequent interaction with the microscope during an operation, and the current interaction technique for positioning and adjusting the microscope introduces risk factors that force a surgeon to remove hands from the operating field. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential for hands-free interaction in micro-neurosurgery. We present findings from a contextual study of how neurosurgeons interact with the microscope and the surgical team, and discuss the implications of the findings for designing hands-free, especially gaze-based interaction techniques for micro-neurosurgery.
Pupil size is known to correlate with changes of cognitive task workloads, but the pupillary resp... more Pupil size is known to correlate with changes of cognitive task workloads, but the pupillary response to requirements of basic goaldirected motor tasks is not yet clear, although pointing with tools is a ubiquitous human task. This work describes a user study to investigate the pupil dilations during aiming in two tele-operation tasks with different target settings, one aiming at targets with different sizes located at constant distance apart, and the other aiming at targets varying in different distances. The task requirements in each task were defined by Fitts' index of difficulty (ID). The purpose of this work is to further explore how the changes in task requirements are reflected by the changes of pupil size, i.e., whether the pupil responds to either target size or target distance, or to both of them. Pupil responses to different task IDs were recorded in each task. The results showed that the pupil responds to the changes of ID, not just to the change of target size. This implies that pupil diameter can be employed as an indicator of task requirement in goal-directed movements, because higher task difficulty evoked higher peak pupil dilation which occurred with longer delay. These findings can be used for detailed understanding of eye-hand coordination mechanisms in interactive systems and contribute to the foundation for developing methods to objectively evaluate interactive task requirements using pupil parameters during goal-directed movements.