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ACADEMIA - magazyn Polskiej Akademii Nauk

m a g a z y n p o l s k i e j a k a d e m i i n a u k 1/65/2021 K limat jako zasób naturalny wycz... more m a g a z y n p o l s k i e j a k a d e m i i n a u k 1/65/2021 K limat jako zasób naturalny wyczerpuje się w znanej nam formie, a powodem tego jest stale zwiększające się zapotrzebowanie człowieka na energię. Najbardziej emisyjne sektory to te związane z zapewnieniem naszej wygody i dobrobytu. O tych zagadnieniach opowiada prof. dr hab. Mirosław Miętus z Instytutu Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej. Zmiany systemu klimatycznego Ziemi Dlaczego boimy się emisji z paliw kopalnych? MIROSŁAW MIĘTUS: Paliwa kopalne to oczywiście te, które pozyskujemy w wyniku wydobywania z wnętrza Ziemi. Z punktu widzenia klimatu są one szkodliwe. Dlaczego? Wystarczy spojrzeć na bilans energetyczny planety. Model, który wyjaśnia procesy dotyczące równowagi energetycznej Ziemi, pochodzi sprzed ponad 100 lat i jest bardzo prosty. Jeżeli potraktujemy Ziemię po prostu jako kulę, to z punktu widzenia transferu energii znajduje się ona w strumieniu promieniowania słonecznego. Żeby system klimatyczny był w równowadze, ilość energii, która dociera do planety od Słońca, musi się równać ilości energii, która opuszcza system.

Atmosphere

Over the last 71 years, the air temperature in Poland has increased on average by 0.28 °C per dec... more Over the last 71 years, the air temperature in Poland has increased on average by 0.28 °C per decade—which gives a total change in this period exceeding 2 °C. The subject of this study was an analysis of the long-term variability of the Polish climate in terms of thermal characteristics. The aim of the research was to verify the hypothesis on the lack of homogeneity of this change and to identify points of significant acceleration of the observed tendencies. The analysis utilized the average monthly air temperature at selected synoptic stations in Poland over the period 1951–2021. The values were then processed into a reference series using Alexandersson’s method, which provided synthetic information on the variability in thermal conditions in the country. The analyses were carried out on an annual and seasonal basis. The values of the trend coefficients (and their statistical significance) were also calculated in shorter periods (minimum 30 years), which enabled determination of th...

Acta Geographica Lodziensia, Oct 5, 2019

Zarys treści. W pracy przedstawiono krótką historię oraz rezultaty badań klimatu Gdańska i Gdyni.... more Zarys treści. W pracy przedstawiono krótką historię oraz rezultaty badań klimatu Gdańska i Gdyni. Początek badań klimatu Gdańska wiąże się z rozpoczęciem pomiarów i obserwacji meteorologicznych w 1739 roku. W ostatnich dekadach XIX wieku bardzo wzrosło znaczenie badań klimatu miasta na rzecz zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żeglugi i pracy portu. W dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym funkcjonowały w Gdańsku i Gdyni duże obserwatoria meteorologiczne. Prowadzono wówczas prace na rzecz rozpoznania lokalnych warunków klimatycznych, w tym zjawiska bryzy morskiej. W okresie powojennym podjęto zaawansowane badania terenowe pozwalające na określenie charakterystycznych cech przestrzennej zmienności elementów meteorologicznych w Gdyni i Gdańsku. Ostatnie dekady XX wieku oraz obecne czasy to prace z zakresu klimatologii stosowanej obszarów zurbanizowanych.

Atmosphere, 2021

The Poland-AOD aerosol research network was established in 2011 to improve aerosol–climate intera... more The Poland-AOD aerosol research network was established in 2011 to improve aerosol–climate interaction knowledge and provide a real-time and historical, comprehensive, and quantitative database for the aerosol optical properties distribution over Poland. The network consists of research institutions and private owners operating 10 measurement stations and an organization responsible for aerosol model transport simulations. Poland-AOD collaboration provides observations of spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ångstrom Exponent (AE), incoming shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiation fluxes, vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties and surface aerosol scattering and absorption coefficient, as well as microphysical particle properties. Based on the radiative transfer model (RTM), the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) and the heating rate are simulated. In addition, results from GEM-AQ and WRF-Chem models (e.g., aerosol mass mixing ratio and optical properties for several particl...

Climate of the Past, 2021

The European drought of 1921 is assessed in terms of its impacts on society and in terms of its p... more The European drought of 1921 is assessed in terms of its impacts on society and in terms of its physical characteristics. The development of impacts of the drought are categorized by a systematic survey of newspaper reports from five European newspapers covering the area from England to the Czech Republic and other parts of Europe. This is coupled to a reconstruction of daily temperature and precipitation based on meteorological measurements to quantify the drought severity and extent, and reanalysis data are used to identify its drivers. This analysis shows that the first impacts of the drought started to appear in early spring and lingered on until well into autumn and winter, affecting water supply and agriculture and livestock farming. The dominant impact in western Europe is on agriculture and livestock farming while in central Europe the effects of wildfires were reported on most often. The peak in the number of reports is in late summer. Preceding the first impacts was the dry autumn of 1920 and winter 1920-1921. The area hardest hit by the drought in the following spring and summer was the triangle between Brussels, Paris and Lyon, but a vast stretch of the continent, from Ireland to the Ukraine, was affected. The reported impacts on water supply and water-borne transport in that region were matched by an analysis of the hydrological situation over the Seine catchment. On average, the 1921 summer was not particularly hot, but the heatwave which was observed at the end of July saw temperatures matching those of the heatwaves in modern summers. Similar to modern droughts, an anticyclone was present roughly over the British Isles, maintaining sunny and dry weather in Europe and steering away cyclones to the north. Its persistence makes it exceptional in comparison to modern droughts. The 1921 drought stands out as the most severe and most widespread drought in Europe since the start of the 20th century. The precipitation deficit in all seasons was large, but in none of the seasons in 1920 and 1921 was the precipitation deficit the largest on record. The severity of the 1921 drought relates to the conservative nature of drought which amplifies Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2202 G. van der Schrier et al.: 1921 drought the lack of precipitation in autumn and winter into the following spring and summer.

W pracy została przedstawiona zmienność występowania sezonów termicznych na Wybrzeżu i Wyżynach w... more W pracy została przedstawiona zmienność występowania sezonów termicznych na Wybrzeżu i Wyżynach w latach 1951-2008. Na podstawie dobowych wartości temperatury z lat 1966-2008 wyznaczono charakterystyczne daty początków sezonów i długości ich trwania, wykorzystując wartości temperatury uśrednionej obszarowo, przy podziale na jednostki fizycznogeograficzne zaproponowane przez Kondrackiego (2002). Do obliczeń dat rozpoczęcia i długości trwania sezonów termicznych przyjęto podział na 6 pór roku – zimę (t < 0C), przedwiośnie (0-5C), wiosnę (5-15C), lato (t > 15C), jesień (5-15C) i przedzimie (0-5oC). Stwierdzono istotne zmiany dat rozpoczęcia oraz długości trwania termicznych pór roku w analizowanych regionach, a także występowanie różnokierunkowych trendów zmian długości poszczególnych sezonów termicznych w wieloleciu, które mogą doprowadzić do zaniku niektórych z nich.

Quality-controlled meteorological observations covering the Baltic Sea between 1961 and 1990. The... more Quality-controlled meteorological observations covering the Baltic Sea between 1961 and 1990. These data are a result of the WMO RA VI (Regional Association Europe) Project "Climate of the Baltic Sea Basin".

I​ ​welcome​ ​this​ ​manuscript​ ​with​ ​great​ ​interest​ ​and​ ​satisfaction​ ​that​ ​we​ ​have... more I​ ​welcome​ ​this​ ​manuscript​ ​with​ ​great​ ​interest​ ​and​ ​satisfaction​ ​that​ ​we​ ​have​ ​strong​ ​significant progress​ ​in​ ​respect​ ​of​ ​climate​ ​scenarios​ ​for​ ​Poland.​ ​High​ ​quality​ ​data​ ​sets​ ​presented​ ​by​ ​authors of​ ​the​ ​manuscript​ ​looks​ ​promising.​ ​Such​ ​data​ ​sets​ ​are​ ​needed​ ​and​ ​of​ ​high​ ​value.​ ​Additionally manuscript​ ​describes​ ​procedure​ ​of​ ​bias​ ​adjustment​ ​of​ ​Euro-Cordex​ ​simulation.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​significant progress.​ ​By​ ​this​ ​procedure​ ​user​ ​receive​ ​higher​ ​quality​ ​data​ ​of​ ​high​ ​resolution​ ​in​ ​space​ ​which might​ ​be​ ​use​ ​for​ ​impact​ ​assessments​ ​and​ ​adaptations​ ​strategies​ ​what​ ​is​ ​important​ ​from​ ​many point​ ​of​ ​view.

Időjárás, 2019

⎯ The major aim of the research is to analyze the variability of thermal seasons characteristics ... more ⎯ The major aim of the research is to analyze the variability of thermal seasons characteristics (onset and length), at 7 stations in Poland during the 40-year-long period of 1971-2010. The analysis comprised the selection of the optimal method for season onset identification and the statistical analysis of the season onset and length characteristics, which was augmented with the interdecadal comparison of statistics using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Also, it was investigated if the season onset type (late/normal/early) induces the season length distribution characteristics. The results show that the variability of the onset of thermal seasons is most pronounced in the case of summer and early spring. Summer also shows the tendency to occur faster, whereas autumn tends to start later. The interdecadal change of the thermal seasons length is clearly visible in the case of summer which length systematically increases and winter where the trend is reversed at most of the stations. The research also confirmed that for winter, early spring, and summer, the onset type clearly determines the distribution of the season length. Other seasons either show little variability or the differences appear only at some stations.

ACADEMIA - magazyn Polskiej Akademii Nauk

m a g a z y n p o l s k i e j a k a d e m i i n a u k 1/65/2021 K limat jako zasób naturalny wycz... more m a g a z y n p o l s k i e j a k a d e m i i n a u k 1/65/2021 K limat jako zasób naturalny wyczerpuje się w znanej nam formie, a powodem tego jest stale zwiększające się zapotrzebowanie człowieka na energię. Najbardziej emisyjne sektory to te związane z zapewnieniem naszej wygody i dobrobytu. O tych zagadnieniach opowiada prof. dr hab. Mirosław Miętus z Instytutu Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej. Zmiany systemu klimatycznego Ziemi Dlaczego boimy się emisji z paliw kopalnych? MIROSŁAW MIĘTUS: Paliwa kopalne to oczywiście te, które pozyskujemy w wyniku wydobywania z wnętrza Ziemi. Z punktu widzenia klimatu są one szkodliwe. Dlaczego? Wystarczy spojrzeć na bilans energetyczny planety. Model, który wyjaśnia procesy dotyczące równowagi energetycznej Ziemi, pochodzi sprzed ponad 100 lat i jest bardzo prosty. Jeżeli potraktujemy Ziemię po prostu jako kulę, to z punktu widzenia transferu energii znajduje się ona w strumieniu promieniowania słonecznego. Żeby system klimatyczny był w równowadze, ilość energii, która dociera do planety od Słońca, musi się równać ilości energii, która opuszcza system.

Atmosphere

Over the last 71 years, the air temperature in Poland has increased on average by 0.28 °C per dec... more Over the last 71 years, the air temperature in Poland has increased on average by 0.28 °C per decade—which gives a total change in this period exceeding 2 °C. The subject of this study was an analysis of the long-term variability of the Polish climate in terms of thermal characteristics. The aim of the research was to verify the hypothesis on the lack of homogeneity of this change and to identify points of significant acceleration of the observed tendencies. The analysis utilized the average monthly air temperature at selected synoptic stations in Poland over the period 1951–2021. The values were then processed into a reference series using Alexandersson’s method, which provided synthetic information on the variability in thermal conditions in the country. The analyses were carried out on an annual and seasonal basis. The values of the trend coefficients (and their statistical significance) were also calculated in shorter periods (minimum 30 years), which enabled determination of th...

Acta Geographica Lodziensia, Oct 5, 2019

Zarys treści. W pracy przedstawiono krótką historię oraz rezultaty badań klimatu Gdańska i Gdyni.... more Zarys treści. W pracy przedstawiono krótką historię oraz rezultaty badań klimatu Gdańska i Gdyni. Początek badań klimatu Gdańska wiąże się z rozpoczęciem pomiarów i obserwacji meteorologicznych w 1739 roku. W ostatnich dekadach XIX wieku bardzo wzrosło znaczenie badań klimatu miasta na rzecz zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żeglugi i pracy portu. W dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym funkcjonowały w Gdańsku i Gdyni duże obserwatoria meteorologiczne. Prowadzono wówczas prace na rzecz rozpoznania lokalnych warunków klimatycznych, w tym zjawiska bryzy morskiej. W okresie powojennym podjęto zaawansowane badania terenowe pozwalające na określenie charakterystycznych cech przestrzennej zmienności elementów meteorologicznych w Gdyni i Gdańsku. Ostatnie dekady XX wieku oraz obecne czasy to prace z zakresu klimatologii stosowanej obszarów zurbanizowanych.

Atmosphere, 2021

The Poland-AOD aerosol research network was established in 2011 to improve aerosol–climate intera... more The Poland-AOD aerosol research network was established in 2011 to improve aerosol–climate interaction knowledge and provide a real-time and historical, comprehensive, and quantitative database for the aerosol optical properties distribution over Poland. The network consists of research institutions and private owners operating 10 measurement stations and an organization responsible for aerosol model transport simulations. Poland-AOD collaboration provides observations of spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ångstrom Exponent (AE), incoming shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiation fluxes, vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties and surface aerosol scattering and absorption coefficient, as well as microphysical particle properties. Based on the radiative transfer model (RTM), the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) and the heating rate are simulated. In addition, results from GEM-AQ and WRF-Chem models (e.g., aerosol mass mixing ratio and optical properties for several particl...

Climate of the Past, 2021

The European drought of 1921 is assessed in terms of its impacts on society and in terms of its p... more The European drought of 1921 is assessed in terms of its impacts on society and in terms of its physical characteristics. The development of impacts of the drought are categorized by a systematic survey of newspaper reports from five European newspapers covering the area from England to the Czech Republic and other parts of Europe. This is coupled to a reconstruction of daily temperature and precipitation based on meteorological measurements to quantify the drought severity and extent, and reanalysis data are used to identify its drivers. This analysis shows that the first impacts of the drought started to appear in early spring and lingered on until well into autumn and winter, affecting water supply and agriculture and livestock farming. The dominant impact in western Europe is on agriculture and livestock farming while in central Europe the effects of wildfires were reported on most often. The peak in the number of reports is in late summer. Preceding the first impacts was the dry autumn of 1920 and winter 1920-1921. The area hardest hit by the drought in the following spring and summer was the triangle between Brussels, Paris and Lyon, but a vast stretch of the continent, from Ireland to the Ukraine, was affected. The reported impacts on water supply and water-borne transport in that region were matched by an analysis of the hydrological situation over the Seine catchment. On average, the 1921 summer was not particularly hot, but the heatwave which was observed at the end of July saw temperatures matching those of the heatwaves in modern summers. Similar to modern droughts, an anticyclone was present roughly over the British Isles, maintaining sunny and dry weather in Europe and steering away cyclones to the north. Its persistence makes it exceptional in comparison to modern droughts. The 1921 drought stands out as the most severe and most widespread drought in Europe since the start of the 20th century. The precipitation deficit in all seasons was large, but in none of the seasons in 1920 and 1921 was the precipitation deficit the largest on record. The severity of the 1921 drought relates to the conservative nature of drought which amplifies Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2202 G. van der Schrier et al.: 1921 drought the lack of precipitation in autumn and winter into the following spring and summer.

W pracy została przedstawiona zmienność występowania sezonów termicznych na Wybrzeżu i Wyżynach w... more W pracy została przedstawiona zmienność występowania sezonów termicznych na Wybrzeżu i Wyżynach w latach 1951-2008. Na podstawie dobowych wartości temperatury z lat 1966-2008 wyznaczono charakterystyczne daty początków sezonów i długości ich trwania, wykorzystując wartości temperatury uśrednionej obszarowo, przy podziale na jednostki fizycznogeograficzne zaproponowane przez Kondrackiego (2002). Do obliczeń dat rozpoczęcia i długości trwania sezonów termicznych przyjęto podział na 6 pór roku – zimę (t < 0C), przedwiośnie (0-5C), wiosnę (5-15C), lato (t > 15C), jesień (5-15C) i przedzimie (0-5oC). Stwierdzono istotne zmiany dat rozpoczęcia oraz długości trwania termicznych pór roku w analizowanych regionach, a także występowanie różnokierunkowych trendów zmian długości poszczególnych sezonów termicznych w wieloleciu, które mogą doprowadzić do zaniku niektórych z nich.

Quality-controlled meteorological observations covering the Baltic Sea between 1961 and 1990. The... more Quality-controlled meteorological observations covering the Baltic Sea between 1961 and 1990. These data are a result of the WMO RA VI (Regional Association Europe) Project "Climate of the Baltic Sea Basin".

I​ ​welcome​ ​this​ ​manuscript​ ​with​ ​great​ ​interest​ ​and​ ​satisfaction​ ​that​ ​we​ ​have... more I​ ​welcome​ ​this​ ​manuscript​ ​with​ ​great​ ​interest​ ​and​ ​satisfaction​ ​that​ ​we​ ​have​ ​strong​ ​significant progress​ ​in​ ​respect​ ​of​ ​climate​ ​scenarios​ ​for​ ​Poland.​ ​High​ ​quality​ ​data​ ​sets​ ​presented​ ​by​ ​authors of​ ​the​ ​manuscript​ ​looks​ ​promising.​ ​Such​ ​data​ ​sets​ ​are​ ​needed​ ​and​ ​of​ ​high​ ​value.​ ​Additionally manuscript​ ​describes​ ​procedure​ ​of​ ​bias​ ​adjustment​ ​of​ ​Euro-Cordex​ ​simulation.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​significant progress.​ ​By​ ​this​ ​procedure​ ​user​ ​receive​ ​higher​ ​quality​ ​data​ ​of​ ​high​ ​resolution​ ​in​ ​space​ ​which might​ ​be​ ​use​ ​for​ ​impact​ ​assessments​ ​and​ ​adaptations​ ​strategies​ ​what​ ​is​ ​important​ ​from​ ​many point​ ​of​ ​view.

Időjárás, 2019

⎯ The major aim of the research is to analyze the variability of thermal seasons characteristics ... more ⎯ The major aim of the research is to analyze the variability of thermal seasons characteristics (onset and length), at 7 stations in Poland during the 40-year-long period of 1971-2010. The analysis comprised the selection of the optimal method for season onset identification and the statistical analysis of the season onset and length characteristics, which was augmented with the interdecadal comparison of statistics using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Also, it was investigated if the season onset type (late/normal/early) induces the season length distribution characteristics. The results show that the variability of the onset of thermal seasons is most pronounced in the case of summer and early spring. Summer also shows the tendency to occur faster, whereas autumn tends to start later. The interdecadal change of the thermal seasons length is clearly visible in the case of summer which length systematically increases and winter where the trend is reversed at most of the stations. The research also confirmed that for winter, early spring, and summer, the onset type clearly determines the distribution of the season length. Other seasons either show little variability or the differences appear only at some stations.

Aerobiologia, 2002

Seven years of observations of the patterns and fluctuations in atmospheric Betula pollen concent... more Seven years of observations of the patterns and fluctuations in atmospheric Betula pollen concentration with respect to meteorological variables enable the most important factors shaping the pollen season of birches in the Gdańsk area (northern Poland) to be defined. The correlation factors for different aspects of the pollen season and particular meteorological variables are presented. A biennial cyclic rhythm is observed in the annual pollen sums. The starting date of the Betula pollen season is a rather stable parameter for those years which represent the average, most typical, meteorological conditions as recorded for the area.