Ana Sofia d´Oliveira | Universidade Federal do Paraná (original) (raw)

Papers by Ana Sofia d´Oliveira

Research paper thumbnail of In situ processing of intermetallic coatings

Journal of Applied Mechanical Engineering, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Hardfacing by Plasma Transferred Arc Process

Research paper thumbnail of Additive manufacturing using plasma transferred arc

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2015

Additive manufacturing is a process used to fabricate and repair parts that have a complex geomet... more Additive manufacturing is a process used to fabricate and repair parts that have a complex geometry or need to be functionally graded. The technique involves depositing multiple layers to produce the component. The success of the procedure depends on the deposition technique used, the parameters selected, and the alloy deposited. The deposition conditions, such as temperature and protective atmosphere, determine whether cracking and oxidation of the deposited layers occur. In the present study, the potential of plasma transferred arc to produce thin walls by additive manufacturing was evaluated. Two nickel-based alloys were used on an Ni-based substrate: a γ′ precipitation-hardened alloy and a solid-solution-hardened alloy. During the study, the processing parameters required to produce a thin wall with each alloy were determined and the use of preheating at 300°C was analyzed. The results showed that the chemical composition of the alloy being processed and preheating influence the geometry of the wall. A fine dendritic solidification structure exhibiting epitaxial growth between layers was observed. The precipitation-hardened alloy showed banding of a γ′ precipitate-rich region that caused oscillations in the hardness. Dilution with the substrate was the main factor affecting the hardness profile of the wall processed with the Ni-based solidsolution alloy, which did not change following postdeposition heat treatment. This study has shown that sound thin walls can be successfully processed by additive manufacturing using plasma transferred arc.

Research paper thumbnail of Microstructural development and superplasticity in Al–Li 8090 alloy

Materials Science and Technology, 1996

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Abrasive Wear Resistance of Aisi P20, Nitriding and Coated by Plasma Transferred Arc Process

Injection molding is the main and widely process used for polymer transformation. Within the item... more Injection molding is the main and widely process used for polymer transformation. Within the items that add costs to this process, the manufacturing of moulds has a significant contribution, reaching up to 30% of the final product cost. In order to prevent the premature discarding of the molds, their surface properties can be enhanced by thermochemical treatments or by hardfacing. This study compares abrasive wear resistance of AISI P20 in the as received tempered martensite condition, after nitriding treatment, and coated with cobalt based alloy (Stellite 6). Coatings were processed by plasma transferred arc (PTA) and a gaseous nitriding treatment was used to modify as received AISI P20surface. An experimental design was carried out to evaluate the influence of the different surfaces on abrasive wear resistance. Abrasive wear tests were performed according to the ASTM G65-91, and volume loss was measured. Materials microstructure was also evaluated. Results pointed out that the nit...

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Fe on the room and high-temperature sliding wear of NiAl coatings

Surface and Coatings Technology, 2014

High temperature mechanical properties of Ni-Al intermetallic alloys make them potential candidat... more High temperature mechanical properties of Ni-Al intermetallic alloys make them potential candidates as wearresistance materials or coatings to protect components operating in harsh environments. In-situ processing of Ni-Al intermetallic coatings has been successfully carried out previously. The role of interaction with the substrate, measured by the Fe content in NiAl coatings, on the wear performance is addressed in this study. Mixtures of Ni and Al powders were prepared (65 at.%Ni-35 at.%Al) and deposited onto 1020 steel disks. Three deposition current were used (100, 120 and 150 A) resulting in coatings with Fe content ranging from 36 to 50 at.%, as a consequence of the metallurgical bond with the substrate steel. The development of the NiAl was confirmed by X-ray diffraction together with austenite. Dry sliding tests were carried out at room temperature and 710°C, using a ball-on-disk tribometer with a 3.0 mm Al 2 O 3 ball under different normal loads (1, 3 and 5 N). Temperature played an important role on the wear behavior and the wear coefficient was reduced by one order of magnitude at 710°C. At room temperature, wear coefficients increased with the applied load, and abrasion was the main observed mechanism regardless of the iron content in coatings. However, at 710°C the variations on the wear coefficient cannot be associated with the coating hardness and wear was dominated by oxidation. Hematite was identified on all the oxidized surfaces. Notwithstanding, for the coatings with higher Fe content the continuous and thicker scale accounts for the measured stable wear coefficient regardless of the applied load.

Research paper thumbnail of Cobalt based alloy PTA hardfacing on different substrate steels

Materials Science and Technology, 2005

ABSTRACT Components from equipment for different processing industries are exposed to severe serv... more ABSTRACT Components from equipment for different processing industries are exposed to severe service conditions. Parts are therefore manufactured so that specific demands can be met through adequate selection of surface processing techniques and hardfacing alloys. Whenever surface welding techniques are used to improve a component's performance, quality requirements such as controlled dilution of the deposited alloy by the substrate are a priority. This work has evaluated this interaction between a hardfacing Co based alloy and the substrate steel. A high carbon cobalt based alloy was 'plasma transferred arc' (PTA) deposited on three different substrate steels. The role of the chemical composition of the substrate on the characteristics of the coatings was evaluated for two sets of processing parameters, targeting two extreme dilution levels. Coatings characterisation was assessed through microstructure analysis, microhardness measurements, dilution levels, and wear rate measurements. Results showed that the influence of the substrate chemical composition was more significant for coatings of controlled low dilution deposits. The selection of the substrate steel affected dilution levels, microstructure, hardness values, and sliding wear rates exhibited by the coatings. On both sets of coatings deposits made on carbon steel gave better wear performance than those deposited on the stainless steels tested.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Ni-Al coatings processed by plasma transferred arc

Surface Engineering, 2010

ABSTRACT Higher efficiency processes are strongly dependent on the ability to process materials/ ... more ABSTRACT Higher efficiency processes are strongly dependent on the ability to process materials/ components that can sustain more aggressive service conditions. b-NiAl intermetallic alloys are known for exhibiting superior high temperature properties, but are difficult to process. This study evaluated Ni–Al coatings processed in situ by plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding. Coatings processed with mixtures of Ni and Al powders, Al content within the range 15–50 wt-%, were analysed. In situ development of Ni aluminides was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Increasing aluminium (Al) content in the deposited mixture increased the penetration depth. The microstructure of coatings depended on the amount of Al in the deposited powder mixture associated with the exothermal synthesis of the b-NiAl intermetallic compound. The present study presents an important step towards the protection of components for equipment of higher efficiency processes, as results validated the potential of PTA hardfacing as a processing technique for surface tailoring.

Research paper thumbnail of Manufatura Aditiva: o papel da soldagem nesta janela de oportunidade

Soldagem & Inspeção, 2014

A manufatura aditiva (MA) é uma evolução da prototipagem rápida no sentido que cria um produto fí... more A manufatura aditiva (MA) é uma evolução da prototipagem rápida no sentido que cria um produto físico a partir de um arquivo digital (CAD 3D), entretanto sua utilização extrapola a produção de protótipos. Esta técnica envolve o projeto de um componente em camadas, estas multicamadas são depositadas por processos de soldagem produzindo o componente sem a necessidade de moldes ou outras ferramentas. Inicialmente esta tecnologia quase se restringia a processos de alta densidade de energia entretanto a busca por maior competitividade levou utilização de processos de soldagem a arco, utilizando material de adição na forma de arame ou de pó. Este trabalho tem por objetivo revisar as informações mais recentes com particular destaque para a MA utilizando processos a arco. São destacados os desafios envolvidos na fabricação de componentes por MA tanto na deposição das multicamadas como na fase de acabamento.

Research paper thumbnail of PTA hardfacing of Nb/Al coatings

Soldagem & Inspeção, 2012

Hardfacing is widely applied to components yet the majority of the welding techniques available r... more Hardfacing is widely applied to components yet the majority of the welding techniques available restrain the variety of hard alloys that can be deposited. Plasma Transferred Arc hardfacing offsets this drawback by using powdered feedstock offering the ability to tailor the chemical composition of the coating and as a consequence its properties. The high strength and chemical inertia of aluminide alloys makes them very suitable to protect components. However, the strong interaction with the substrate during hardfacing requires analysis of each alloy system to optimize its properties and weldability. This work analyzed coatings processed with a cast and ground Nb40wt%Al alloy and the effect of Fe and C on the coatings features. It confirmed that sound Nb aluminide coatings can be processed by plasma Transferred arc hardfacing and will have a strong interaction with the substrate, which determines the final microstructure and properties of coatings. Final remarks point out that during ...

Research paper thumbnail of Deposição por plasma com arco transferido

Soldagem & Inspeção (Impresso), 2010

Em virtude do Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó ter similaridades com o Processo ... more Em virtude do Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó ter similaridades com o Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Arame, foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre ambos os processos utilizando-se a liga a base de cobalto comercialmente conhecida como Stellite 6, como material de adição na forma de pó e arame. A pesquisa foi realizada com a expectativa de ser aplicada nas operações de revestimentos de superfícies, em especial em pás de turbinas hidráulicas desgastadas por cavitação. A seleção do material de adição a ser empregado depende da natureza do mecanismo de desgaste encontrado. No Labsolda, a liga Stellite 6 vem sendo uma das mais utilizadas, por apresentar uma excelente resistência ao desgaste erosivo por cavitação. Foi avaliada a influência da vazão de gás de plasma a partir dos valores de diluição, dimensões do cordão, dureza e microestrutura. O Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó foi o que produziu o melhor acabamento superficial, menor ...

Research paper thumbnail of Deposição por plasma com arco transferido

Soldagem & Inspeção (Impresso), 2010

Em virtude do Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó ter similaridades com o Processo ... more Em virtude do Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó ter similaridades com o Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Arame, foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre ambos os processos utilizando-se a liga a base de cobalto comercialmente conhecida como Stellite 6, como material de adição na forma de pó e arame. A pesquisa foi realizada com a expectativa de ser aplicada nas operações de revestimentos de superfícies, em especial em pás de turbinas hidráulicas desgastadas por cavitação. A seleção do material de adição a ser empregado depende da natureza do mecanismo de desgaste encontrado. No Labsolda, a liga Stellite 6 vem sendo uma das mais utilizadas, por apresentar uma excelente resistência ao desgaste erosivo por cavitação. Foi avaliada a influência da vazão de gás de plasma a partir dos valores de diluição, dimensões do cordão, dureza e microestrutura. O Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó foi o que produziu o melhor acabamento superficial, menor ...

Research paper thumbnail of Desafios na proteção de equipamentos: "re-inventando" revestimentos soldados

Soldagem & Inspeção, 2012

A produção de revestimentos soldados permite a proteção de componentes respeitando suas proprieda... more A produção de revestimentos soldados permite a proteção de componentes respeitando suas propriedades estruturais e em simultâneo otimiza a resistência ao meio. Avanços significativos podem ser conseguidos se for possível usufruir materiais com propriedades mais nobres mas tipicamente associadas a baixa. Procedimentos de síntese de aluminetos in-situ por plasma com arco transferido utilizando misturas de pós e as características dos revestimentos obtidos são revisados. É feita a análise de revestimentos obtidos pela síntese simultânea de uma camada de alumina(Al2O3) e da camada de aluminetos de ligação com o substrato metálico. Estes revestimentos apresentam um gradiente de propriedades severo, apresentando um diferencial na produção de sistemas de materiais com potencial para operar em condições de elevada agressividade. Os materiais foram sintetizados durante a deposição de misturas de pós de quartzo e de alumínio com composição química pré-determinada sobre liga de NiCr2%Nb e aço ...

Research paper thumbnail of Uma contribuição ao processo de soldagem plasma de arco transferido (PTA) para posições forçadas

Soldagem & Inspeção (Impresso), 2011

Neste projeto foram realizados estudos do processo de soldagem plasma de arco transferido (PTA) c... more Neste projeto foram realizados estudos do processo de soldagem plasma de arco transferido (PTA) com o objetivo de contribuir à soldagem em posições forçadas. A tocha de soldagem foi desenvolvida a partir de uma tocha plasma para keyhole, o que permite a utilização de dois modelos de bicos constritores de plasma com diferentes ângulos de convergência para a alimentação do pó, 30 e 60 graus de ângulo de convergência. Com isto abre-se uma nova perspectiva para revestimentos metálicos fora de posição plana e neste contexto se insere a recuperação por soldagem de partes erodidas por cavitação de turbinas hidráulicas. Com o objetivo de conhecer o comportamento do processo fora da posição foram conduzidos alguns experimentos com corrente contínua pulsada, utilizando-se a liga Stellite 6, e comparados com os resultados obtidos na posição horizontal e plana. A liga Stellite 6 vem sendo uma das mais utilizadas por apresentar uma excelente resistência ao desgaste por abrasão, erosão, impacto e...

Research paper thumbnail of Resistência à erosão por cavitação de aços inoxidáveis austeníticos CrMnSiN depositados por PTA

Soldagem & Inspeção (Impresso), 2010

A erosão por cavitação deteriora componentes em serviço, tais como partes metálicas de bombas de ... more A erosão por cavitação deteriora componentes em serviço, tais como partes metálicas de bombas de água, válvulas e, em especial, pás de turbinas hidráulicas, sendo nesse último caso responsável por elevados prejuízos ligados tanto aos custos da manutenção direta, como sobretudo às perdas por interrupção na geração de energia elétrica. Dentre os materiais aplicados no reparo por soldagem de danos por cavitação incluem-se aços inoxidáveis tradicionais tipo AISI 308 e 309, aços inoxidáveis ao Co e ligas à base de Co (stellites), caracterizando-se essas últimas pela maior sensibilidade a trincas, dificuldade de esmerilhamento e pelo mais alto custo. Nesse contexto este trabalho buscou formular, depositar e analisar o desempenho de aços inoxidáveis austeníticos CrMnSiN, soldados pelo processo PTA. A resistência à erosão por cavitação foi avaliada segundo a norma ASTM G 32-92. A microestrutura foi caracterizada por microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a formação de mar...

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Al on the microstructure and carburization performance of a N-based alloy coating

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2010

... occurred. Prior to pack carburizing, samples were subjected to an oxidation stage, which incl... more ... occurred. Prior to pack carburizing, samples were subjected to an oxidation stage, which included heating to 400 ??C at 10 ??C min ???1 and soaking for 2 h followed by air cooling to intensify the effects of carburization [17] and [18]. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Plasma transferred arc surface modification of a low carbon steel

Journal of Materials Science, 2007

The potential of Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) hardfacing goes beyond the surface welding of super... more The potential of Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) hardfacing goes beyond the surface welding of superalloys. This work evaluated low carbon steel surface modification by PTA deposition of fine WCoC carbides, and mixtures of Fe powders and 5-35 wt% carbides. Characterization included visual inspection, optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and microhardness profiles. PTA processing allowed for the dissolution of carbides confirmed by X-ray diffraction, leading to homogeneous microstructures. Microstructures varied from a Widmanstätten morphology to a typical dendritic solidification structure upon the WCoC content. Surface soundness depended on powder preparation and composition. Sound surfaces exhibiting hardness up to 700 Hv were obtained for the 35 wt% WCoC powder mixture.

Research paper thumbnail of Solidification of PTA aluminide coatings

International Journal of Materials Research, 2012

Abstract Components can be protected with coatings tailored using plasma transferred arc to meet ... more Abstract Components can be protected with coatings tailored using plasma transferred arc to meet specific demands as mixtures of powders with an almost unlimited chemical composition can be processed. In this study, Ni, Fe and Nb aluminide coatings were processed from mixtures of elemental powders on steel substrates and on a Cu refrigerated mold for comparison purposes. Coatings and mini-billets were characterized by means of microhardness, X-ray diffraction and laser confocal microscopy. Examination of the solidification structures showed that for each alloy system coatings are influenced by the exothermal synthesis of the aluminides and the interaction of the plasma arc with the substrate and with the feedstock. The poor flowability of the Ni–Al powder mixture determined its interaction with the plasma arc and strongly affected the dilution of coatings.

Research paper thumbnail of Processamento de Ligas de Níquel com Técnica de Manufatura Aditiva Utilizando Plasma por Arco Transferido

Soldagem & Inspeção, 2015

ResumoA manufatura aditiva é um processo utilizado para a construção e reparos de peças que possu... more ResumoA manufatura aditiva é um processo utilizado para a construção e reparos de peças que possuem geometria complexa ou que necessitem de gradiente de propriedades. Nessa técnica múltiplas camadas são depositadas para a construção da geometria do componente. O sucesso desse procedimento depende de fatores como a técnica de deposição, parâmetros, liga a ser depositada e condições da deposição, como temperatura e atmosfera protetora. Neste estudo, o potencial da técnica de Plasma por arco transferido para manufatura aditiva foi avaliado produzindo “paredes finas”, construídas a partir da sobreposição de cordões. Foram utilizadas duas ligas a base de níquel, uma endurecida por precipitação e outra endurecida por solução sólida. Durante os trabalhos, foram selecionados os parâmetros de processamentos, incluindo a avaliação do efeito do pré-aquecimento a 300°C. Resultados mostraram que a composição química da liga influencia a geometria da parede construída assim como a utilização de p...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of temperature and reactivity of molten 55Al–Zn alloy on Co based alloy coatings

Materials Science and Technology

Abstract The short service life of bearings in galvanising industry is a result of a complex set ... more Abstract The short service life of bearings in galvanising industry is a result of a complex set of deterioration mechanisms. This work addressed the effect of temperature and molten bath reactivity on the material of the bearings respectively. Three commercial alloys, the Co–Cr–W Stellite 6 and Co–Cr–Mo–Si Tribaloy (T400 and T800) alloy systems, were deposited by plasma transferred arc on AISI 316L plates. Coatings were evaluated for the effect of temperature exposure on hardness, microstructure and sliding abrasive wear. The reactivity with the molten 55Al–Zn alloy was assessed by immersion tests in an industrial bath. Results showed that exposure at 600°C for 168 h resulted in an increase in hardness, microstructure changes and loss of wear resistance for the Stellite 6 coatings. A superior performance to temperature was shown by Tribaloy T800 with a stable abrasive wear resistance. The three alloys exhibited a strong reactivity with the 55Al–Zn molten bath. An intermetallic layer formed on the coatings as the Al from the bath reacted with elements from the Co based alloys. This reactivity consumed the coatings, causing a reduction on thickness particularly on those processed with the T800 alloy.

Research paper thumbnail of In situ processing of intermetallic coatings

Journal of Applied Mechanical Engineering, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Hardfacing by Plasma Transferred Arc Process

Research paper thumbnail of Additive manufacturing using plasma transferred arc

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2015

Additive manufacturing is a process used to fabricate and repair parts that have a complex geomet... more Additive manufacturing is a process used to fabricate and repair parts that have a complex geometry or need to be functionally graded. The technique involves depositing multiple layers to produce the component. The success of the procedure depends on the deposition technique used, the parameters selected, and the alloy deposited. The deposition conditions, such as temperature and protective atmosphere, determine whether cracking and oxidation of the deposited layers occur. In the present study, the potential of plasma transferred arc to produce thin walls by additive manufacturing was evaluated. Two nickel-based alloys were used on an Ni-based substrate: a γ′ precipitation-hardened alloy and a solid-solution-hardened alloy. During the study, the processing parameters required to produce a thin wall with each alloy were determined and the use of preheating at 300°C was analyzed. The results showed that the chemical composition of the alloy being processed and preheating influence the geometry of the wall. A fine dendritic solidification structure exhibiting epitaxial growth between layers was observed. The precipitation-hardened alloy showed banding of a γ′ precipitate-rich region that caused oscillations in the hardness. Dilution with the substrate was the main factor affecting the hardness profile of the wall processed with the Ni-based solidsolution alloy, which did not change following postdeposition heat treatment. This study has shown that sound thin walls can be successfully processed by additive manufacturing using plasma transferred arc.

Research paper thumbnail of Microstructural development and superplasticity in Al–Li 8090 alloy

Materials Science and Technology, 1996

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Abrasive Wear Resistance of Aisi P20, Nitriding and Coated by Plasma Transferred Arc Process

Injection molding is the main and widely process used for polymer transformation. Within the item... more Injection molding is the main and widely process used for polymer transformation. Within the items that add costs to this process, the manufacturing of moulds has a significant contribution, reaching up to 30% of the final product cost. In order to prevent the premature discarding of the molds, their surface properties can be enhanced by thermochemical treatments or by hardfacing. This study compares abrasive wear resistance of AISI P20 in the as received tempered martensite condition, after nitriding treatment, and coated with cobalt based alloy (Stellite 6). Coatings were processed by plasma transferred arc (PTA) and a gaseous nitriding treatment was used to modify as received AISI P20surface. An experimental design was carried out to evaluate the influence of the different surfaces on abrasive wear resistance. Abrasive wear tests were performed according to the ASTM G65-91, and volume loss was measured. Materials microstructure was also evaluated. Results pointed out that the nit...

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Fe on the room and high-temperature sliding wear of NiAl coatings

Surface and Coatings Technology, 2014

High temperature mechanical properties of Ni-Al intermetallic alloys make them potential candidat... more High temperature mechanical properties of Ni-Al intermetallic alloys make them potential candidates as wearresistance materials or coatings to protect components operating in harsh environments. In-situ processing of Ni-Al intermetallic coatings has been successfully carried out previously. The role of interaction with the substrate, measured by the Fe content in NiAl coatings, on the wear performance is addressed in this study. Mixtures of Ni and Al powders were prepared (65 at.%Ni-35 at.%Al) and deposited onto 1020 steel disks. Three deposition current were used (100, 120 and 150 A) resulting in coatings with Fe content ranging from 36 to 50 at.%, as a consequence of the metallurgical bond with the substrate steel. The development of the NiAl was confirmed by X-ray diffraction together with austenite. Dry sliding tests were carried out at room temperature and 710°C, using a ball-on-disk tribometer with a 3.0 mm Al 2 O 3 ball under different normal loads (1, 3 and 5 N). Temperature played an important role on the wear behavior and the wear coefficient was reduced by one order of magnitude at 710°C. At room temperature, wear coefficients increased with the applied load, and abrasion was the main observed mechanism regardless of the iron content in coatings. However, at 710°C the variations on the wear coefficient cannot be associated with the coating hardness and wear was dominated by oxidation. Hematite was identified on all the oxidized surfaces. Notwithstanding, for the coatings with higher Fe content the continuous and thicker scale accounts for the measured stable wear coefficient regardless of the applied load.

Research paper thumbnail of Cobalt based alloy PTA hardfacing on different substrate steels

Materials Science and Technology, 2005

ABSTRACT Components from equipment for different processing industries are exposed to severe serv... more ABSTRACT Components from equipment for different processing industries are exposed to severe service conditions. Parts are therefore manufactured so that specific demands can be met through adequate selection of surface processing techniques and hardfacing alloys. Whenever surface welding techniques are used to improve a component's performance, quality requirements such as controlled dilution of the deposited alloy by the substrate are a priority. This work has evaluated this interaction between a hardfacing Co based alloy and the substrate steel. A high carbon cobalt based alloy was 'plasma transferred arc' (PTA) deposited on three different substrate steels. The role of the chemical composition of the substrate on the characteristics of the coatings was evaluated for two sets of processing parameters, targeting two extreme dilution levels. Coatings characterisation was assessed through microstructure analysis, microhardness measurements, dilution levels, and wear rate measurements. Results showed that the influence of the substrate chemical composition was more significant for coatings of controlled low dilution deposits. The selection of the substrate steel affected dilution levels, microstructure, hardness values, and sliding wear rates exhibited by the coatings. On both sets of coatings deposits made on carbon steel gave better wear performance than those deposited on the stainless steels tested.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Ni-Al coatings processed by plasma transferred arc

Surface Engineering, 2010

ABSTRACT Higher efficiency processes are strongly dependent on the ability to process materials/ ... more ABSTRACT Higher efficiency processes are strongly dependent on the ability to process materials/ components that can sustain more aggressive service conditions. b-NiAl intermetallic alloys are known for exhibiting superior high temperature properties, but are difficult to process. This study evaluated Ni–Al coatings processed in situ by plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding. Coatings processed with mixtures of Ni and Al powders, Al content within the range 15–50 wt-%, were analysed. In situ development of Ni aluminides was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Increasing aluminium (Al) content in the deposited mixture increased the penetration depth. The microstructure of coatings depended on the amount of Al in the deposited powder mixture associated with the exothermal synthesis of the b-NiAl intermetallic compound. The present study presents an important step towards the protection of components for equipment of higher efficiency processes, as results validated the potential of PTA hardfacing as a processing technique for surface tailoring.

Research paper thumbnail of Manufatura Aditiva: o papel da soldagem nesta janela de oportunidade

Soldagem & Inspeção, 2014

A manufatura aditiva (MA) é uma evolução da prototipagem rápida no sentido que cria um produto fí... more A manufatura aditiva (MA) é uma evolução da prototipagem rápida no sentido que cria um produto físico a partir de um arquivo digital (CAD 3D), entretanto sua utilização extrapola a produção de protótipos. Esta técnica envolve o projeto de um componente em camadas, estas multicamadas são depositadas por processos de soldagem produzindo o componente sem a necessidade de moldes ou outras ferramentas. Inicialmente esta tecnologia quase se restringia a processos de alta densidade de energia entretanto a busca por maior competitividade levou utilização de processos de soldagem a arco, utilizando material de adição na forma de arame ou de pó. Este trabalho tem por objetivo revisar as informações mais recentes com particular destaque para a MA utilizando processos a arco. São destacados os desafios envolvidos na fabricação de componentes por MA tanto na deposição das multicamadas como na fase de acabamento.

Research paper thumbnail of PTA hardfacing of Nb/Al coatings

Soldagem & Inspeção, 2012

Hardfacing is widely applied to components yet the majority of the welding techniques available r... more Hardfacing is widely applied to components yet the majority of the welding techniques available restrain the variety of hard alloys that can be deposited. Plasma Transferred Arc hardfacing offsets this drawback by using powdered feedstock offering the ability to tailor the chemical composition of the coating and as a consequence its properties. The high strength and chemical inertia of aluminide alloys makes them very suitable to protect components. However, the strong interaction with the substrate during hardfacing requires analysis of each alloy system to optimize its properties and weldability. This work analyzed coatings processed with a cast and ground Nb40wt%Al alloy and the effect of Fe and C on the coatings features. It confirmed that sound Nb aluminide coatings can be processed by plasma Transferred arc hardfacing and will have a strong interaction with the substrate, which determines the final microstructure and properties of coatings. Final remarks point out that during ...

Research paper thumbnail of Deposição por plasma com arco transferido

Soldagem & Inspeção (Impresso), 2010

Em virtude do Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó ter similaridades com o Processo ... more Em virtude do Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó ter similaridades com o Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Arame, foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre ambos os processos utilizando-se a liga a base de cobalto comercialmente conhecida como Stellite 6, como material de adição na forma de pó e arame. A pesquisa foi realizada com a expectativa de ser aplicada nas operações de revestimentos de superfícies, em especial em pás de turbinas hidráulicas desgastadas por cavitação. A seleção do material de adição a ser empregado depende da natureza do mecanismo de desgaste encontrado. No Labsolda, a liga Stellite 6 vem sendo uma das mais utilizadas, por apresentar uma excelente resistência ao desgaste erosivo por cavitação. Foi avaliada a influência da vazão de gás de plasma a partir dos valores de diluição, dimensões do cordão, dureza e microestrutura. O Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó foi o que produziu o melhor acabamento superficial, menor ...

Research paper thumbnail of Deposição por plasma com arco transferido

Soldagem & Inspeção (Impresso), 2010

Em virtude do Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó ter similaridades com o Processo ... more Em virtude do Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó ter similaridades com o Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Arame, foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre ambos os processos utilizando-se a liga a base de cobalto comercialmente conhecida como Stellite 6, como material de adição na forma de pó e arame. A pesquisa foi realizada com a expectativa de ser aplicada nas operações de revestimentos de superfícies, em especial em pás de turbinas hidráulicas desgastadas por cavitação. A seleção do material de adição a ser empregado depende da natureza do mecanismo de desgaste encontrado. No Labsolda, a liga Stellite 6 vem sendo uma das mais utilizadas, por apresentar uma excelente resistência ao desgaste erosivo por cavitação. Foi avaliada a influência da vazão de gás de plasma a partir dos valores de diluição, dimensões do cordão, dureza e microestrutura. O Processo de Soldagem Plasma com Alimentação de Pó foi o que produziu o melhor acabamento superficial, menor ...

Research paper thumbnail of Desafios na proteção de equipamentos: "re-inventando" revestimentos soldados

Soldagem & Inspeção, 2012

A produção de revestimentos soldados permite a proteção de componentes respeitando suas proprieda... more A produção de revestimentos soldados permite a proteção de componentes respeitando suas propriedades estruturais e em simultâneo otimiza a resistência ao meio. Avanços significativos podem ser conseguidos se for possível usufruir materiais com propriedades mais nobres mas tipicamente associadas a baixa. Procedimentos de síntese de aluminetos in-situ por plasma com arco transferido utilizando misturas de pós e as características dos revestimentos obtidos são revisados. É feita a análise de revestimentos obtidos pela síntese simultânea de uma camada de alumina(Al2O3) e da camada de aluminetos de ligação com o substrato metálico. Estes revestimentos apresentam um gradiente de propriedades severo, apresentando um diferencial na produção de sistemas de materiais com potencial para operar em condições de elevada agressividade. Os materiais foram sintetizados durante a deposição de misturas de pós de quartzo e de alumínio com composição química pré-determinada sobre liga de NiCr2%Nb e aço ...

Research paper thumbnail of Uma contribuição ao processo de soldagem plasma de arco transferido (PTA) para posições forçadas

Soldagem & Inspeção (Impresso), 2011

Neste projeto foram realizados estudos do processo de soldagem plasma de arco transferido (PTA) c... more Neste projeto foram realizados estudos do processo de soldagem plasma de arco transferido (PTA) com o objetivo de contribuir à soldagem em posições forçadas. A tocha de soldagem foi desenvolvida a partir de uma tocha plasma para keyhole, o que permite a utilização de dois modelos de bicos constritores de plasma com diferentes ângulos de convergência para a alimentação do pó, 30 e 60 graus de ângulo de convergência. Com isto abre-se uma nova perspectiva para revestimentos metálicos fora de posição plana e neste contexto se insere a recuperação por soldagem de partes erodidas por cavitação de turbinas hidráulicas. Com o objetivo de conhecer o comportamento do processo fora da posição foram conduzidos alguns experimentos com corrente contínua pulsada, utilizando-se a liga Stellite 6, e comparados com os resultados obtidos na posição horizontal e plana. A liga Stellite 6 vem sendo uma das mais utilizadas por apresentar uma excelente resistência ao desgaste por abrasão, erosão, impacto e...

Research paper thumbnail of Resistência à erosão por cavitação de aços inoxidáveis austeníticos CrMnSiN depositados por PTA

Soldagem & Inspeção (Impresso), 2010

A erosão por cavitação deteriora componentes em serviço, tais como partes metálicas de bombas de ... more A erosão por cavitação deteriora componentes em serviço, tais como partes metálicas de bombas de água, válvulas e, em especial, pás de turbinas hidráulicas, sendo nesse último caso responsável por elevados prejuízos ligados tanto aos custos da manutenção direta, como sobretudo às perdas por interrupção na geração de energia elétrica. Dentre os materiais aplicados no reparo por soldagem de danos por cavitação incluem-se aços inoxidáveis tradicionais tipo AISI 308 e 309, aços inoxidáveis ao Co e ligas à base de Co (stellites), caracterizando-se essas últimas pela maior sensibilidade a trincas, dificuldade de esmerilhamento e pelo mais alto custo. Nesse contexto este trabalho buscou formular, depositar e analisar o desempenho de aços inoxidáveis austeníticos CrMnSiN, soldados pelo processo PTA. A resistência à erosão por cavitação foi avaliada segundo a norma ASTM G 32-92. A microestrutura foi caracterizada por microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a formação de mar...

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Al on the microstructure and carburization performance of a N-based alloy coating

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2010

... occurred. Prior to pack carburizing, samples were subjected to an oxidation stage, which incl... more ... occurred. Prior to pack carburizing, samples were subjected to an oxidation stage, which included heating to 400 ??C at 10 ??C min ???1 and soaking for 2 h followed by air cooling to intensify the effects of carburization [17] and [18]. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Plasma transferred arc surface modification of a low carbon steel

Journal of Materials Science, 2007

The potential of Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) hardfacing goes beyond the surface welding of super... more The potential of Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) hardfacing goes beyond the surface welding of superalloys. This work evaluated low carbon steel surface modification by PTA deposition of fine WCoC carbides, and mixtures of Fe powders and 5-35 wt% carbides. Characterization included visual inspection, optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and microhardness profiles. PTA processing allowed for the dissolution of carbides confirmed by X-ray diffraction, leading to homogeneous microstructures. Microstructures varied from a Widmanstätten morphology to a typical dendritic solidification structure upon the WCoC content. Surface soundness depended on powder preparation and composition. Sound surfaces exhibiting hardness up to 700 Hv were obtained for the 35 wt% WCoC powder mixture.

Research paper thumbnail of Solidification of PTA aluminide coatings

International Journal of Materials Research, 2012

Abstract Components can be protected with coatings tailored using plasma transferred arc to meet ... more Abstract Components can be protected with coatings tailored using plasma transferred arc to meet specific demands as mixtures of powders with an almost unlimited chemical composition can be processed. In this study, Ni, Fe and Nb aluminide coatings were processed from mixtures of elemental powders on steel substrates and on a Cu refrigerated mold for comparison purposes. Coatings and mini-billets were characterized by means of microhardness, X-ray diffraction and laser confocal microscopy. Examination of the solidification structures showed that for each alloy system coatings are influenced by the exothermal synthesis of the aluminides and the interaction of the plasma arc with the substrate and with the feedstock. The poor flowability of the Ni–Al powder mixture determined its interaction with the plasma arc and strongly affected the dilution of coatings.

Research paper thumbnail of Processamento de Ligas de Níquel com Técnica de Manufatura Aditiva Utilizando Plasma por Arco Transferido

Soldagem & Inspeção, 2015

ResumoA manufatura aditiva é um processo utilizado para a construção e reparos de peças que possu... more ResumoA manufatura aditiva é um processo utilizado para a construção e reparos de peças que possuem geometria complexa ou que necessitem de gradiente de propriedades. Nessa técnica múltiplas camadas são depositadas para a construção da geometria do componente. O sucesso desse procedimento depende de fatores como a técnica de deposição, parâmetros, liga a ser depositada e condições da deposição, como temperatura e atmosfera protetora. Neste estudo, o potencial da técnica de Plasma por arco transferido para manufatura aditiva foi avaliado produzindo “paredes finas”, construídas a partir da sobreposição de cordões. Foram utilizadas duas ligas a base de níquel, uma endurecida por precipitação e outra endurecida por solução sólida. Durante os trabalhos, foram selecionados os parâmetros de processamentos, incluindo a avaliação do efeito do pré-aquecimento a 300°C. Resultados mostraram que a composição química da liga influencia a geometria da parede construída assim como a utilização de p...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of temperature and reactivity of molten 55Al–Zn alloy on Co based alloy coatings

Materials Science and Technology

Abstract The short service life of bearings in galvanising industry is a result of a complex set ... more Abstract The short service life of bearings in galvanising industry is a result of a complex set of deterioration mechanisms. This work addressed the effect of temperature and molten bath reactivity on the material of the bearings respectively. Three commercial alloys, the Co–Cr–W Stellite 6 and Co–Cr–Mo–Si Tribaloy (T400 and T800) alloy systems, were deposited by plasma transferred arc on AISI 316L plates. Coatings were evaluated for the effect of temperature exposure on hardness, microstructure and sliding abrasive wear. The reactivity with the molten 55Al–Zn alloy was assessed by immersion tests in an industrial bath. Results showed that exposure at 600°C for 168 h resulted in an increase in hardness, microstructure changes and loss of wear resistance for the Stellite 6 coatings. A superior performance to temperature was shown by Tribaloy T800 with a stable abrasive wear resistance. The three alloys exhibited a strong reactivity with the 55Al–Zn molten bath. An intermetallic layer formed on the coatings as the Al from the bath reacted with elements from the Co based alloys. This reactivity consumed the coatings, causing a reduction on thickness particularly on those processed with the T800 alloy.