gunnar haaland | University of Bergen (original) (raw)
Papers by gunnar haaland
Norwegian Archaeological Review, 1995
Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 2004
Interpreting the archaeological remains from the Kushite civilization of Sudan is fraught with me... more Interpreting the archaeological remains from the Kushite civilization
of Sudan is fraught with methodological difficulties. Egyptian, Greek,
and Roman written sources give some clues, but the Meroitic script is
still not interpreted. The large slag mounds in the ancient capital of
Meroe indicate that iron production played an important role, but this
cannot serve as a sufficient explanatory cause for the maintenance of
centralized power. In addition to its iron production, written and
archaeological remains both testify to the importance of the strategic
location of Meroe in the trade networks between Africa and Egypt.
However, maintenance of state power over a thousand years requires
more than control over material resources. The stability of political
centers is significantly dependent on a legitimating ideology. Here, we
draw particular attention to the images and temples dedicated to the
war god Apedemak; he is symbolically associated with rulers, as well as with iron production. Drawing on comparative ethnography and
the sociology of caste we suggest that the material remains are consistent
with a redistributive political economy based on caste-like
principles.as with iron production. Drawing on comparative ethnography and
the sociology of caste we suggest that the material remains are consistent
with a redistributive political economy based on caste-like
principles.
he atrocities in Darfur have to be understood in the context of a multitude of 'games' in... more he atrocities in Darfur have to be understood in the context of a multitude of 'games' involving local, regional, national and international 'players'. Darfur is a region (about the size of France) in Western Sudan. The region is multi- ethnic (but overwhelmingly Muslim) with various African ethnic groups (e. g. Fur, Mazalit,) as farmers in a middle zone, or as agro-pastoralists (e. g. Zaghawa) in a north-western zone; with Arab Camel nomads in a northern zone, and Baggara Arabs as cattle nomads in a southern zone. In the 1960s the relations between the Arabs and non-Arabs were largely sym- biotic. However, among the educated Fur elite a more articulate regional movement had already emerged. In the 1970s conflicts between nomads and farmers caused by resource competition were evident. As the national Government from the 1980s pursued a more aggressive Islamization policy based on radical teachings of the Muslim Brothers, confrontations between the Central Government ...
he atrocities in Darfur have to be understood in the context of a multitude of 'games' in... more he atrocities in Darfur have to be understood in the context of a multitude of 'games' involving local, regional, national and international 'players'. Darfur is a region (about the size of France) in Western Sudan. The region is multi- ethnic (but overwhelmingly Muslim) with various African ethnic groups (e. g. Fur, Mazalit,) as farmers in a middle zone, or as agro-pastoralists (e. g. Zaghawa) in a north-western zone; with Arab Camel nomads in a northern zone, and Baggara Arabs as cattle nomads in a southern zone. In the 1960s the relations between the Arabs and non-Arabs were largely sym- biotic. However, among the educated Fur elite a more articulate regional movement had already emerged. In the 1970s conflicts between nomads and farmers caused by resource competition were evident. As the national Government from the 1980s pursued a more aggressive Islamization policy based on radical teachings of the Muslim Brothers, confrontations between the Central Government ...
Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 2011
... This was the beginning of his career as a song writer and singer with a mission to revitalize... more ... This was the beginning of his career as a song writer and singer with a mission to revitalize the awareness among Myanmar Nepalese of their Nepali folklore, Nepalese language and customs; as well as ... and sang a song he had written "Surya Ko Jyoti Candra Ko Chaya" ...
Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 2011
... This was the beginning of his career as a song writer and singer with a mission to revitalize... more ... This was the beginning of his career as a song writer and singer with a mission to revitalize the awareness among Myanmar Nepalese of their Nepali folklore, Nepalese language and customs; as well as ... and sang a song he had written "Surya Ko Jyoti Candra Ko Chaya" ...
Norwegian Archaeological Review, 1995
Norwegian Archaeological Review, 1995
ABSTRACT Prehistoric symbolic objects contain different levels of meaning. This paper critically ... more ABSTRACT Prehistoric symbolic objects contain different levels of meaning. This paper critically examines Gimbutas's arguments in The Language of the Goddess with reference to the symbolic, sociological and culture‐historical levels of meaning she reads into archaeological material from South‐East Europe. By drawing on comparative ethnographic material we argue that assumptions implied in her analysis of the sociological level are inadequate, and that her symbolic analysis also suffers from shortcomings. Her culture‐historical arguments, particularly with reference to the Indo‐Europeanization of Europe, do however seem to compare favourably with alternative hypotheses when examined in the light of anthropological, ecological, genetic and linguistic perspectives.
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1984
... groups of Bantu affiliation (and probably also to some extent by sedentarized Galla pastorali... more ... groups of Bantu affiliation (and probably also to some extent by sedentarized Galla pastoralists) before ... There are two major clusters of sedentary cultivators in Somalia, confined to the two ... The effects of these different developments, all of recent origin, can only be indicated: the ...
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1984
... groups of Bantu affiliation (and probably also to some extent by sedentarized Galla pastorali... more ... groups of Bantu affiliation (and probably also to some extent by sedentarized Galla pastoralists) before ... There are two major clusters of sedentary cultivators in Somalia, confined to the two ... The effects of these different developments, all of recent origin, can only be indicated: the ...
Nyame akuma, 2000
... Page 3. N YAME AKUMA No. 54 December 2000 ... bellows The k~ln used was from last year&#x... more ... Page 3. N YAME AKUMA No. 54 December 2000 ... bellows The k~ln used was from last year's smelt and needed some reparr by smearing of clay on mmor cracks In the wall. Three of the pot-bel-lows had ken broken by children from the v~llagc and had to he repalred or remade. ...
Norwegian Archaeological Review, 1995
Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 2004
Interpreting the archaeological remains from the Kushite civilization of Sudan is fraught with me... more Interpreting the archaeological remains from the Kushite civilization
of Sudan is fraught with methodological difficulties. Egyptian, Greek,
and Roman written sources give some clues, but the Meroitic script is
still not interpreted. The large slag mounds in the ancient capital of
Meroe indicate that iron production played an important role, but this
cannot serve as a sufficient explanatory cause for the maintenance of
centralized power. In addition to its iron production, written and
archaeological remains both testify to the importance of the strategic
location of Meroe in the trade networks between Africa and Egypt.
However, maintenance of state power over a thousand years requires
more than control over material resources. The stability of political
centers is significantly dependent on a legitimating ideology. Here, we
draw particular attention to the images and temples dedicated to the
war god Apedemak; he is symbolically associated with rulers, as well as with iron production. Drawing on comparative ethnography and
the sociology of caste we suggest that the material remains are consistent
with a redistributive political economy based on caste-like
principles.as with iron production. Drawing on comparative ethnography and
the sociology of caste we suggest that the material remains are consistent
with a redistributive political economy based on caste-like
principles.
he atrocities in Darfur have to be understood in the context of a multitude of 'games' in... more he atrocities in Darfur have to be understood in the context of a multitude of 'games' involving local, regional, national and international 'players'. Darfur is a region (about the size of France) in Western Sudan. The region is multi- ethnic (but overwhelmingly Muslim) with various African ethnic groups (e. g. Fur, Mazalit,) as farmers in a middle zone, or as agro-pastoralists (e. g. Zaghawa) in a north-western zone; with Arab Camel nomads in a northern zone, and Baggara Arabs as cattle nomads in a southern zone. In the 1960s the relations between the Arabs and non-Arabs were largely sym- biotic. However, among the educated Fur elite a more articulate regional movement had already emerged. In the 1970s conflicts between nomads and farmers caused by resource competition were evident. As the national Government from the 1980s pursued a more aggressive Islamization policy based on radical teachings of the Muslim Brothers, confrontations between the Central Government ...
he atrocities in Darfur have to be understood in the context of a multitude of 'games' in... more he atrocities in Darfur have to be understood in the context of a multitude of 'games' involving local, regional, national and international 'players'. Darfur is a region (about the size of France) in Western Sudan. The region is multi- ethnic (but overwhelmingly Muslim) with various African ethnic groups (e. g. Fur, Mazalit,) as farmers in a middle zone, or as agro-pastoralists (e. g. Zaghawa) in a north-western zone; with Arab Camel nomads in a northern zone, and Baggara Arabs as cattle nomads in a southern zone. In the 1960s the relations between the Arabs and non-Arabs were largely sym- biotic. However, among the educated Fur elite a more articulate regional movement had already emerged. In the 1970s conflicts between nomads and farmers caused by resource competition were evident. As the national Government from the 1980s pursued a more aggressive Islamization policy based on radical teachings of the Muslim Brothers, confrontations between the Central Government ...
Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 2011
... This was the beginning of his career as a song writer and singer with a mission to revitalize... more ... This was the beginning of his career as a song writer and singer with a mission to revitalize the awareness among Myanmar Nepalese of their Nepali folklore, Nepalese language and customs; as well as ... and sang a song he had written "Surya Ko Jyoti Candra Ko Chaya" ...
Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 2011
... This was the beginning of his career as a song writer and singer with a mission to revitalize... more ... This was the beginning of his career as a song writer and singer with a mission to revitalize the awareness among Myanmar Nepalese of their Nepali folklore, Nepalese language and customs; as well as ... and sang a song he had written "Surya Ko Jyoti Candra Ko Chaya" ...
Norwegian Archaeological Review, 1995
Norwegian Archaeological Review, 1995
ABSTRACT Prehistoric symbolic objects contain different levels of meaning. This paper critically ... more ABSTRACT Prehistoric symbolic objects contain different levels of meaning. This paper critically examines Gimbutas's arguments in The Language of the Goddess with reference to the symbolic, sociological and culture‐historical levels of meaning she reads into archaeological material from South‐East Europe. By drawing on comparative ethnographic material we argue that assumptions implied in her analysis of the sociological level are inadequate, and that her symbolic analysis also suffers from shortcomings. Her culture‐historical arguments, particularly with reference to the Indo‐Europeanization of Europe, do however seem to compare favourably with alternative hypotheses when examined in the light of anthropological, ecological, genetic and linguistic perspectives.
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1984
... groups of Bantu affiliation (and probably also to some extent by sedentarized Galla pastorali... more ... groups of Bantu affiliation (and probably also to some extent by sedentarized Galla pastoralists) before ... There are two major clusters of sedentary cultivators in Somalia, confined to the two ... The effects of these different developments, all of recent origin, can only be indicated: the ...
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1984
... groups of Bantu affiliation (and probably also to some extent by sedentarized Galla pastorali... more ... groups of Bantu affiliation (and probably also to some extent by sedentarized Galla pastoralists) before ... There are two major clusters of sedentary cultivators in Somalia, confined to the two ... The effects of these different developments, all of recent origin, can only be indicated: the ...
Nyame akuma, 2000
... Page 3. N YAME AKUMA No. 54 December 2000 ... bellows The k~ln used was from last year&#x... more ... Page 3. N YAME AKUMA No. 54 December 2000 ... bellows The k~ln used was from last year's smelt and needed some reparr by smearing of clay on mmor cracks In the wall. Three of the pot-bel-lows had ken broken by children from the v~llagc and had to he repalred or remade. ...
chapter 37 E a r ly Fa r m i ng societies along t h e N il e Oxford Handbook of African Ar... more chapter 37
E a r ly Fa r m i ng societies along t h e N il e
Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology