Rune Flikke | University of Oslo (original) (raw)

South Africa by Rune Flikke

Post print of Domestication of air,scent and disease. Published in Swanson, Lien and Ween (eds) D... more Post print of Domestication of air,scent and disease. Published in Swanson, Lien and Ween (eds) Domestication gone Wild. Duke Univ. Press 2018.

Social Analysis, 2016

This article discusses the theoretical potential of air, winds and atmosphere as they place flux,... more This article discusses the theoretical potential of air, winds and atmosphere as they place flux, transience and motion at the center of the human predicament. Through an ethnographic case from fieldworks among urban Zulu Zionists it is argued that the winds blowing across the landscape of KwaZulu-Natal also blew through bodies, and in the process restructured subjectivities.
Through a general discussion of the phenomenal aspects of air, I argue that we need to approach our sensory relations to weather and atmosphere through a diachronic focus on changing local body worlds. This is, I argue, an imaginary leap needed in order to challenge the material and visual that implicitly underpin much social theory; a theoretical move we need in order to properly approach weather worlds.

Geoforum, 2016

In this article I suggest that a reading of previous studies, which cast the early transfers of e... more In this article I suggest that a reading of previous studies, which cast the early transfers of eucalyptus to South Africa along economic and aesthetic rationales can be enhanced by medical history. Through a case from King William's Town in the 1870s, I show that the appeal of the eucalyptus hinged on the olfactory aspect of the trees, which were conceived as an important public health factor. I then proceed to outline how a clearer understanding of the role of olfaction in ecological studies can uncover new aspects of social dynamics and human relations to the natural environment. I argue that taking the atmosphere seriously as the medium through which we interact with the world, opens for an understanding of olfaction as an important and largely unexplored ethos that guided the dramatic reshaping of the colonial landscapes during much of the nineteenth century.

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2007

Thandi's story. When time, space and bodies meet

The Power of the Occult in Modern Africa: Continuity and Innovation in the Renewal of African Cosmologies, 2006

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2005

Soap as political practice and religious process in South Africa This article explores the connec... more Soap as political practice and religious process in South Africa This article explores the connections between colonial representations of blackness in Victoriar, soap advertisements arid contemporary ZuIu Zionist healing rituals. The historical discussion reveals how colonial soap advertisements and public health practices organized interacial relations around te consumption of soap. The author introduces two ZuIu Zionist healing rituals to show how the creation of ritual spaces and the treatment of existental dangers referred to as ubumnyama, darkness, in their efforts to restore health, weII being, and good Iuck, ezimhlope (Iiterally ‘the white ones’), reproduce spatial locations of seif and other; health and disease as captured in colonial public health practices.
KEY WORDS: COLONIALISMS, DEPICTION OF BLACKNESS, SOAP CONSUMPTION, RITUAL HEALING

Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, 2003

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2003

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2003

Epidemiske katastrofer er en konstant trussel mot individers velvære og, i sin ytterste konsekven... more Epidemiske katastrofer er en konstant trussel mot individers velvære og, i sin ytterste konsekvens, samfunnets eksistens. Offentlig helse er i så måte en viktig del av politikken. Denne artikkelen vil drøfte forholdet mellom epidemier og politiske endringer under forskjellige europeiske styreformer i Sør-Afrika. Det vil bli argumentert at den nære forbindelsen mellom individuelle kropper og sykdom fikk dramatiske konsekvenser i koloniene. Sykdommer som i Europa ble anerkjent som et aspekt ved fattigdom, og møtt med filantropiske tiltak, ble assosiert med afrikanske kropper, patalogisert og medisinsk intervensjon ofte stemplet som uheldig. Helsetiltak ble derfor fokusert på afrikanske sosiale kropper og ble realisert politisk gjennom en stadig økende segregering.

Dynamiques Religieuses en Afrique Australe, Hommes et Sociétés, 2000

Nature, nature conservation by Rune Flikke

Nordic Journal of Science and Technology, Jun 30, 2014

Forum for Development Studies, 2014

ABSTRACT Since Agenda 21, drawn up after the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in... more ABSTRACT Since Agenda 21, drawn up after the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the merger of environmentalism and development has been pitched as a ‘win–win’ scenario often coined as ‘conservation-as-development’. By integrating local populations in the environmental projects ‘conservation-as-development’ claim to overcome negative aspects of the nature–culture divide. Using the arguments forwarded by Cortes-Vazquez, Turner, Semedi and Howell in this issue, the article critically discusses the development of these environmentalist efforts, exemplified by the UNESCO Biosphere reserves and the UN-REDD, to suggest that the natureculture divide keep cropping up in new constellations despite the official rhetoric. It is suggested that a solution is to be found in a serious, ethnographic approach that pays attention to the new social networks and material flows that tie local and global worlds together through these forms of environmentalist practices.

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2009

Nature as practice: nature in recent Norwegian anthropological theory. The article provides a fr... more Nature as practice: nature in recent Norwegian anthropological theory.
The article provides a framework for this issue of NAT by outlining recent theoretical approaches to environmental anthropology. The ‘performative turn’ in studies of nature is often associated with material-semiotics. We instead approach the term through a comparison with phenomenological and ‘actor-network’ theories. We argue that these different, though related approaches, brings to our attention the embodied quality of nature. That is, nature is brought into being through interaction between human and non-human agents. In other words, we aim to tease out the nuances of recent anthropological nature practices, broadly categorized as phenomenological and material-semiotic, while we insist on an anthropological broadening on what should actually be labeled nature practices.

Health, vaccination by Rune Flikke

Ageing, Wellbeing and Climate Change in the Arctic, 2015

Arctic change has impact on indigenous women's health and illness experiences. In order to captur... more Arctic change has impact on indigenous women's health and illness experiences. In order to capture the nuances in these experiences it is important to pay attention not only to the spoken content but also to the form, how things are communicated, and the context in which it surfaces. In this chapter we show how sensitive listening is central in order to grasp issues of health and illness expressed in an elderly Greenlandic woman's personal biography. A simple question of everyday food habits was answered with careful and subdued verbal and bodily utterances of pain and discomfort. In the arctic public health research the voices of indigenous women are not often heard. We will argue that a critical medical anthropological approach and the concept of voice is a methodological tool that will help fill this void. Veena Das and her reading of Wittgenstein are used to remind us that the expression of pain is not only an invitation to share, it is the key element in the social contract: the creation of moral communities.

Forum for development studies, 2013

Immunisation policies and Practices, 2013

Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, 2003

Interviews, newspaper articles etc by Rune Flikke

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2009

Det var med oppriktig nysgjerrighet vi benket oss sammen med professor emeritus Axel Sommerfelt p... more Det var med oppriktig nysgjerrighet vi benket oss sammen med professor emeritus Axel Sommerfelt på et kontor på instituttet i Oslo en stille sommerdag i juli 2008 for å intervjue ham i forbindelse med Norsk Antropologisk Forenings historieprosjekt. Vi hadde begge fulgt hans forelesninger i rettsantropologi og andre emner, men vi kjente ikke til hans laerergjerning før den tiden vi selv var studenter. Vi er begge interessert i samfunn og kultur på det afrikanske kontinentet og kjente til Axels mange år i Uganda og Rhodesia tidlig i hans karriere -og hans tiknytning til fagfeller som var sentrale i Manchesterskolen -men vi hadde aldri hørt ham berette om dette selv. Axel tilhører også den første generasjonen av moderne sosialantropologer i Norge; han var en del av «loftsgjengen» på Etnografisk museum i Oslo, men vi kjente ikke til hans egen opplevelse av denne tiden. Ei heller visste vi mye om hans oppvekst og formative år.

Post print of Domestication of air,scent and disease. Published in Swanson, Lien and Ween (eds) D... more Post print of Domestication of air,scent and disease. Published in Swanson, Lien and Ween (eds) Domestication gone Wild. Duke Univ. Press 2018.

Social Analysis, 2016

This article discusses the theoretical potential of air, winds and atmosphere as they place flux,... more This article discusses the theoretical potential of air, winds and atmosphere as they place flux, transience and motion at the center of the human predicament. Through an ethnographic case from fieldworks among urban Zulu Zionists it is argued that the winds blowing across the landscape of KwaZulu-Natal also blew through bodies, and in the process restructured subjectivities.
Through a general discussion of the phenomenal aspects of air, I argue that we need to approach our sensory relations to weather and atmosphere through a diachronic focus on changing local body worlds. This is, I argue, an imaginary leap needed in order to challenge the material and visual that implicitly underpin much social theory; a theoretical move we need in order to properly approach weather worlds.

Geoforum, 2016

In this article I suggest that a reading of previous studies, which cast the early transfers of e... more In this article I suggest that a reading of previous studies, which cast the early transfers of eucalyptus to South Africa along economic and aesthetic rationales can be enhanced by medical history. Through a case from King William's Town in the 1870s, I show that the appeal of the eucalyptus hinged on the olfactory aspect of the trees, which were conceived as an important public health factor. I then proceed to outline how a clearer understanding of the role of olfaction in ecological studies can uncover new aspects of social dynamics and human relations to the natural environment. I argue that taking the atmosphere seriously as the medium through which we interact with the world, opens for an understanding of olfaction as an important and largely unexplored ethos that guided the dramatic reshaping of the colonial landscapes during much of the nineteenth century.

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2007

Thandi's story. When time, space and bodies meet

The Power of the Occult in Modern Africa: Continuity and Innovation in the Renewal of African Cosmologies, 2006

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2005

Soap as political practice and religious process in South Africa This article explores the connec... more Soap as political practice and religious process in South Africa This article explores the connections between colonial representations of blackness in Victoriar, soap advertisements arid contemporary ZuIu Zionist healing rituals. The historical discussion reveals how colonial soap advertisements and public health practices organized interacial relations around te consumption of soap. The author introduces two ZuIu Zionist healing rituals to show how the creation of ritual spaces and the treatment of existental dangers referred to as ubumnyama, darkness, in their efforts to restore health, weII being, and good Iuck, ezimhlope (Iiterally ‘the white ones’), reproduce spatial locations of seif and other; health and disease as captured in colonial public health practices.
KEY WORDS: COLONIALISMS, DEPICTION OF BLACKNESS, SOAP CONSUMPTION, RITUAL HEALING

Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, 2003

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2003

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2003

Epidemiske katastrofer er en konstant trussel mot individers velvære og, i sin ytterste konsekven... more Epidemiske katastrofer er en konstant trussel mot individers velvære og, i sin ytterste konsekvens, samfunnets eksistens. Offentlig helse er i så måte en viktig del av politikken. Denne artikkelen vil drøfte forholdet mellom epidemier og politiske endringer under forskjellige europeiske styreformer i Sør-Afrika. Det vil bli argumentert at den nære forbindelsen mellom individuelle kropper og sykdom fikk dramatiske konsekvenser i koloniene. Sykdommer som i Europa ble anerkjent som et aspekt ved fattigdom, og møtt med filantropiske tiltak, ble assosiert med afrikanske kropper, patalogisert og medisinsk intervensjon ofte stemplet som uheldig. Helsetiltak ble derfor fokusert på afrikanske sosiale kropper og ble realisert politisk gjennom en stadig økende segregering.

Dynamiques Religieuses en Afrique Australe, Hommes et Sociétés, 2000

Nordic Journal of Science and Technology, Jun 30, 2014

Forum for Development Studies, 2014

ABSTRACT Since Agenda 21, drawn up after the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in... more ABSTRACT Since Agenda 21, drawn up after the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the merger of environmentalism and development has been pitched as a ‘win–win’ scenario often coined as ‘conservation-as-development’. By integrating local populations in the environmental projects ‘conservation-as-development’ claim to overcome negative aspects of the nature–culture divide. Using the arguments forwarded by Cortes-Vazquez, Turner, Semedi and Howell in this issue, the article critically discusses the development of these environmentalist efforts, exemplified by the UNESCO Biosphere reserves and the UN-REDD, to suggest that the natureculture divide keep cropping up in new constellations despite the official rhetoric. It is suggested that a solution is to be found in a serious, ethnographic approach that pays attention to the new social networks and material flows that tie local and global worlds together through these forms of environmentalist practices.

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2009

Nature as practice: nature in recent Norwegian anthropological theory. The article provides a fr... more Nature as practice: nature in recent Norwegian anthropological theory.
The article provides a framework for this issue of NAT by outlining recent theoretical approaches to environmental anthropology. The ‘performative turn’ in studies of nature is often associated with material-semiotics. We instead approach the term through a comparison with phenomenological and ‘actor-network’ theories. We argue that these different, though related approaches, brings to our attention the embodied quality of nature. That is, nature is brought into being through interaction between human and non-human agents. In other words, we aim to tease out the nuances of recent anthropological nature practices, broadly categorized as phenomenological and material-semiotic, while we insist on an anthropological broadening on what should actually be labeled nature practices.

Ageing, Wellbeing and Climate Change in the Arctic, 2015

Arctic change has impact on indigenous women's health and illness experiences. In order to captur... more Arctic change has impact on indigenous women's health and illness experiences. In order to capture the nuances in these experiences it is important to pay attention not only to the spoken content but also to the form, how things are communicated, and the context in which it surfaces. In this chapter we show how sensitive listening is central in order to grasp issues of health and illness expressed in an elderly Greenlandic woman's personal biography. A simple question of everyday food habits was answered with careful and subdued verbal and bodily utterances of pain and discomfort. In the arctic public health research the voices of indigenous women are not often heard. We will argue that a critical medical anthropological approach and the concept of voice is a methodological tool that will help fill this void. Veena Das and her reading of Wittgenstein are used to remind us that the expression of pain is not only an invitation to share, it is the key element in the social contract: the creation of moral communities.

Forum for development studies, 2013

Immunisation policies and Practices, 2013

Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, 2003

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2009

Det var med oppriktig nysgjerrighet vi benket oss sammen med professor emeritus Axel Sommerfelt p... more Det var med oppriktig nysgjerrighet vi benket oss sammen med professor emeritus Axel Sommerfelt på et kontor på instituttet i Oslo en stille sommerdag i juli 2008 for å intervjue ham i forbindelse med Norsk Antropologisk Forenings historieprosjekt. Vi hadde begge fulgt hans forelesninger i rettsantropologi og andre emner, men vi kjente ikke til hans laerergjerning før den tiden vi selv var studenter. Vi er begge interessert i samfunn og kultur på det afrikanske kontinentet og kjente til Axels mange år i Uganda og Rhodesia tidlig i hans karriere -og hans tiknytning til fagfeller som var sentrale i Manchesterskolen -men vi hadde aldri hørt ham berette om dette selv. Axel tilhører også den første generasjonen av moderne sosialantropologer i Norge; han var en del av «loftsgjengen» på Etnografisk museum i Oslo, men vi kjente ikke til hans egen opplevelse av denne tiden. Ei heller visste vi mye om hans oppvekst og formative år.

Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift, 2010

Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift, 2003

Berghahn Books, Mar 15, 2024

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 1, 2014

In this article my primary aim is to argue for an ontological and phenomenological approach to st... more In this article my primary aim is to argue for an ontological and phenomenological approach to studying healing rituals within the African Independent Churches in South Africa. Through ethnographic evidence I will argue that the healing rituals are misrepresented in more traditional epistemologically tuned studies, and suggest that a better understanding is to be achieved through a focus on Latour's 'natures-cultures' or Haraway's 'naturecultures', thus showing how health and well-being are achieved through a creative process which continuously strive to break down any distinction of nature and culture as separate entities. I conclude by arguing that the contemporary healing rituals, which surfaced in South Africa in the mid eighteen-seventies, were a sensible and experience based reactions to the colonial contact zones of a racist Colonial regime dependent on African labor.

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening, Nov 19, 2003

Geoforum, Nov 1, 2016

Abstract In this article I suggest that a reading of previous studies, which cast the early trans... more Abstract In this article I suggest that a reading of previous studies, which cast the early transfers of eucalyptus to South Africa along economic and aesthetic rationales can be enhanced by medical history. Through a case from King William’s Town in the 1870s, I show that the appeal of the eucalyptus hinged on the olfactory aspect of the trees, which were conceived as an important public health factor. I then proceed to outline how a clearer understanding of the role of olfaction in ecological studies can uncover new aspects of social dynamics and human relations to the natural environment. I argue that taking the atmosphere seriously as the medium through which we interact with the world, opens for an understanding of olfaction as an important and largely unexplored ethos that guided the dramatic reshaping of the colonial landscapes during much of the nineteenth century.

Journal of Anthropological Research, Jul 1, 2008

Duke University Press eBooks, Nov 1, 2018

Post print of Domestication of air,scent and disease. Published in Swanson, Lien and Ween (eds) D... more Post print of Domestication of air,scent and disease. Published in Swanson, Lien and Ween (eds) Domestication gone Wild. Duke Univ. Press 2018.

Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift, Nov 28, 2003

ABSTRACT Denne artikkelen har ett teoretisk og ett empirisk mål: Først vil jeg diskutere kroppsli... more ABSTRACT Denne artikkelen har ett teoretisk og ett empirisk mål: Først vil jeg diskutere kroppsliggjøringsprosesser i forhold til antropologisk feltarbeid. Jeg vil foreslå at et analytisk fokus på romlige aspekt ved kroppsliggjøring er en kilde til antropologisk innsikt. For det andre vil jeg bruke empiriske eksempler til å argumentere for at jeg, som en europeisk mann i en post-kolonial kontekst, ble spunnet inn i historiske diskurser som genererte feltarbeidsrom som er egnet til å kaste lys over historiske prosesser. Denne diskusjonen vil være utgangspunktet for et omriss til en nytolkning av den mye diskuterte oppblomstringen av okkulte bevegelser i Sør-Afrika.

Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift, May 27, 2005

This article explores the connections between colonial representations of blackness in Victorian ... more This article explores the connections between colonial representations of blackness in Victorian soap adver- tisements and contemporary Zulu Zionist healing ritu- als. The historical discussion reveals how colonial soap advertisements and public health practices organized interracial relations around the consumption of soap. The author introduces two Zulu Zionist healing rituals to show how the creation of ritual spaces and the treatment of existential dangers referred to as ubumn- yama, ‘darkness’ in their efforts to restore health, well- being, and good luck, ezimhlope (literally ‘the white ones’), reproduce spatial location of ‘self ’ and ‘other’, ‘health’ and ‘disease’ as captured in colonial public health practices.

Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift, Nov 28, 2003

Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift, May 30, 2011

Journal for The Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, Mar 24, 2018

On the first Saturday of every month at midnight, the Zulu Zionist congregation I worked with wou... more On the first Saturday of every month at midnight, the Zulu Zionist congregation I worked with would climb a mountaintop in their heavily polluted urban township in Durban, South Africa in search of physical and spiritual healing and restoration. I will use an ethnographic case from this event to argue that the ritual process constituted a movement through and engagement with a mountainous landscape which facilitated embodied engagements with the 'weather-world' as manifestations of a historical landscape where the spiritual world became tangible and embodied. Within this historical framework pollution was both a source of affliction and healing, hence there was no clear-cut distinction between the industrial and environmental pollution that has historically been the concern of Zulu healing rituals. As such, the status of pollution surfaced at the center of ritual locations, where mountains as contaminated places emerged as important, though highly ambivalent sources of health and wellbeing.

Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift, Jan 14, 2010

Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift, Aug 28, 2003

ABSTRACT Epidemiske katastrofer er en konstant trussel mot individers velvære og, i sin ytterste ... more ABSTRACT Epidemiske katastrofer er en konstant trussel mot individers velvære og, i sin ytterste konsekvens, samfunnets eksistens. Offentlig helse er i så måte en viktig del av politikken. Denne artikkelen vil drøfte forholdet mellom epidemier og politiske endringer under forskjellige europeiske styreformer i Sør-Afrika. Det vil bli argumentert at den nære forbindelsen mellom individuelle kropper og sykdom fikk dramatiske konsekvenser i koloniene. Sykdommer som i Europa ble anerkjent som et aspekt ved fattigdom, og møtt med filantropiske tiltak, ble assosiert med afrikanske kropper, patalogisert og medisinsk intervensjon ofte stemplet som uheldig. Helsetiltak ble derfor fokusert på afrikanske sosiale kropper og ble realisert politisk gjennom en stadig økende segregering.

Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift, Dec 19, 2007

American Ethnologist, Feb 1, 2017

Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies, Dec 1, 2016

In this article my primary aim is to argue for an ontological and phenomenological approach to st... more In this article my primary aim is to argue for an ontological and phenomenological approach to studying healing rituals within the African Independent Churches in South Africa. Through ethnographic evidence I will argue that the healing rituals are misrepresented in more traditional epistemologically tuned studies, and suggest that a better understanding is to be achieved through a focus on Latour's 'natures-cultures' or Haraway's 'naturecultures', thus showing how health and well-being are achieved through a creative process which continuously strive to break down any distinction of nature and culture as separate entities. I conclude by arguing that the contemporary healing rituals, which surfaced in South Africa in the mid eighteen-seventies, were a sensible and experience based reactions to the colonial contact zones of a racist Colonial regime dependent on African labor.

International Journal of African Historical Studies, Sep 1, 2006

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: African NGOs, Donors and the State. Edited by Jim Igoe and Tim K... more Between a Rock and a Hard Place: African NGOs, Donors and the State. Edited by Jim Igoe and Tim Kelsall. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2005. Pp. 309. $40.00/£33.00 paper. Over the past decade I have noticed an increase in the number of students engaged in fieldwork on NGOs and civil society. A number of them spend fieldwork researching potential Norwegian donors and writing applications for funding. What has become apparent from the students' disappointments is that the "local world" of the NGOs they wanted to penetrate was treated as "trade secrets"; the competitive edge the NGO had over other organizations. As foreign researchers with intimate knowledge of one of the big donor countries, they were valuable for the NGOs. Yet the NGOs were reluctant to share freely of their own knowledge in the stiff competition for resources. As outsiders the researchers therefore experienced problems gaining access to the "back stage" they wanted to make the core of their dissertations. This book provides a number of similar tales, and would have been an invaluable resource for these students to develop different research strategies and generate a new set of promising questions. The volume consists of eleven chapters, which provide rich ethnographic studies covering the entire continent. The contributors are evenly divided between Europe and North America. In addition, three of the contributors currently hold non-academic jobs. This provides for a volume filled with different perspectives on the relations between NGOs, African states, and the international community. The tensions are well worked through and the chapters interact and engage with one another, creating an excellent collection of essays that together provides a rich, multilayered, and thought provoking introduction to the dramatic growth of NGOs in Africa since 1990. The constructive disagreements have resulted in an original conclusion, where the individual authors are given a few pages to reflect on their position in relation to the volume as a whole. In my view, this works well and would be of special interest to NGO workers struggling to find a balance between solid research and informed and respectful intervention. A number of the chapters engage with key publications by Ferguson. The volume can be read as a constructive, though at times critical, engagement with the valuable insights of the "post-development school," combined with an ethical impetus to continue to address and engage with inequality and suffering. …

American Ethnologist, 2017

Shamanism, Discourse, Modernity is a sociological study of shamanism which should be of interest ... more Shamanism, Discourse, Modernity is a sociological study of shamanism which should be of interest for many ethnographers. The main question Thomas Alberts tackles is how the shaman, a ritual specialist first reported in Siberia in the seventeenth century, was

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2011

Journal of Anthropological Research, 2008

Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift, 2008

The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Sep 1, 2006

The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 2004

Parapsykologiske notiser, 2007