Maciej Wojciechowski | University of Gdansk (original) (raw)
Papers by Maciej Wojciechowski
Collegiality and Dissent in Polish Administrative Courts
Bratislava law review, Jul 7, 2024
Rocznik Komparatystyczny
Some of the most eminent Polish writers such as Bolesław Leśmian, Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herber... more Some of the most eminent Polish writers such as Bolesław Leśmian, Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herbert or Witold Gombrowicz studied law for some time or even graduated from it. The article aims to present their attitude to studying law. In particular, the paper shall present the reasons for choosing law studies, memories of student times, flashbacks of lecturers, and their attitude to legal practice (B. Leśmian and W. Gombrowicz). The history of their legal experience is mostly a story of disappointments. Adam Zagajewski wrote that law is “inaccessible to the poet’s melting mood”. The second part of the article tries to look for other than personal predilections explanations of this feature of law. In the conclusion, it is claimed that although poetry and perhaps also literary prose are interested in the field of general cognition in which they resemble the law however the extent of this field lies in the sphere of legal irrelevance.
Rocznik Komparatystyczny, 2022
Some of the most eminent Polish writers such as Bolesław Leśmian, Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herber... more Some of the most eminent Polish writers such as Bolesław Leśmian, Czesław Miłosz,
Zbigniew Herbert or Witold Gombrowicz studied law for some time or even graduated
from it. The article aims to present their attitude to studying law. In particular, the paper
shall present the reasons for choosing law studies, memories of student times, flashbacks
of lecturers, and their attitude to legal practice (B. Leśmian and W. Gombrowicz).
The history of their legal experience is mostly a story of disappointments. Adam
Zagajewski wrote that law is “inaccessible to the poet’s melting mood”. The second
part of the article tries to look for other than personal predilections explanations of this
feature of law. In the conclusion, it is claimed that although poetry and perhaps also
literary prose are interested in the field of general cognition in which they resemble the
law however the extent of this field lies in the sphere of legal irrelevance.
Selected Aspects of Authenticity of the Texts of Normative Acts
The article is devoted to one of the problems of issuing normative acts, namely the feature of th... more The article is devoted to one of the problems of issuing normative acts, namely the feature of their authenticity that is ascribed to officially published acts by the doctrine. In the first part, the author analyses the concept of authenticity at the level of various types of language considering its semiological aspect related to real objects e.g. works of art. In the second part, the historical evolution of promulgating the law is presented from the function of announcing the content of the law to one of the formal criteria for the binding force of law. In the third part of the article, modern means of obtaining information about the content of legal standards is discussed and the informational value of authentic texts is evaluated. In further parts, a typology of errors in officially published normative acts is discussed and set in the context of historical and present legal status with a suggestion de lege ferenda. The article ends with a proposition of normative changes in the ...
Niektóre estetyczne problemy polskich miast a możliwości prawa jako narzędzia kształtującego przestrzeń publiczną
Metropolitan. Przegląd Naukowy, 2014
Epistemologia sporu w kontekście instytucji sędziowskiego zdania odrębnego
The first step in designing a controller for a manipulating arm is to determine its configuration... more The first step in designing a controller for a manipulating arm is to determine its configuration, which means, analyzing the main components that make up the mechanism. A manipulating arm is composed of joints, motors, sensors and other elements, which are linked to conform the different degrees of freedom (generalized coordinates: prismatic, rotational or a combination of both, which is presented as the most unusual), which allow the calculation of the dynamic model implemented to obtain the control specifications [1]. In this paper, the calculation of a controller by sliding modes for a manipulator arm with 4 rotational degrees of freedom will be done, showing the respective results and conclusions at the end.
The subject of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, is the practice of ... more The subject of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, is the practice of submitting dissenting opinions in the Constitutional Tribunal during the period 2016–2019. Its pur-pose is to clarify and eventually empirically verify the thesis that the submission of a candidacy for a judge of the Constitutional Tribunal by a political group sitting in parliament, translates into possible decisions to submit a dissenting opinion. This behaviour has been abbreviated in the litera-ture as “faithfulness for choice”. In order to verify the occurrence of this behaviour, models of such situations were constructed, taking into account the specificity of the Polish constitutional court. Situations meeting the model’s criteria were then analysed. The constructed models found little quantitative confirmation. The reasons can be seen in the inadequacy of the models themselves and the nature of the tensions that arose around the Tribunal and in the Tribunal itself in the indicate...
Standardization of Judicial Opinions: Work of Judges in a Changing Environment
Krytyka Prawa, 2021
Celem artykułu jest analiza związku integralności sędziowskiej oraz instytucji votum separatum. W... more Celem artykułu jest analiza związku integralności sędziowskiej oraz instytucji votum separatum. W pierwszej części dotyczy on związku pomiędzy koncepcjami określonego stosunku do wykonywanej roli zawodowej a instytucją votum separatum. W drugiej zaś autor próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy faktycznie składanym zdaniom odrębnym w Trybunale Konstytucyjnym można przypisać troskę o zachowanie integralności. Autor próbuje uzasadnić wniosek, że integralność sędziowska nie stanowi głównej funkcji faktycznie składanych zdań odrębnych w Trybunale. Główną przeszkodą jest odczytywanie spraw, w których zostało ono złożone, jako aksjologicznych opozycji. Zdaniom odrębnym można więc przypisać określone wartości, w obronie których są składane, jak np. prawa jednostki czy troska o interes publiczny, jednak związek tych wartości z sędziowską integralnością nie jest oczywisty. Wynika to stąd, że przypisywane zdaniom odrębnym tego samego sędziego aksjologiczne charakterystyki są zmienne. Zmiana ta zaś wynika nie z niespójności poglądów, ale charakterystyki rozpoznawanej sprawy.
Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej, 2015
Our article concentrates on emotions as related to the functioning of man in the judicial system ... more Our article concentrates on emotions as related to the functioning of man in the judicial system seen as a modern bureaucratic institution. Special attention is given to the work of judges due to their key position in this system. In legal discourse there is a dominating normative idea of a judge as a decision-making subject free of any emotional factors influencing their judgment. According to this traditional approach, a decision biased even in the slightest way by emotions could not be regarded as impartial, whereas judicial impartiality is regarded as one of the core values of the justice system. Our standpoint assumes not only that judges experience emotions but also asserts that they are being manifested in varied ways. Our analysis is based on Arlie Hochschild’s conception of emotional labour. Such labour is being performed when an individual reflects on his or her feelings and makes an effort either to change or to inhibit emotions which are regarded as misfitting. The neces...
Opozycje aksjologiczne w wybranych uchwałach Izby Pracy i Ubezpieczeń Społecznych Sądu Najwyższego kwestionowanych złożonym votum separatum
Krytyka Prawa
Stwierdzane niezgodności norm wyższego i niższego rzędu a pojęcia niezgodności norm
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
INCONSISTENCIES OF NORMS ASCERTAINED BY CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS, IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXISTING DOCTR... more INCONSISTENCIES OF NORMS ASCERTAINED BY CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS, IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXISTING DOCTRINAL NOTIONS OF CONFLICT OF NORMSThe main thesis of the paper claims that judgments of constitutional courts explicitly stating a conflict between lower order norm and norm of higher order are not an instance of formal conflict of norms. The reason for this lies in the nature of constitutional norms and the norm being subject of inquiry. Constitutional norms are mostly norms granting competence, while norms being subject of inquiry are rules of conduct. Therefore, reasoning of constitutional court includes evaluation of an act of legislator, rather than evaluation of an established norm. For instance, if there is a statute enacted stating a rule that vacation legis will consist of seven days and constitutional court, as a consequence of a principle of proper legislation, will state what such seven day rule is in conflict with that constitutional principle, then there is no formal conflic...
Zaufanie Instytucjonalne W Kontekście Ustawowej Zasady Zaufania Jednostki Do Państwa
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
Artykuł podejmuje kwestię tak zwanego zaufania instytucjonalnego, czyli takiego, w której z jedne... more Artykuł podejmuje kwestię tak zwanego zaufania instytucjonalnego, czyli takiego, w której z jednej strony znajduje się jednostka, z drugiej – instytucje (na przykład organy administracji państwowej). Autor stara się odpowiedzieć na pytania, jakie znaczenie można przypisać terminowi „zaufanie” użytemu w przepisach ustaw Kodeks postępowania administracyjnego i Ordynacja podatkowa oraz czy – w świetle formułowanych w literaturze przedmiotu definicji terminu „zaufanie” – zaufanie instytucjonalne jest w ogóle pojęciowo możliwe. Proponowana odpowiedź jest następująca: zaufanie instytucjonalne jest pojęciowo możliwe w świetle definicji „zaufania” jako zakładu, ale definicja ta nie uwzględnia elementu korzystnego dla podmiotu ufającego. Przyjęcie definicji zaufania jako zakładu bez elementu korzystnego dla podmiotu ufającego prowadzi do uznania, że termin „zaufanie” użyty w art. 121 § 1 Ordynacji podatkowej i art. 8 Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego oznacza jedynie sytuację „polegania ...
Niektóre Aspekty Tzw. Autentyczności Tekstów Aktów Normatywnych
Stwierdzane niezgodności norm wyższego i niższego rzędu a pojęcia niezgodności norm
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
INCONSISTENCIES OF NORMS ASCERTAINED BY CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS, IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXISTING DOCTR... more INCONSISTENCIES OF NORMS ASCERTAINED BY CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS, IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXISTING DOCTRINAL NOTIONS OF CONFLICT OF NORMSThe main thesis of the paper claims that judgments of constitutional courts explicitly stating a conflict between lower order norm and norm of higher order are not an instance of formal conflict of norms. The reason for this lies in the nature of constitutional norms and the norm being subject of inquiry. Constitutional norms are mostly norms granting competence, while norms being subject of inquiry are rules of conduct. Therefore, reasoning of constitutional court includes evaluation of an act of legislator, rather than evaluation of an established norm. For instance, if there is a statute enacted stating a rule that vacation legis will consist of seven days and constitutional court, as a consequence of a principle of proper legislation, will state what such seven day rule is in conflict with that constitutional principle, then there is no formal conflic...
Our article concentrates on emotions as related to the functioning of man in the judicial system ... more Our article concentrates on emotions as related to the functioning of man in the judicial
system seen as a modern bureaucratic institution. Special attention is given to the work
of judges due to their key position in this system. In legal discourse there is a dominating
normative idea of a judge as a decision-making subject free of any emotional factors influencing
their judgment. According to this traditional approach, a decision biased even
in the slightest way by emotions could not be regarded as impartial, whereas judicial
impartiality is regarded as one of the core values of the justice system. Our standpoint
assumes not only that judges experience emotions but also asserts that they are being
manifested in varied ways. Our analysis is based on Arlie Hochschild’s conception of
emotional labour. Such labour is being performed when an individual reflects on his
or her feelings and makes an effort either to change or to inhibit emotions which are
regarded as misfitting. The necessity of emotional work is a result of cultural feeling
and expression rules. It seems prima facie that there is one clear expression rule regarding
displaying emotions by the judge in the Polish legal culture: no emotions allowed.
However, contrary to possible reconstructed declarations and recommendations warning
judges against showing emotions, the rules of expressing them in Polish courts are
not unequivocal. We claim that one can distinguish between unconditional and conditional
rules of expressing emotions. The former relate to expressing emotions concerning
non-professional participants, and conditional rules of expressing emotions relate to
professional participants in the hearing. There are situations in which an emotional reaction
is reasonable, because it represents certain values to which the justice department
adheres, and those in which judges regret showing annoyance or anger. The goal of the
emotional labour performed is not only a realization of the value of impartiality, but
also the balance of the judges that allows them to efficiently fulfil their role.
![Research paper thumbnail of Pewność prawa [Legal Certainty]-cała książka](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48280936/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Wśród nazw oznaczających wartości prawne są stare i powszechnie znane jak "sprawiedliwość" czy "w... more Wśród nazw oznaczających wartości prawne są stare i powszechnie znane jak "sprawiedliwość" czy "wolność", ale są i takie, którym przeciętnemu użytkownikowi języka polskiego trudno byłoby przypisać jakąś wyraźną treść. Do tych ostatnich należy "pewność prawa". Niewiele jest polskojęzycznych opracowań na jej temat. Książka jest próbą spojrzenia na pewność prawa z teoretycznoprawneog punktu widzenia. Autor prowadzi swoje analizy w obszarze decyzji tworzenia prawa oraz pewności decyzji stosowania prawa. Stawia również pytanie o status pewności prawa.
The paper presents a claim commonly known as a hot hand belief on the one side and a famous paper... more The paper presents a claim commonly known as a hot hand belief on the one side and a famous paper on this subject by A. Tversky, R. Vallone, T. Gilovich indicating that what is experienced by players has no statistical evidence. Eventually there are other examples of human bounded rationality given.
Collegiality and Dissent in Polish Administrative Courts
Bratislava law review, Jul 7, 2024
Rocznik Komparatystyczny
Some of the most eminent Polish writers such as Bolesław Leśmian, Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herber... more Some of the most eminent Polish writers such as Bolesław Leśmian, Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herbert or Witold Gombrowicz studied law for some time or even graduated from it. The article aims to present their attitude to studying law. In particular, the paper shall present the reasons for choosing law studies, memories of student times, flashbacks of lecturers, and their attitude to legal practice (B. Leśmian and W. Gombrowicz). The history of their legal experience is mostly a story of disappointments. Adam Zagajewski wrote that law is “inaccessible to the poet’s melting mood”. The second part of the article tries to look for other than personal predilections explanations of this feature of law. In the conclusion, it is claimed that although poetry and perhaps also literary prose are interested in the field of general cognition in which they resemble the law however the extent of this field lies in the sphere of legal irrelevance.
Rocznik Komparatystyczny, 2022
Some of the most eminent Polish writers such as Bolesław Leśmian, Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herber... more Some of the most eminent Polish writers such as Bolesław Leśmian, Czesław Miłosz,
Zbigniew Herbert or Witold Gombrowicz studied law for some time or even graduated
from it. The article aims to present their attitude to studying law. In particular, the paper
shall present the reasons for choosing law studies, memories of student times, flashbacks
of lecturers, and their attitude to legal practice (B. Leśmian and W. Gombrowicz).
The history of their legal experience is mostly a story of disappointments. Adam
Zagajewski wrote that law is “inaccessible to the poet’s melting mood”. The second
part of the article tries to look for other than personal predilections explanations of this
feature of law. In the conclusion, it is claimed that although poetry and perhaps also
literary prose are interested in the field of general cognition in which they resemble the
law however the extent of this field lies in the sphere of legal irrelevance.
Selected Aspects of Authenticity of the Texts of Normative Acts
The article is devoted to one of the problems of issuing normative acts, namely the feature of th... more The article is devoted to one of the problems of issuing normative acts, namely the feature of their authenticity that is ascribed to officially published acts by the doctrine. In the first part, the author analyses the concept of authenticity at the level of various types of language considering its semiological aspect related to real objects e.g. works of art. In the second part, the historical evolution of promulgating the law is presented from the function of announcing the content of the law to one of the formal criteria for the binding force of law. In the third part of the article, modern means of obtaining information about the content of legal standards is discussed and the informational value of authentic texts is evaluated. In further parts, a typology of errors in officially published normative acts is discussed and set in the context of historical and present legal status with a suggestion de lege ferenda. The article ends with a proposition of normative changes in the ...
Niektóre estetyczne problemy polskich miast a możliwości prawa jako narzędzia kształtującego przestrzeń publiczną
Metropolitan. Przegląd Naukowy, 2014
Epistemologia sporu w kontekście instytucji sędziowskiego zdania odrębnego
The first step in designing a controller for a manipulating arm is to determine its configuration... more The first step in designing a controller for a manipulating arm is to determine its configuration, which means, analyzing the main components that make up the mechanism. A manipulating arm is composed of joints, motors, sensors and other elements, which are linked to conform the different degrees of freedom (generalized coordinates: prismatic, rotational or a combination of both, which is presented as the most unusual), which allow the calculation of the dynamic model implemented to obtain the control specifications [1]. In this paper, the calculation of a controller by sliding modes for a manipulator arm with 4 rotational degrees of freedom will be done, showing the respective results and conclusions at the end.
The subject of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, is the practice of ... more The subject of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, is the practice of submitting dissenting opinions in the Constitutional Tribunal during the period 2016–2019. Its pur-pose is to clarify and eventually empirically verify the thesis that the submission of a candidacy for a judge of the Constitutional Tribunal by a political group sitting in parliament, translates into possible decisions to submit a dissenting opinion. This behaviour has been abbreviated in the litera-ture as “faithfulness for choice”. In order to verify the occurrence of this behaviour, models of such situations were constructed, taking into account the specificity of the Polish constitutional court. Situations meeting the model’s criteria were then analysed. The constructed models found little quantitative confirmation. The reasons can be seen in the inadequacy of the models themselves and the nature of the tensions that arose around the Tribunal and in the Tribunal itself in the indicate...
Standardization of Judicial Opinions: Work of Judges in a Changing Environment
Krytyka Prawa, 2021
Celem artykułu jest analiza związku integralności sędziowskiej oraz instytucji votum separatum. W... more Celem artykułu jest analiza związku integralności sędziowskiej oraz instytucji votum separatum. W pierwszej części dotyczy on związku pomiędzy koncepcjami określonego stosunku do wykonywanej roli zawodowej a instytucją votum separatum. W drugiej zaś autor próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy faktycznie składanym zdaniom odrębnym w Trybunale Konstytucyjnym można przypisać troskę o zachowanie integralności. Autor próbuje uzasadnić wniosek, że integralność sędziowska nie stanowi głównej funkcji faktycznie składanych zdań odrębnych w Trybunale. Główną przeszkodą jest odczytywanie spraw, w których zostało ono złożone, jako aksjologicznych opozycji. Zdaniom odrębnym można więc przypisać określone wartości, w obronie których są składane, jak np. prawa jednostki czy troska o interes publiczny, jednak związek tych wartości z sędziowską integralnością nie jest oczywisty. Wynika to stąd, że przypisywane zdaniom odrębnym tego samego sędziego aksjologiczne charakterystyki są zmienne. Zmiana ta zaś wynika nie z niespójności poglądów, ale charakterystyki rozpoznawanej sprawy.
Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej, 2015
Our article concentrates on emotions as related to the functioning of man in the judicial system ... more Our article concentrates on emotions as related to the functioning of man in the judicial system seen as a modern bureaucratic institution. Special attention is given to the work of judges due to their key position in this system. In legal discourse there is a dominating normative idea of a judge as a decision-making subject free of any emotional factors influencing their judgment. According to this traditional approach, a decision biased even in the slightest way by emotions could not be regarded as impartial, whereas judicial impartiality is regarded as one of the core values of the justice system. Our standpoint assumes not only that judges experience emotions but also asserts that they are being manifested in varied ways. Our analysis is based on Arlie Hochschild’s conception of emotional labour. Such labour is being performed when an individual reflects on his or her feelings and makes an effort either to change or to inhibit emotions which are regarded as misfitting. The neces...
Opozycje aksjologiczne w wybranych uchwałach Izby Pracy i Ubezpieczeń Społecznych Sądu Najwyższego kwestionowanych złożonym votum separatum
Krytyka Prawa
Stwierdzane niezgodności norm wyższego i niższego rzędu a pojęcia niezgodności norm
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
INCONSISTENCIES OF NORMS ASCERTAINED BY CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS, IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXISTING DOCTR... more INCONSISTENCIES OF NORMS ASCERTAINED BY CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS, IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXISTING DOCTRINAL NOTIONS OF CONFLICT OF NORMSThe main thesis of the paper claims that judgments of constitutional courts explicitly stating a conflict between lower order norm and norm of higher order are not an instance of formal conflict of norms. The reason for this lies in the nature of constitutional norms and the norm being subject of inquiry. Constitutional norms are mostly norms granting competence, while norms being subject of inquiry are rules of conduct. Therefore, reasoning of constitutional court includes evaluation of an act of legislator, rather than evaluation of an established norm. For instance, if there is a statute enacted stating a rule that vacation legis will consist of seven days and constitutional court, as a consequence of a principle of proper legislation, will state what such seven day rule is in conflict with that constitutional principle, then there is no formal conflic...
Zaufanie Instytucjonalne W Kontekście Ustawowej Zasady Zaufania Jednostki Do Państwa
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
Artykuł podejmuje kwestię tak zwanego zaufania instytucjonalnego, czyli takiego, w której z jedne... more Artykuł podejmuje kwestię tak zwanego zaufania instytucjonalnego, czyli takiego, w której z jednej strony znajduje się jednostka, z drugiej – instytucje (na przykład organy administracji państwowej). Autor stara się odpowiedzieć na pytania, jakie znaczenie można przypisać terminowi „zaufanie” użytemu w przepisach ustaw Kodeks postępowania administracyjnego i Ordynacja podatkowa oraz czy – w świetle formułowanych w literaturze przedmiotu definicji terminu „zaufanie” – zaufanie instytucjonalne jest w ogóle pojęciowo możliwe. Proponowana odpowiedź jest następująca: zaufanie instytucjonalne jest pojęciowo możliwe w świetle definicji „zaufania” jako zakładu, ale definicja ta nie uwzględnia elementu korzystnego dla podmiotu ufającego. Przyjęcie definicji zaufania jako zakładu bez elementu korzystnego dla podmiotu ufającego prowadzi do uznania, że termin „zaufanie” użyty w art. 121 § 1 Ordynacji podatkowej i art. 8 Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego oznacza jedynie sytuację „polegania ...
Niektóre Aspekty Tzw. Autentyczności Tekstów Aktów Normatywnych
Stwierdzane niezgodności norm wyższego i niższego rzędu a pojęcia niezgodności norm
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
INCONSISTENCIES OF NORMS ASCERTAINED BY CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS, IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXISTING DOCTR... more INCONSISTENCIES OF NORMS ASCERTAINED BY CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS, IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXISTING DOCTRINAL NOTIONS OF CONFLICT OF NORMSThe main thesis of the paper claims that judgments of constitutional courts explicitly stating a conflict between lower order norm and norm of higher order are not an instance of formal conflict of norms. The reason for this lies in the nature of constitutional norms and the norm being subject of inquiry. Constitutional norms are mostly norms granting competence, while norms being subject of inquiry are rules of conduct. Therefore, reasoning of constitutional court includes evaluation of an act of legislator, rather than evaluation of an established norm. For instance, if there is a statute enacted stating a rule that vacation legis will consist of seven days and constitutional court, as a consequence of a principle of proper legislation, will state what such seven day rule is in conflict with that constitutional principle, then there is no formal conflic...
Our article concentrates on emotions as related to the functioning of man in the judicial system ... more Our article concentrates on emotions as related to the functioning of man in the judicial
system seen as a modern bureaucratic institution. Special attention is given to the work
of judges due to their key position in this system. In legal discourse there is a dominating
normative idea of a judge as a decision-making subject free of any emotional factors influencing
their judgment. According to this traditional approach, a decision biased even
in the slightest way by emotions could not be regarded as impartial, whereas judicial
impartiality is regarded as one of the core values of the justice system. Our standpoint
assumes not only that judges experience emotions but also asserts that they are being
manifested in varied ways. Our analysis is based on Arlie Hochschild’s conception of
emotional labour. Such labour is being performed when an individual reflects on his
or her feelings and makes an effort either to change or to inhibit emotions which are
regarded as misfitting. The necessity of emotional work is a result of cultural feeling
and expression rules. It seems prima facie that there is one clear expression rule regarding
displaying emotions by the judge in the Polish legal culture: no emotions allowed.
However, contrary to possible reconstructed declarations and recommendations warning
judges against showing emotions, the rules of expressing them in Polish courts are
not unequivocal. We claim that one can distinguish between unconditional and conditional
rules of expressing emotions. The former relate to expressing emotions concerning
non-professional participants, and conditional rules of expressing emotions relate to
professional participants in the hearing. There are situations in which an emotional reaction
is reasonable, because it represents certain values to which the justice department
adheres, and those in which judges regret showing annoyance or anger. The goal of the
emotional labour performed is not only a realization of the value of impartiality, but
also the balance of the judges that allows them to efficiently fulfil their role.
Wśród nazw oznaczających wartości prawne są stare i powszechnie znane jak "sprawiedliwość" czy "w... more Wśród nazw oznaczających wartości prawne są stare i powszechnie znane jak "sprawiedliwość" czy "wolność", ale są i takie, którym przeciętnemu użytkownikowi języka polskiego trudno byłoby przypisać jakąś wyraźną treść. Do tych ostatnich należy "pewność prawa". Niewiele jest polskojęzycznych opracowań na jej temat. Książka jest próbą spojrzenia na pewność prawa z teoretycznoprawneog punktu widzenia. Autor prowadzi swoje analizy w obszarze decyzji tworzenia prawa oraz pewności decyzji stosowania prawa. Stawia również pytanie o status pewności prawa.
The paper presents a claim commonly known as a hot hand belief on the one side and a famous paper... more The paper presents a claim commonly known as a hot hand belief on the one side and a famous paper on this subject by A. Tversky, R. Vallone, T. Gilovich indicating that what is experienced by players has no statistical evidence. Eventually there are other examples of human bounded rationality given.