Andrew Todd | The University of Iowa (original) (raw)

Papers by Andrew Todd

Research paper thumbnail of Social cognition

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science, 2010

Social cognition research investigates the way information present in the social environment is r... more Social cognition research investigates the way information present in the social environment is represented and used in adaptively guiding behavior. Representations of persons and of social relationships form the basic building blocks of social cognition, and we review what is known about how such representations are constructed and constituted. In particular, we review a range of mechanisms whereby observers can infer the psychological qualities of the actors they encounter, including relatively automatic processes as well as more thoughtful and deliberative ones. Prominent approaches for situating person representations within the context of interpersonal relationships are also reviewed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

Research paper thumbnail of The cognitive underpinnings of social behavior: Selectivity in social cognition

Research paper thumbnail of Combating contemporary racial biases: On the virtues of perspective taking

Research paper thumbnail of Maximizing the Gains and Minimizing the Pains of Diversity: A Policy Perspective

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2015

Empirical evidence reveals that diversity-heterogeneity in race, culture, gender, etc.-has materi... more Empirical evidence reveals that diversity-heterogeneity in race, culture, gender, etc.-has material benefits for organizations, communities, and nations. However, because diversity can also incite detrimental forms of conflict and resentment, its benefits are not always realized. Drawing on research from multiple disciplines, this article offers recommendations for how best to harness the benefits of diversity. First, we highlight how two forms of diversity-the diversity present in groups, communities, and nations, and the diversity acquired by individuals through their personal experiences (e.g., living abroad)-enable effective decision making, innovation, and economic growth by promoting deeper information processing and complex thinking. Second, we identify methods to remove barriers that limit the amount of diversity and opportunity in organizations. Third, we describe practices, including inclusive multiculturalism and perspective taking, that can help manage diversity without ...

Research paper thumbnail of Categorizing the Social World: Affect, Motivation, and Self‐Regulation

Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Perspective Taking Undermines Stereotype Maintenance Processes: Evidence from Social Memory, Behavior Explanation, and Information Solicitation

Research paper thumbnail of When focusing on differences leads to similar perspectives

Research paper thumbnail of Perspective taking and automatic intergroup evaluation change: Testing an associative self-anchoring account

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Perspective taking combats the denial of intergroup discrimination

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Eye-Gaze Direction Modulates Race-Related Amygdala Activity

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Automatic Aspects of Judgment and Decision Making

Research paper thumbnail of Anxious and Egocentric: How Specific Emotions Influence Perspective Taking

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Implicit versus explicit attitudes toward psychiatric medication: Implications for insight and treatment adherence

Schizophrenia Research, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Implicit Self-Stigma in People With Mental Illness

The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 2010

People with mental illness often internalize negative stereotypes, resulting in self-stigma and l... more People with mental illness often internalize negative stereotypes, resulting in self-stigma and low self-esteem ("People with mental illness are bad and therefore I am bad, too"). Despite strong evidence for self-stigma's negative impact as assessed by self-report measures, it is unclear whether self-stigma operates in an automatic, implicit manner, potentially outside conscious awareness and control. We therefore assessed (i) negative implicit attitudes toward mental illness and (ii) low implicit self-esteem using 2 Brief Implicit Association Tests in 85 people with mental illness. Implicit self-stigma was operationalized as the product of both implicit measures. Explicit self-stigma and quality of life were assessed by self-report. Greater implicit and explicit self-stigma independently predicted lower quality of life after controlling for depressive symptoms, diagnosis, and demographic variables. Our results suggest that implicit self-stigma is a measurable construct and is associated with negative outcomes. Attempts to reduce self-stigma should take implicit processes into account.

Research paper thumbnail of Attending to threat: Race-based patterns of selective attention

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Automatically activated shame reactions and perceived legitimacy of discrimination: A longitudinal study among people with mental illness

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Do people with mental illness deserve what they get? Links between meritocratic worldviews and implicit versus explicit stigma

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of The automatic and co-occurring activation of multiple social inferences

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2011

Five experiments investigated the hypothesis that perspective taking--actively contemplating othe... more Five experiments investigated the hypothesis that perspective taking--actively contemplating others' psychological experiences--attenuates automatic expressions of racial bias. Across the first 3 experiments, participants who adopted the perspective of a Black target in an initial context subsequently exhibited more positive automatic interracial evaluations, with changes in automatic evaluations mediating the effect of perspective taking on more deliberate interracial evaluations. Furthermore, unlike other bias-reduction strategies, the interracial positivity resulting from perspective taking was accompanied by increased salience of racial inequalities (Experiment 3). Perspective taking also produced stronger approach-oriented action tendencies toward Blacks (but not Whites; Experiment 4). A final experiment revealed that face-to-face interactions with perspective takers were rated more positively by Black interaction partners than were interactions with nonperspective takers--a relationship that was mediated by perspective takers' increased approach-oriented nonverbal behaviors (as rated by objective, third-party observers). These findings indicate that perspective taking can combat automatic expressions of racial biases without simultaneously decreasing sensitivity to ongoing racial disparities.

Research paper thumbnail of Social cognition

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science, 2010

Social cognition research investigates the way information present in the social environment is r... more Social cognition research investigates the way information present in the social environment is represented and used in adaptively guiding behavior. Representations of persons and of social relationships form the basic building blocks of social cognition, and we review what is known about how such representations are constructed and constituted. In particular, we review a range of mechanisms whereby observers can infer the psychological qualities of the actors they encounter, including relatively automatic processes as well as more thoughtful and deliberative ones. Prominent approaches for situating person representations within the context of interpersonal relationships are also reviewed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

Research paper thumbnail of The cognitive underpinnings of social behavior: Selectivity in social cognition

Research paper thumbnail of Combating contemporary racial biases: On the virtues of perspective taking

Research paper thumbnail of Maximizing the Gains and Minimizing the Pains of Diversity: A Policy Perspective

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2015

Empirical evidence reveals that diversity-heterogeneity in race, culture, gender, etc.-has materi... more Empirical evidence reveals that diversity-heterogeneity in race, culture, gender, etc.-has material benefits for organizations, communities, and nations. However, because diversity can also incite detrimental forms of conflict and resentment, its benefits are not always realized. Drawing on research from multiple disciplines, this article offers recommendations for how best to harness the benefits of diversity. First, we highlight how two forms of diversity-the diversity present in groups, communities, and nations, and the diversity acquired by individuals through their personal experiences (e.g., living abroad)-enable effective decision making, innovation, and economic growth by promoting deeper information processing and complex thinking. Second, we identify methods to remove barriers that limit the amount of diversity and opportunity in organizations. Third, we describe practices, including inclusive multiculturalism and perspective taking, that can help manage diversity without ...

Research paper thumbnail of Categorizing the Social World: Affect, Motivation, and Self‐Regulation

Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Perspective Taking Undermines Stereotype Maintenance Processes: Evidence from Social Memory, Behavior Explanation, and Information Solicitation

Research paper thumbnail of When focusing on differences leads to similar perspectives

Research paper thumbnail of Perspective taking and automatic intergroup evaluation change: Testing an associative self-anchoring account

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Perspective taking combats the denial of intergroup discrimination

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Eye-Gaze Direction Modulates Race-Related Amygdala Activity

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Automatic Aspects of Judgment and Decision Making

Research paper thumbnail of Anxious and Egocentric: How Specific Emotions Influence Perspective Taking

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Implicit versus explicit attitudes toward psychiatric medication: Implications for insight and treatment adherence

Schizophrenia Research, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Implicit Self-Stigma in People With Mental Illness

The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 2010

People with mental illness often internalize negative stereotypes, resulting in self-stigma and l... more People with mental illness often internalize negative stereotypes, resulting in self-stigma and low self-esteem ("People with mental illness are bad and therefore I am bad, too"). Despite strong evidence for self-stigma's negative impact as assessed by self-report measures, it is unclear whether self-stigma operates in an automatic, implicit manner, potentially outside conscious awareness and control. We therefore assessed (i) negative implicit attitudes toward mental illness and (ii) low implicit self-esteem using 2 Brief Implicit Association Tests in 85 people with mental illness. Implicit self-stigma was operationalized as the product of both implicit measures. Explicit self-stigma and quality of life were assessed by self-report. Greater implicit and explicit self-stigma independently predicted lower quality of life after controlling for depressive symptoms, diagnosis, and demographic variables. Our results suggest that implicit self-stigma is a measurable construct and is associated with negative outcomes. Attempts to reduce self-stigma should take implicit processes into account.

Research paper thumbnail of Attending to threat: Race-based patterns of selective attention

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Automatically activated shame reactions and perceived legitimacy of discrimination: A longitudinal study among people with mental illness

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Do people with mental illness deserve what they get? Links between meritocratic worldviews and implicit versus explicit stigma

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of The automatic and co-occurring activation of multiple social inferences

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2011

Five experiments investigated the hypothesis that perspective taking--actively contemplating othe... more Five experiments investigated the hypothesis that perspective taking--actively contemplating others' psychological experiences--attenuates automatic expressions of racial bias. Across the first 3 experiments, participants who adopted the perspective of a Black target in an initial context subsequently exhibited more positive automatic interracial evaluations, with changes in automatic evaluations mediating the effect of perspective taking on more deliberate interracial evaluations. Furthermore, unlike other bias-reduction strategies, the interracial positivity resulting from perspective taking was accompanied by increased salience of racial inequalities (Experiment 3). Perspective taking also produced stronger approach-oriented action tendencies toward Blacks (but not Whites; Experiment 4). A final experiment revealed that face-to-face interactions with perspective takers were rated more positively by Black interaction partners than were interactions with nonperspective takers--a relationship that was mediated by perspective takers' increased approach-oriented nonverbal behaviors (as rated by objective, third-party observers). These findings indicate that perspective taking can combat automatic expressions of racial biases without simultaneously decreasing sensitivity to ongoing racial disparities.