Ahmad Kamil Arshad | Universiti Teknologi Mara (original) (raw)

Papers by Ahmad Kamil Arshad

Research paper thumbnail of Cement Stabilisation of Subgrade Soil for Sustainable Pavement Structure

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Vanadium(V) removal from aqueous solutions using a new composite adsorbent (BAZLSC): Optimization by response surface methodology

Advances in Environmental Research, Sep 1, 2017

Heavy metals, such as vanadium, are some of the most toxic types of water contaminants. In this s... more Heavy metals, such as vanadium, are some of the most toxic types of water contaminants. In this study, vanadium was removed using a new composite adsorbent called BAZLSC. The impacts of pH and initial concentration of vanadium(V) on the elimination effectiveness of this metal by using BAZLSC were investigated in the first step of the study. Vanadium removal increased as pH increased to 3-3.5, and initial concentration increased to 60-70 mg/L. The removal efficiency then decreased. Central composite design and response surface methodology were employed to examine experimental data. Initial concentration of V (mg.L-1), pH, and dosage of adsorbent (g/L) were the independent factors. Based on RSM, the removal effectiveness of vanadium was 86.36% at the optimum of initial concentration (52.69 mg/L), pH (3.49), and adsorbent dosage (1.71 g/L). Also adsorption isotherm investigations displayed that the Freundlich isotherm could explain vanadium adsorption by BAZLSC better than the Langmuir isotherm. Beside them, desorption studies showed sorption was slightly diminished after six continuous cycles.

Research paper thumbnail of Performance Characterization of Stone Mastic Asphalt using Steel Fiber

Journal of Advanced Industrial Technology and Application, 2021

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mixture designed to provide higher resistance towa... more Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mixture designed to provide higher resistance towards permanent deformation and rutting potential by 30% to 40% more than dense-graded asphalt, due to its stable aggregate skeleton structure. However, compared to other types of hot mix asphalt, SMA unfortunately has some shortcomings in term of its susceptibility towards moisture-induced damage due to its structure and excessive bitumen content in the composition. This research aims to assess the performance of a SMA mixture with steel fiber by enhancing overall stability, abrasion resistance, and, most importantly, moisture susceptibility. This study involved the incorporation of various steel fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% by the total weight of mixture. The steel fiber modified SMA was made up of 6.0% PEN 60/70 bitumen content. The performance of SMA were evaluated through Marshall stability and flow test, Cantabro loss test and indirect tensile strength test. The resul...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of heavy vehicles' tyre pressure on flexible pavements

Research paper thumbnail of Modifier on Binder at High and Intermediate Temperatures

Research in the laboratory was carried out to determine if the addition of warm mix asphalt addit... more Research in the laboratory was carried out to determine if the addition of warm mix asphalt additive (sasobit ® ) has effects on the stiffness of the virgin bitumen and if the modified bitumen has the potential to increase the amount of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) used in warm mix asphalt. To fulfil this purpose, two types of samples have been prepared.The first was identified as control samples (virgin bitumen 80/100 penetration grade). The other was modifed using the same bitumen penetration grade with sasobit-additive in concentrations from 1% to 3 % by weight of binder at intervals of 0.5%, identified as saso mixes. Both groups were subjected to viscosity test at high service temperatures (115, 125, 135 °C) and intermediate service temperatures (70, 80, 95°C) as well as penetration test to all samples at 25°C to determine the effect of sasobit additive on binder at ambient temperature. The results showed significant reduction in penetration value to all samples in all conce...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Mixing Variables on Physical Properties of Modified Bitumen Using Natural Rubber Latex

Modification of bitumen using polymers has been used from a long time to solve the roads problem ... more Modification of bitumen using polymers has been used from a long time to solve the roads problem which subjected to several distresses; mostly due to heavy traffic, poor bitumen properties, climatic condition and improper mix design. The application of natural rubber latex (NRL) in asphalt mixtures is intended to improve the physical characteristic of the bitumen. However, the properties of NRL bitumen in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement are still unclear due to influence of mixing variables factors of NRL with bitumen. This paper presents the procedure for determining the physical properties of bitumen as a function of various mixing variables (temperature, time and speed) using 80/100 penetration grade bitumen with different percentages of NRL. The bitumen was modified with 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% by weight of bitumen in order to determine the appropriate proportion of NRL that can achieve the specifications required through penetration, softening point, viscosity and penetration index t...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative evaluation of soil subgrade strength using laboratory and in-situ tests

The use of in-situ equipment for the determination of soil subgrade strength is a practical and e... more The use of in-situ equipment for the determination of soil subgrade strength is a practical and effective method to ensure that the soil subgrade is properly compacted and achieved the required design strength. This paper details a study undertaken on soil subgrade using three types of in-situ equipment for six 150-metre length flexible pavement soil subgrade test sections in the central region of Peninsular Malaysia. The equipment used in this study include the in-situ California Bearing Ratio (CBR) equipment, the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) and Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer (P-FWD). Tests using these devices were carried out at specified spacing on the test sections to determine the subgrade CBR, DCP penetration rate and P-FWD elastic modulus values. The field results obtained were then compared and analysed with the laboratory CBR for both unsoaked and soaked values. Correlation models were developed to relate the field and laboratory values obtained. It was found tha...

Research paper thumbnail of Mechanical Performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt Incorporating Steel Fiber

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mix asphalt that contains a large percentage of co... more Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mix asphalt that contains a large percentage of course aggregate and bitumen filler mastic. SMA is suffered from severe binder drain down due to the gap graded aggregates mixtures. Large difference between the sizes of aggregate tend to reduce tensile strength of the asphalt mixture. To overcome this, a type of fiber which is steel fiber is utilized to improve the tensile strength of SMA. Thus, the aim of this study is to increase the strength of SMA by utilizing steel fiber. To prepare SMA mixtures, specimens were compacted by applying 50 blows on each face using Marshall Compactor. Then, the modified specimens were tested to investigate the performance in terms of Los Angeles Abrasion Test, Marshall Stability Test, Resilient Modulus Test, and Dynamic Creep. From the results, it indicates that the addition of 0.3% fiber leads to better stability and stiffness while 0.5% fiber for resilient and enhanced modulus dynamic creep at 25°C and...

Research paper thumbnail of Physical, leaching, and toxicity characteristics of PG76 binder modified with Rediset

Journal of Engineering Research, 2021

Asphalt binder, as one of pavement component is exposed to heat and rainfall. Polymer modified as... more Asphalt binder, as one of pavement component is exposed to heat and rainfall. Polymer modified asphalt binder is a good alternative to withstand the weather in tropical countries. By utilizing warm mix asphalt additive, the high compacting and mixing temperature can be reduced. However, the impact to the environment and its characteristic towards high temperature need to be evaluated before putting it to use. In the study, the physical properties, thermal characteristics, and leaching and toxicity of PG76 incorporated with Rediset LQ were investigated. The Tank Leaching Test was carried out to mimic the worst scenario of flood event effect on the asphalt binder. The results of physical tests denote that the new material has relative consistency while the thermal analysis indicates that the materials are stable beyond their mixing and compaction temperature. The decomposition starts at temperature > 360°C and ends at temperature <500°C for all samples. The tank leaching test al...

Research paper thumbnail of Physical, thermal and micro-surface characteristics of PG76 binder incorporated with liquid chemical WMA additive

Construction and Building Materials, 2021

Abstract The effect of different percentage of a warm-mix asphalt (WMA) additive with the proprie... more Abstract The effect of different percentage of a warm-mix asphalt (WMA) additive with the proprietary name Rediset LQ 1106, on the properties of a performance grade polymer modified binder (PMB), PG76 was studied. The rotational viscosity (RV) test was conducted to assess the mixing efficiency of each blending by Rediset against the asphalt binder. The behavior of adhesion and stripping of the blends were also witnessed through Vialit Adhesion and Boiling Water tests. The concept of atomic force microscopy (AFM) tested to evaluate the morphology characteristics of the blends comprehensively. The results illustrated that Rediset reduced the viscosity and modified physical characteristics of the blends. Vialit adhesion and boiling water tests indicated that the adhesion properties of all blends withstand the impact force but lessen when in boiling water. Thermogravimetry analysis via TGA exhibited that inclusion of WMA in PMB has no significant effect in the thermal stability of the new binders as they are stable beyond their mixing and compaction temperature. The decomposition occurred in three stages at temperature range of 360 to 500 °C for all samples. The AFM analysis envisioned the changes in morphology of all samples added with Rediset.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of moisture-induced damage of dense graded and gap graded asphalt mixture with nanopolymer modified binder

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2018

The purpose of this research is to study the moisture induce damage performance of dense graded (... more The purpose of this research is to study the moisture induce damage performance of dense graded (AC14) and stone mastic asphalt (SMA14) asphalt pavement using Nanolyacrylate polymer modified asphalt binder. The physical properties of aggregate, volumetric and performance of asphalt mixes were assessed and evaluated with the laboratory tests. The study investigates fourteenth different asphalt mixtures consisting of NP modified asphalt binder formulations at 2%, 4% and 6%. Two types of asphalt binder, penetration grade PEN 80-100 and performance grade PG 76 were added with Nanopolyacrylate as asphalt modifier. The modified asphalt binder was prepared by adding 6 percent of Nanopolyacrylate (NP) to the asphalt binder. Both AC14 and SMA14 mixtures passed the Marshall requirements which indicate that these mixtures were good with respect to durability and flexibility. In terms of moisture induce damage, it was observed that the strength of the asphalt mixes increased with the addition of NP polymer modified asphalt binder. Similar trend could also be seen for SMA14 mixes, where the ITS value of SMA14 showed a significant difference compared to AC14 and all the mixtures exceeded the minimum requirement value as specified in the specification. Thus, addition of nanopolyacrylate polymer to the asphalt binder has significantly improved the cohesion as well as adhesion properties of the asphalt binder, and hence the stripping performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that the nanopolyacylate is suitable to be used as a modifier to the modified asphalt binder in order to enhance the properties of the asphalt binder and thus improving the performance of asphalt in both AC14 and SMA14 mixes.

Research paper thumbnail of Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt with Different Proportions of RAP Content

E3S Web of Conferences, 2018

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is old asphalt pavement that has been removed from a road by mil... more Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is old asphalt pavement that has been removed from a road by milling or full depth removal. The use of RAP in hot mix asphalt (HMA) eliminates the need to dispose old asphalt pavements and conserves asphalt binders and aggregates, resulting in significant cost savings and benefits to society. This paper presents a study on HMA with different RAP proportions carried out to evaluate the volumetric properties and performance of asphalt mixes containing different proportions of RAP. Marshall Mix Design Method was used to produce control mix (0% RAP) and asphalt mixes containing 15% RAP, 25% RAP and 35% RAP in accordance with Specifications for Road Works of Public Works Department, Malaysia for AC14 dense graded asphalt gradation. Volumetric analysis was performed to ensure that the result is compliance with specification requirements. The resilient modulus test was performed to measure the stiffness of the mixes while the Modified Lottman test was condu...

Research paper thumbnail of Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery of Nanosilica Modified Asphalt Binder

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2017

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of nanosilica (NS) concentration on th... more The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of nanosilica (NS) concentration on the rutting parameter of based asphalt binder using the multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test. NS with concentrations between 1% to 5% (1% increment) was used to modify asphalt binder. The nanosilica modified asphalt binder (NSMB) were aged using rolling thin film oven (RTFO) before tested. MSCR test was conducted at 64⁰C with two stress level (100 Pa and 3200 Pa). The results found that the addition of NS reduced the accumulative strain of NSMB. Besides that, non-recoverable creep compliance decreased and recovery strain increased, which indicates an improvement of rutting resistance and elasticity of the binder, respectively. The grade of asphalt binder also improved from heavy (H) grade to extreme (E) grade. Overall, NSMB 2% show the best improvement in terms of Jnr and %R, thus NSMB 2% considered as a optimum percentage.

Research paper thumbnail of Volumetric Analysis and Performance of Hot Mix Asphalt with Variable Rap Content

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2017

Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) to the asphalt concrete mixture for highway constr... more Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) to the asphalt concrete mixture for highway construction offer many benefits including energy consumption, conservation of natural resources and preservation of the environment to associated emissions. This paper presents a study on performance of Hot Mix Asphalt with variable RAP content. The study is carried out to evaluate the Marshall Properties and Performance of RAP-Asphalt mixes using conventional asphaltic concrete mix AC14. Marshall Mix Design Method was used to produce control mix (0% RAP) and RAP-Asphalt mixes samples which consist of 15% RAP, 25% RAP and 35% RAP in accordance with Specifications for Road Works of Public Works Department, Malaysia. The Marshall Properties analysis was performed to ensure compliance with Marshall Requirements, The resilient modulus test was performed to measure the stiffness of the mixes while Modified Lottman test was conducted to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of these mixes. The results obtained showed that there were no substantial difference in Marshall Properties, moisture susceptibility and indirect tensile strength between RAP-Asphalt mixes with the control mix. The test results indicated that recycled mixes performed as good as the performance of conventional HMA in terms of moisture susceptibility and resilient modulus. It is recommended that further research be carried out for asphalt mixes containing more than 35% of RAP material.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation on Rutting Performance of Nanopolyacrylate and Natural Rubber Latex Polymer Modified Asphalt Binder Mixes

Jurnal Teknologi, 2016

This paper discussed a research carried out to study the rutting performance of dense graded (AC)... more This paper discussed a research carried out to study the rutting performance of dense graded (AC) and Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) pavement using nanocomposite polymer modified binder. The study also focused on the determination of optimum proportion of additive to be used in the mixing process. Two types of asphalt binder with penetration grade, PEN 80/100 and performance grade PG 76 were added with nanopolyacrylate and natural rubber latex as asphalt modifier. The nanocomposite polymer modified binder was prepared by adding 6 percent of Nanopolyacrylate (NC) to the asphalt binder. Both SMA and AC asphaltic mixtures conformed to the Marshall volumetric properties criteria which indicate that these mixtures are durable. The Asphalt Pavement Analyzer ( APA) rutting test was performed to determine the rutting performance of AC and SMA asphaltic mixtures showed that the rut values for SMA14 mix varies from 0.8 mm to 1.9 mm and AC14 mix varies from 1.7 mm to 2.3 mm respectively. This indi...

Research paper thumbnail of Microstructure of Nanosilica Modified Binder by Atomic Force Microscopy

Jurnal Teknologi, 2016

In this paper, the effect of nanosilica (NS) on the physical properties as well as aging on the m... more In this paper, the effect of nanosilica (NS) on the physical properties as well as aging on the morphology of asphalt binder was investigated. Asphalt binder penetration grade 60/70 (PEN 60/70) was modified with NS at concentrations of 1% to 5% by weight of binder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to have a visual evaluation of Nanosilica dispersion. The physical properties tested include is softening point, penetration, ductility, viscosity and storage stability. Temperature susceptibility was evaluated using penetration index (PI) and penetration viscosity number (PVN). Nanosilica modified binder (NSMB) were aged using the rolling thin film oven test (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV). The morphology of the virgin asphalt binder and NSMB before and after aging was characterized by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). From the physical properties test, the addition of NS was found to improve the asphalt binder properties and can resist high temperature suscept...

Research paper thumbnail of Heavy Vehicles Speed Profiling on Urban Expressway: The Case of Federal Highway

Jurnal Teknologi, 2016

The presence of heavy vehicles on expressways will have an impact on the traffic performance. The... more The presence of heavy vehicles on expressways will have an impact on the traffic performance. The geometrical design of expressways with the purpose of providing a better performance towards vehicles especially passenger cars, is also a prudent facility to the heavy vehicles, especially when it comes to speed. Though national allowable speed for heavy vehicles has been set, the actual situation may differ according to the general observation. This study attempts to explore the speed distribution of heavy vehicles typical urban expressways in Malaysia with Federal Highway Shah Alam-Kuala Lumpur being the case study. Extensive data was collected through video recording before being abstracted and processed by utilizing the TRAIS software. Then, statistical analysis showing the speed distribution and profiling are presented. The results showed that in average heavy vehicles drive at speed of more than the allowable limit for the determined expressway section. The 85th percentile also ...

Research paper thumbnail of Mechanical Properties of Porous Asphalt with Nanosilica Modified Binder

Jurnal Teknologi, 2016

This paper evaluates the mechanical properties of porous asphalt (PA) with nanosilica (NS) modifi... more This paper evaluates the mechanical properties of porous asphalt (PA) with nanosilica (NS) modified binder in terms of its Abrasion Loss, Binder Draindown, Resilient Modulus and Moisture Susceptibility. These tests are essential to evaluate the performance of NS-PA towards the resistance of moisture induced damage, external loads, abrasion and interlocking structure of PA. Due to porous nature of PA, it is expose to moisture damage and binder draindown. Besides that, raveling is another major problem that closely related to PA. Thus, nanotechnology was promoted in this study in order to enhance the performance of PA. Six different percentages of nanosilica were mixed with PEN 60-70 type of binder in this study. Then, all these blended modified binder were used to prepare PA samples using Marshall Mix Design Method. Nanoparticle used in this study was Nanosilica with the average size of 10 to 15 nanometer. Binder Draindown Test was done using a metal basket with 3mm perforation. Then...

Research paper thumbnail of Gender Differences in Pedestrian Perception and Satisfaction on the Walkability of Kuala Lumpur City Center

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2016

The quality of built environment usually influences the walkability of a city. This is because ea... more The quality of built environment usually influences the walkability of a city. This is because each pedestrian walk differently on different type of facilities or built environment provided to them. This paper aims to investigate whether gender differences influences the pedestrian perception and satisfaction level at three sidewalks located within the Kuala Lumpur City Center by means of questionnaire survey. A total of 317 pedestrians were involved in the questionnaire survey at the three different sidewalk locations. The result shows significant differences in mean satisfaction value between male and female pedestrians. Female pedestrian give lower satisfaction value for overall travel experience at Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman but higher satisfaction value at Petaling Street and Bukit Bintang compared to male pedestrian. Overall, the satisfaction level was rated between acceptable to satisfactory regardless of gender differences. Improvements should be made for the safety parameter because both male and female pedestrian gives lowest satisfaction level in that area.

Research paper thumbnail of Pavement Response to Variable Tyre Pressure of Heavy Vehicles

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2016

In recent years, the effect of overinflated tyre pressure and increased heavy vehicles' axle load... more In recent years, the effect of overinflated tyre pressure and increased heavy vehicles' axle load on flexible pavements has become a subject of great concern because of the higher stress levels induced and damage caused to road pavements. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of variable tyre inflation pressures (using actual tyre contact/footprint area) to determine the responses of flexible pavement. A full scale experiment was conducted on a heavy vehicle with 1:1:2 axle configuration, 10 R 20 tyre size and attached trailer with constant axle load. Measurements were made for actual tyre-pavement contact area. KENPAVE linear elastic program was then used to analyse the effects of the measured actual tyre-pavement contact area and the results was compared using conventional circular tyre contact area. A comparative analysis was then made between the actual contact area and the conventional circular tyre contact area. It was found that high tyre inflation pressure produce smaller contact area, giving more detrimental effect on the flexible pavement. It was also found that the temperature of tyres when the heavy vehicles are operational give less significant impact on tyre inflation pressure for the Malaysian climate.

Research paper thumbnail of Cement Stabilisation of Subgrade Soil for Sustainable Pavement Structure

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Vanadium(V) removal from aqueous solutions using a new composite adsorbent (BAZLSC): Optimization by response surface methodology

Advances in Environmental Research, Sep 1, 2017

Heavy metals, such as vanadium, are some of the most toxic types of water contaminants. In this s... more Heavy metals, such as vanadium, are some of the most toxic types of water contaminants. In this study, vanadium was removed using a new composite adsorbent called BAZLSC. The impacts of pH and initial concentration of vanadium(V) on the elimination effectiveness of this metal by using BAZLSC were investigated in the first step of the study. Vanadium removal increased as pH increased to 3-3.5, and initial concentration increased to 60-70 mg/L. The removal efficiency then decreased. Central composite design and response surface methodology were employed to examine experimental data. Initial concentration of V (mg.L-1), pH, and dosage of adsorbent (g/L) were the independent factors. Based on RSM, the removal effectiveness of vanadium was 86.36% at the optimum of initial concentration (52.69 mg/L), pH (3.49), and adsorbent dosage (1.71 g/L). Also adsorption isotherm investigations displayed that the Freundlich isotherm could explain vanadium adsorption by BAZLSC better than the Langmuir isotherm. Beside them, desorption studies showed sorption was slightly diminished after six continuous cycles.

Research paper thumbnail of Performance Characterization of Stone Mastic Asphalt using Steel Fiber

Journal of Advanced Industrial Technology and Application, 2021

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mixture designed to provide higher resistance towa... more Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mixture designed to provide higher resistance towards permanent deformation and rutting potential by 30% to 40% more than dense-graded asphalt, due to its stable aggregate skeleton structure. However, compared to other types of hot mix asphalt, SMA unfortunately has some shortcomings in term of its susceptibility towards moisture-induced damage due to its structure and excessive bitumen content in the composition. This research aims to assess the performance of a SMA mixture with steel fiber by enhancing overall stability, abrasion resistance, and, most importantly, moisture susceptibility. This study involved the incorporation of various steel fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% by the total weight of mixture. The steel fiber modified SMA was made up of 6.0% PEN 60/70 bitumen content. The performance of SMA were evaluated through Marshall stability and flow test, Cantabro loss test and indirect tensile strength test. The resul...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of heavy vehicles' tyre pressure on flexible pavements

Research paper thumbnail of Modifier on Binder at High and Intermediate Temperatures

Research in the laboratory was carried out to determine if the addition of warm mix asphalt addit... more Research in the laboratory was carried out to determine if the addition of warm mix asphalt additive (sasobit ® ) has effects on the stiffness of the virgin bitumen and if the modified bitumen has the potential to increase the amount of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) used in warm mix asphalt. To fulfil this purpose, two types of samples have been prepared.The first was identified as control samples (virgin bitumen 80/100 penetration grade). The other was modifed using the same bitumen penetration grade with sasobit-additive in concentrations from 1% to 3 % by weight of binder at intervals of 0.5%, identified as saso mixes. Both groups were subjected to viscosity test at high service temperatures (115, 125, 135 °C) and intermediate service temperatures (70, 80, 95°C) as well as penetration test to all samples at 25°C to determine the effect of sasobit additive on binder at ambient temperature. The results showed significant reduction in penetration value to all samples in all conce...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Mixing Variables on Physical Properties of Modified Bitumen Using Natural Rubber Latex

Modification of bitumen using polymers has been used from a long time to solve the roads problem ... more Modification of bitumen using polymers has been used from a long time to solve the roads problem which subjected to several distresses; mostly due to heavy traffic, poor bitumen properties, climatic condition and improper mix design. The application of natural rubber latex (NRL) in asphalt mixtures is intended to improve the physical characteristic of the bitumen. However, the properties of NRL bitumen in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement are still unclear due to influence of mixing variables factors of NRL with bitumen. This paper presents the procedure for determining the physical properties of bitumen as a function of various mixing variables (temperature, time and speed) using 80/100 penetration grade bitumen with different percentages of NRL. The bitumen was modified with 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% by weight of bitumen in order to determine the appropriate proportion of NRL that can achieve the specifications required through penetration, softening point, viscosity and penetration index t...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative evaluation of soil subgrade strength using laboratory and in-situ tests

The use of in-situ equipment for the determination of soil subgrade strength is a practical and e... more The use of in-situ equipment for the determination of soil subgrade strength is a practical and effective method to ensure that the soil subgrade is properly compacted and achieved the required design strength. This paper details a study undertaken on soil subgrade using three types of in-situ equipment for six 150-metre length flexible pavement soil subgrade test sections in the central region of Peninsular Malaysia. The equipment used in this study include the in-situ California Bearing Ratio (CBR) equipment, the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) and Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer (P-FWD). Tests using these devices were carried out at specified spacing on the test sections to determine the subgrade CBR, DCP penetration rate and P-FWD elastic modulus values. The field results obtained were then compared and analysed with the laboratory CBR for both unsoaked and soaked values. Correlation models were developed to relate the field and laboratory values obtained. It was found tha...

Research paper thumbnail of Mechanical Performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt Incorporating Steel Fiber

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mix asphalt that contains a large percentage of co... more Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mix asphalt that contains a large percentage of course aggregate and bitumen filler mastic. SMA is suffered from severe binder drain down due to the gap graded aggregates mixtures. Large difference between the sizes of aggregate tend to reduce tensile strength of the asphalt mixture. To overcome this, a type of fiber which is steel fiber is utilized to improve the tensile strength of SMA. Thus, the aim of this study is to increase the strength of SMA by utilizing steel fiber. To prepare SMA mixtures, specimens were compacted by applying 50 blows on each face using Marshall Compactor. Then, the modified specimens were tested to investigate the performance in terms of Los Angeles Abrasion Test, Marshall Stability Test, Resilient Modulus Test, and Dynamic Creep. From the results, it indicates that the addition of 0.3% fiber leads to better stability and stiffness while 0.5% fiber for resilient and enhanced modulus dynamic creep at 25°C and...

Research paper thumbnail of Physical, leaching, and toxicity characteristics of PG76 binder modified with Rediset

Journal of Engineering Research, 2021

Asphalt binder, as one of pavement component is exposed to heat and rainfall. Polymer modified as... more Asphalt binder, as one of pavement component is exposed to heat and rainfall. Polymer modified asphalt binder is a good alternative to withstand the weather in tropical countries. By utilizing warm mix asphalt additive, the high compacting and mixing temperature can be reduced. However, the impact to the environment and its characteristic towards high temperature need to be evaluated before putting it to use. In the study, the physical properties, thermal characteristics, and leaching and toxicity of PG76 incorporated with Rediset LQ were investigated. The Tank Leaching Test was carried out to mimic the worst scenario of flood event effect on the asphalt binder. The results of physical tests denote that the new material has relative consistency while the thermal analysis indicates that the materials are stable beyond their mixing and compaction temperature. The decomposition starts at temperature > 360°C and ends at temperature <500°C for all samples. The tank leaching test al...

Research paper thumbnail of Physical, thermal and micro-surface characteristics of PG76 binder incorporated with liquid chemical WMA additive

Construction and Building Materials, 2021

Abstract The effect of different percentage of a warm-mix asphalt (WMA) additive with the proprie... more Abstract The effect of different percentage of a warm-mix asphalt (WMA) additive with the proprietary name Rediset LQ 1106, on the properties of a performance grade polymer modified binder (PMB), PG76 was studied. The rotational viscosity (RV) test was conducted to assess the mixing efficiency of each blending by Rediset against the asphalt binder. The behavior of adhesion and stripping of the blends were also witnessed through Vialit Adhesion and Boiling Water tests. The concept of atomic force microscopy (AFM) tested to evaluate the morphology characteristics of the blends comprehensively. The results illustrated that Rediset reduced the viscosity and modified physical characteristics of the blends. Vialit adhesion and boiling water tests indicated that the adhesion properties of all blends withstand the impact force but lessen when in boiling water. Thermogravimetry analysis via TGA exhibited that inclusion of WMA in PMB has no significant effect in the thermal stability of the new binders as they are stable beyond their mixing and compaction temperature. The decomposition occurred in three stages at temperature range of 360 to 500 °C for all samples. The AFM analysis envisioned the changes in morphology of all samples added with Rediset.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of moisture-induced damage of dense graded and gap graded asphalt mixture with nanopolymer modified binder

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2018

The purpose of this research is to study the moisture induce damage performance of dense graded (... more The purpose of this research is to study the moisture induce damage performance of dense graded (AC14) and stone mastic asphalt (SMA14) asphalt pavement using Nanolyacrylate polymer modified asphalt binder. The physical properties of aggregate, volumetric and performance of asphalt mixes were assessed and evaluated with the laboratory tests. The study investigates fourteenth different asphalt mixtures consisting of NP modified asphalt binder formulations at 2%, 4% and 6%. Two types of asphalt binder, penetration grade PEN 80-100 and performance grade PG 76 were added with Nanopolyacrylate as asphalt modifier. The modified asphalt binder was prepared by adding 6 percent of Nanopolyacrylate (NP) to the asphalt binder. Both AC14 and SMA14 mixtures passed the Marshall requirements which indicate that these mixtures were good with respect to durability and flexibility. In terms of moisture induce damage, it was observed that the strength of the asphalt mixes increased with the addition of NP polymer modified asphalt binder. Similar trend could also be seen for SMA14 mixes, where the ITS value of SMA14 showed a significant difference compared to AC14 and all the mixtures exceeded the minimum requirement value as specified in the specification. Thus, addition of nanopolyacrylate polymer to the asphalt binder has significantly improved the cohesion as well as adhesion properties of the asphalt binder, and hence the stripping performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that the nanopolyacylate is suitable to be used as a modifier to the modified asphalt binder in order to enhance the properties of the asphalt binder and thus improving the performance of asphalt in both AC14 and SMA14 mixes.

Research paper thumbnail of Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt with Different Proportions of RAP Content

E3S Web of Conferences, 2018

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is old asphalt pavement that has been removed from a road by mil... more Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is old asphalt pavement that has been removed from a road by milling or full depth removal. The use of RAP in hot mix asphalt (HMA) eliminates the need to dispose old asphalt pavements and conserves asphalt binders and aggregates, resulting in significant cost savings and benefits to society. This paper presents a study on HMA with different RAP proportions carried out to evaluate the volumetric properties and performance of asphalt mixes containing different proportions of RAP. Marshall Mix Design Method was used to produce control mix (0% RAP) and asphalt mixes containing 15% RAP, 25% RAP and 35% RAP in accordance with Specifications for Road Works of Public Works Department, Malaysia for AC14 dense graded asphalt gradation. Volumetric analysis was performed to ensure that the result is compliance with specification requirements. The resilient modulus test was performed to measure the stiffness of the mixes while the Modified Lottman test was condu...

Research paper thumbnail of Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery of Nanosilica Modified Asphalt Binder

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2017

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of nanosilica (NS) concentration on th... more The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of nanosilica (NS) concentration on the rutting parameter of based asphalt binder using the multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test. NS with concentrations between 1% to 5% (1% increment) was used to modify asphalt binder. The nanosilica modified asphalt binder (NSMB) were aged using rolling thin film oven (RTFO) before tested. MSCR test was conducted at 64⁰C with two stress level (100 Pa and 3200 Pa). The results found that the addition of NS reduced the accumulative strain of NSMB. Besides that, non-recoverable creep compliance decreased and recovery strain increased, which indicates an improvement of rutting resistance and elasticity of the binder, respectively. The grade of asphalt binder also improved from heavy (H) grade to extreme (E) grade. Overall, NSMB 2% show the best improvement in terms of Jnr and %R, thus NSMB 2% considered as a optimum percentage.

Research paper thumbnail of Volumetric Analysis and Performance of Hot Mix Asphalt with Variable Rap Content

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2017

Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) to the asphalt concrete mixture for highway constr... more Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) to the asphalt concrete mixture for highway construction offer many benefits including energy consumption, conservation of natural resources and preservation of the environment to associated emissions. This paper presents a study on performance of Hot Mix Asphalt with variable RAP content. The study is carried out to evaluate the Marshall Properties and Performance of RAP-Asphalt mixes using conventional asphaltic concrete mix AC14. Marshall Mix Design Method was used to produce control mix (0% RAP) and RAP-Asphalt mixes samples which consist of 15% RAP, 25% RAP and 35% RAP in accordance with Specifications for Road Works of Public Works Department, Malaysia. The Marshall Properties analysis was performed to ensure compliance with Marshall Requirements, The resilient modulus test was performed to measure the stiffness of the mixes while Modified Lottman test was conducted to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of these mixes. The results obtained showed that there were no substantial difference in Marshall Properties, moisture susceptibility and indirect tensile strength between RAP-Asphalt mixes with the control mix. The test results indicated that recycled mixes performed as good as the performance of conventional HMA in terms of moisture susceptibility and resilient modulus. It is recommended that further research be carried out for asphalt mixes containing more than 35% of RAP material.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation on Rutting Performance of Nanopolyacrylate and Natural Rubber Latex Polymer Modified Asphalt Binder Mixes

Jurnal Teknologi, 2016

This paper discussed a research carried out to study the rutting performance of dense graded (AC)... more This paper discussed a research carried out to study the rutting performance of dense graded (AC) and Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) pavement using nanocomposite polymer modified binder. The study also focused on the determination of optimum proportion of additive to be used in the mixing process. Two types of asphalt binder with penetration grade, PEN 80/100 and performance grade PG 76 were added with nanopolyacrylate and natural rubber latex as asphalt modifier. The nanocomposite polymer modified binder was prepared by adding 6 percent of Nanopolyacrylate (NC) to the asphalt binder. Both SMA and AC asphaltic mixtures conformed to the Marshall volumetric properties criteria which indicate that these mixtures are durable. The Asphalt Pavement Analyzer ( APA) rutting test was performed to determine the rutting performance of AC and SMA asphaltic mixtures showed that the rut values for SMA14 mix varies from 0.8 mm to 1.9 mm and AC14 mix varies from 1.7 mm to 2.3 mm respectively. This indi...

Research paper thumbnail of Microstructure of Nanosilica Modified Binder by Atomic Force Microscopy

Jurnal Teknologi, 2016

In this paper, the effect of nanosilica (NS) on the physical properties as well as aging on the m... more In this paper, the effect of nanosilica (NS) on the physical properties as well as aging on the morphology of asphalt binder was investigated. Asphalt binder penetration grade 60/70 (PEN 60/70) was modified with NS at concentrations of 1% to 5% by weight of binder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to have a visual evaluation of Nanosilica dispersion. The physical properties tested include is softening point, penetration, ductility, viscosity and storage stability. Temperature susceptibility was evaluated using penetration index (PI) and penetration viscosity number (PVN). Nanosilica modified binder (NSMB) were aged using the rolling thin film oven test (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV). The morphology of the virgin asphalt binder and NSMB before and after aging was characterized by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). From the physical properties test, the addition of NS was found to improve the asphalt binder properties and can resist high temperature suscept...

Research paper thumbnail of Heavy Vehicles Speed Profiling on Urban Expressway: The Case of Federal Highway

Jurnal Teknologi, 2016

The presence of heavy vehicles on expressways will have an impact on the traffic performance. The... more The presence of heavy vehicles on expressways will have an impact on the traffic performance. The geometrical design of expressways with the purpose of providing a better performance towards vehicles especially passenger cars, is also a prudent facility to the heavy vehicles, especially when it comes to speed. Though national allowable speed for heavy vehicles has been set, the actual situation may differ according to the general observation. This study attempts to explore the speed distribution of heavy vehicles typical urban expressways in Malaysia with Federal Highway Shah Alam-Kuala Lumpur being the case study. Extensive data was collected through video recording before being abstracted and processed by utilizing the TRAIS software. Then, statistical analysis showing the speed distribution and profiling are presented. The results showed that in average heavy vehicles drive at speed of more than the allowable limit for the determined expressway section. The 85th percentile also ...

Research paper thumbnail of Mechanical Properties of Porous Asphalt with Nanosilica Modified Binder

Jurnal Teknologi, 2016

This paper evaluates the mechanical properties of porous asphalt (PA) with nanosilica (NS) modifi... more This paper evaluates the mechanical properties of porous asphalt (PA) with nanosilica (NS) modified binder in terms of its Abrasion Loss, Binder Draindown, Resilient Modulus and Moisture Susceptibility. These tests are essential to evaluate the performance of NS-PA towards the resistance of moisture induced damage, external loads, abrasion and interlocking structure of PA. Due to porous nature of PA, it is expose to moisture damage and binder draindown. Besides that, raveling is another major problem that closely related to PA. Thus, nanotechnology was promoted in this study in order to enhance the performance of PA. Six different percentages of nanosilica were mixed with PEN 60-70 type of binder in this study. Then, all these blended modified binder were used to prepare PA samples using Marshall Mix Design Method. Nanoparticle used in this study was Nanosilica with the average size of 10 to 15 nanometer. Binder Draindown Test was done using a metal basket with 3mm perforation. Then...

Research paper thumbnail of Gender Differences in Pedestrian Perception and Satisfaction on the Walkability of Kuala Lumpur City Center

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2016

The quality of built environment usually influences the walkability of a city. This is because ea... more The quality of built environment usually influences the walkability of a city. This is because each pedestrian walk differently on different type of facilities or built environment provided to them. This paper aims to investigate whether gender differences influences the pedestrian perception and satisfaction level at three sidewalks located within the Kuala Lumpur City Center by means of questionnaire survey. A total of 317 pedestrians were involved in the questionnaire survey at the three different sidewalk locations. The result shows significant differences in mean satisfaction value between male and female pedestrians. Female pedestrian give lower satisfaction value for overall travel experience at Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman but higher satisfaction value at Petaling Street and Bukit Bintang compared to male pedestrian. Overall, the satisfaction level was rated between acceptable to satisfactory regardless of gender differences. Improvements should be made for the safety parameter because both male and female pedestrian gives lowest satisfaction level in that area.

Research paper thumbnail of Pavement Response to Variable Tyre Pressure of Heavy Vehicles

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2016

In recent years, the effect of overinflated tyre pressure and increased heavy vehicles' axle load... more In recent years, the effect of overinflated tyre pressure and increased heavy vehicles' axle load on flexible pavements has become a subject of great concern because of the higher stress levels induced and damage caused to road pavements. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of variable tyre inflation pressures (using actual tyre contact/footprint area) to determine the responses of flexible pavement. A full scale experiment was conducted on a heavy vehicle with 1:1:2 axle configuration, 10 R 20 tyre size and attached trailer with constant axle load. Measurements were made for actual tyre-pavement contact area. KENPAVE linear elastic program was then used to analyse the effects of the measured actual tyre-pavement contact area and the results was compared using conventional circular tyre contact area. A comparative analysis was then made between the actual contact area and the conventional circular tyre contact area. It was found that high tyre inflation pressure produce smaller contact area, giving more detrimental effect on the flexible pavement. It was also found that the temperature of tyres when the heavy vehicles are operational give less significant impact on tyre inflation pressure for the Malaysian climate.