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... BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 40450 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR, M... more ... BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 40450 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA w PREPARED BY: NADRAWINA HAJI ISNIN ABANG YUSUF ABANG SPAWI NURSURIA MAHRIF JANUARY 2004 COPYRIGHT O UiTM ...

Abstract:-The politics in Sarawak is heavily concentrated on the issues pertaining to ethnic rela... more Abstract:-The politics in Sarawak is heavily concentrated on the issues pertaining to ethnic relations. Seats allocation between ethnics and development fund allocated to the people is also determined by the ethnic relations. Since the establishment of Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) in 1959 as the first political party in Sarawak and later in the first State Election of Sarawak, ethnic relations issue has never been isolated in discussing Sarawak political environment. Debates on ethnic issues have appeared to be one of the most complex ...

Barbara Bay Mendu’s first concerns over women were always her priority. This was evident that she... more Barbara Bay Mendu’s first concerns over women were always her priority. This was evident that she was passionate over women’s rights when she made an important remark - “Wake up! Stop hiding in the kitchen. Follow the steps of other women throughout the world. This is the time for you to open your eyes for the sake of the country”. She was an extraordinary woman with a character who has a vision. Born in April 1900, she received her early education in St Mary’s School Kuching. After completing her six years of education in 1917, she left school and was selected for a nursing course in Malacca. This made her as one of the first Sarawakians to qualify for nursing and midwifery. Besides, Bay was a key figure in the formation and as founding member of Sarakup Indu Dayak Sarawak (SIDS). SIDS is a non-political organization by a group of women in Kuching in 1957. Bay was the first elected President of the Association which determined to bring the different Iban groups (who came from different parts of Sarawak) with the aim of getting to know and help each other. Another substantial attributes about Bay’s political stand was the issue of Malaysia’s independence which in fact that she wanted Sarawak to achieve independent first before the formation of Malaysia; the main reason being that this is to ensure Malaysia is not used a political tool by the British and therefore Sarawak must first achieve her dependency. She clearly indicated her quintessence when she was also a founding member of SIDS and a founding member of Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP). It is also interesting to highlight is the fact that Bay is a Bumiputera but was accepted by all Chinese members of a Chinese dominated political party of Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP).

This paper examines the women’s political participation as election candidates in Sarawak. The st... more This paper examines the women’s political participation as election candidates in Sarawak. The study will center on the behind scenes of the 2013 General Election / GE13 (Sarawak Parliamentary seats). The investigation aims to contribute to the existing resource on women's political participation in Sarawak and Malaysia in general. The generated data may support the clamor for more participation of women as election candidates in Malaysian politics, particularly in Sarawak. The objectives are to produce a comprehensive gender ranking of political parties‟ candidates list for 2013 election and to highlight issues pertaining to women's participation in this electoral politics. There is a record number of women (eight candidates) contested in GE13 for Sarawak constituency areas and five of the eight women candidates won their election. Further, some of the interesting features in this election are the ability of the winners to gain more votes from the male candidates which also indicated their popularity even though they were fielded for the first time (for example a female candidate from PBB). Thus, a candidate’s gender does not seem to be a major factor for voters in deciding when they decide whom to vote. It is also interesting to observe the battle between two big political parties that represents the Bumiputera (PBB) and the Chinese dominated party (DAP) continued to field the women candidates and eventually won with a big majority. The remaining PBB‟s counterpart, SUPP and, PRS remains a status quo for not fielding any women candidates in the 2008 GE and the 10th State Election in 2011. On the other hand, SPDP stays staunch with the sole woman candidate since Sarawak State Election of 2006. With no women candidates in the said parties indicated the question of how serious are the political parties in pursuing women’s wish to their political participation in the government. Therefore, this study will aim or attempt to establish that it is evident that men still dominate the electoral candidatures in Sarawak.

This article examines women’s political participation in the decision making level in Sarawak pol... more This article examines women’s political participation in the decision making level in Sarawak politics. It aims to contribute to existing resource on women's political participation in Sarawak and Malaysia in general. The objectives are to produce a comprehensive gender ranking generated data that may support the clamor for more participation of women as state legislative assembly and parliament in Malaysian politics, particularly women as minister, deputy minister and assistant minister in Sarawak. Hence, one of the justifications for this empirical study is that Malaysian women, in contrast to many women in developed and developing nations, have made very little significant progress with regards to their political participation. In many ways, the state of Sarawak has championed this gender division in political participation. For example, there have been three women ministers and two assistant ministers (in Sarawak) from 1970 to 2013. Thus, this study explores the dynamic that deters gender-equal political participation in Sarawak. In fact, both the primary and secondary data employed in this study clearly indicate that political participation and placing in Sarawak (and Malaysia) has precise gender differences. This is more obvious at the pinnacle of the political structure(s) of the core policy makers.

This article critically evaluates an agenda for political participation research aimed at providi... more This article critically evaluates an agenda for political participation
research aimed at providing empirical answers to questions derived from
the women in Sarawak. Among other issues, this paper explores the gender
constructs that impede women’s access to the higher political sphere.
Indeed, such socially constructed realities often diminish the possibility
for women involvement in the process of decision making. Of particular
emphasis on this paper, is the facilitating factor that propels women’s entry
into political parties. Some of these issues are compromised or became
obstacles in women’s opportunity in political life. The empirical questions
are drawn together into an integrated agenda for future studies in gender
and political participation in Sarawak.

This article critically evaluates an agenda for political participation research aimed at providi... more This article critically evaluates an agenda for political participation
research aimed at providing empirical answers to questions derived from
the women in Sarawak. Among other issues, this paper explores the gender
constructs that impede women’s access to the higher political sphere.
Indeed, such socially constructed realities often diminish the possibility
for women involvement in the process of decision making. Of particular
emphasis on this paper, is the facilitating factor that propels women’s entry
into political parties. Some of these issues are compromised or became
obstacles in women’s opportunity in political life. The empirical questions
are drawn together into an integrated agenda for future studies in gender
and political participation in Sarawak.

Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan partisipasi wanita dalam politik sebagai colon pil... more Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan partisipasi wanita dalam politik sebagai
colon pilihan raya di negeri Sarawak. Dua konsep penting digunakan sebagai rangka
perbincangan dalam kertas kerja ini iaitu etnisiti dan partisipasi politik akan dianalisa
dan dibincangkan bagi menjelaskan kedudukan wanita dan politik di negeri Sarawak.
Tumpuan adalah pada lima pilihan raya Parlimen dan Dewan Undangan Negeri
(Sarawak) iaitu pada tahun 1987 sehingga 2008. Perbincangan khusus tertumpu kepada
empat objektifutama iaitu, (1) bilangan undi yang diperoleh oleh calon wanita, (2)jumlah
majoriti undi yang dimenangi calon wanita, (3) realiti dan refleksi partisipasi politik
wanita, dan, (4) peranan etnisiti dalam pilihan raya Parlimen di negeri Sarawak.
Berdasarkan kajian awal, galakan diberikan kepada wanita untuk berpartisipasi dalam
politik di negeri Sarawak namun ironinya juga, jumlah wanita yang dicalonkan untuk
bertanding dalam pilihan raya masih kurang dan jauh daripada matlamat 30 peratus
yang ditetapkan oleh Inter-Parliamentary Union untuk mencapai kesaksamaan gender.

iaha2014 by NADRAWINA ISNIN

... BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 40450 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR, M... more ... BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 40450 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA w PREPARED BY: NADRAWINA HAJI ISNIN ABANG YUSUF ABANG SPAWI NURSURIA MAHRIF JANUARY 2004 COPYRIGHT O UiTM ...

Abstract:-The politics in Sarawak is heavily concentrated on the issues pertaining to ethnic rela... more Abstract:-The politics in Sarawak is heavily concentrated on the issues pertaining to ethnic relations. Seats allocation between ethnics and development fund allocated to the people is also determined by the ethnic relations. Since the establishment of Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) in 1959 as the first political party in Sarawak and later in the first State Election of Sarawak, ethnic relations issue has never been isolated in discussing Sarawak political environment. Debates on ethnic issues have appeared to be one of the most complex ...

Barbara Bay Mendu’s first concerns over women were always her priority. This was evident that she... more Barbara Bay Mendu’s first concerns over women were always her priority. This was evident that she was passionate over women’s rights when she made an important remark - “Wake up! Stop hiding in the kitchen. Follow the steps of other women throughout the world. This is the time for you to open your eyes for the sake of the country”. She was an extraordinary woman with a character who has a vision. Born in April 1900, she received her early education in St Mary’s School Kuching. After completing her six years of education in 1917, she left school and was selected for a nursing course in Malacca. This made her as one of the first Sarawakians to qualify for nursing and midwifery. Besides, Bay was a key figure in the formation and as founding member of Sarakup Indu Dayak Sarawak (SIDS). SIDS is a non-political organization by a group of women in Kuching in 1957. Bay was the first elected President of the Association which determined to bring the different Iban groups (who came from different parts of Sarawak) with the aim of getting to know and help each other. Another substantial attributes about Bay’s political stand was the issue of Malaysia’s independence which in fact that she wanted Sarawak to achieve independent first before the formation of Malaysia; the main reason being that this is to ensure Malaysia is not used a political tool by the British and therefore Sarawak must first achieve her dependency. She clearly indicated her quintessence when she was also a founding member of SIDS and a founding member of Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP). It is also interesting to highlight is the fact that Bay is a Bumiputera but was accepted by all Chinese members of a Chinese dominated political party of Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP).

This paper examines the women’s political participation as election candidates in Sarawak. The st... more This paper examines the women’s political participation as election candidates in Sarawak. The study will center on the behind scenes of the 2013 General Election / GE13 (Sarawak Parliamentary seats). The investigation aims to contribute to the existing resource on women's political participation in Sarawak and Malaysia in general. The generated data may support the clamor for more participation of women as election candidates in Malaysian politics, particularly in Sarawak. The objectives are to produce a comprehensive gender ranking of political parties‟ candidates list for 2013 election and to highlight issues pertaining to women's participation in this electoral politics. There is a record number of women (eight candidates) contested in GE13 for Sarawak constituency areas and five of the eight women candidates won their election. Further, some of the interesting features in this election are the ability of the winners to gain more votes from the male candidates which also indicated their popularity even though they were fielded for the first time (for example a female candidate from PBB). Thus, a candidate’s gender does not seem to be a major factor for voters in deciding when they decide whom to vote. It is also interesting to observe the battle between two big political parties that represents the Bumiputera (PBB) and the Chinese dominated party (DAP) continued to field the women candidates and eventually won with a big majority. The remaining PBB‟s counterpart, SUPP and, PRS remains a status quo for not fielding any women candidates in the 2008 GE and the 10th State Election in 2011. On the other hand, SPDP stays staunch with the sole woman candidate since Sarawak State Election of 2006. With no women candidates in the said parties indicated the question of how serious are the political parties in pursuing women’s wish to their political participation in the government. Therefore, this study will aim or attempt to establish that it is evident that men still dominate the electoral candidatures in Sarawak.

This article examines women’s political participation in the decision making level in Sarawak pol... more This article examines women’s political participation in the decision making level in Sarawak politics. It aims to contribute to existing resource on women's political participation in Sarawak and Malaysia in general. The objectives are to produce a comprehensive gender ranking generated data that may support the clamor for more participation of women as state legislative assembly and parliament in Malaysian politics, particularly women as minister, deputy minister and assistant minister in Sarawak. Hence, one of the justifications for this empirical study is that Malaysian women, in contrast to many women in developed and developing nations, have made very little significant progress with regards to their political participation. In many ways, the state of Sarawak has championed this gender division in political participation. For example, there have been three women ministers and two assistant ministers (in Sarawak) from 1970 to 2013. Thus, this study explores the dynamic that deters gender-equal political participation in Sarawak. In fact, both the primary and secondary data employed in this study clearly indicate that political participation and placing in Sarawak (and Malaysia) has precise gender differences. This is more obvious at the pinnacle of the political structure(s) of the core policy makers.

This article critically evaluates an agenda for political participation research aimed at providi... more This article critically evaluates an agenda for political participation
research aimed at providing empirical answers to questions derived from
the women in Sarawak. Among other issues, this paper explores the gender
constructs that impede women’s access to the higher political sphere.
Indeed, such socially constructed realities often diminish the possibility
for women involvement in the process of decision making. Of particular
emphasis on this paper, is the facilitating factor that propels women’s entry
into political parties. Some of these issues are compromised or became
obstacles in women’s opportunity in political life. The empirical questions
are drawn together into an integrated agenda for future studies in gender
and political participation in Sarawak.

This article critically evaluates an agenda for political participation research aimed at providi... more This article critically evaluates an agenda for political participation
research aimed at providing empirical answers to questions derived from
the women in Sarawak. Among other issues, this paper explores the gender
constructs that impede women’s access to the higher political sphere.
Indeed, such socially constructed realities often diminish the possibility
for women involvement in the process of decision making. Of particular
emphasis on this paper, is the facilitating factor that propels women’s entry
into political parties. Some of these issues are compromised or became
obstacles in women’s opportunity in political life. The empirical questions
are drawn together into an integrated agenda for future studies in gender
and political participation in Sarawak.

Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan partisipasi wanita dalam politik sebagai colon pil... more Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan partisipasi wanita dalam politik sebagai
colon pilihan raya di negeri Sarawak. Dua konsep penting digunakan sebagai rangka
perbincangan dalam kertas kerja ini iaitu etnisiti dan partisipasi politik akan dianalisa
dan dibincangkan bagi menjelaskan kedudukan wanita dan politik di negeri Sarawak.
Tumpuan adalah pada lima pilihan raya Parlimen dan Dewan Undangan Negeri
(Sarawak) iaitu pada tahun 1987 sehingga 2008. Perbincangan khusus tertumpu kepada
empat objektifutama iaitu, (1) bilangan undi yang diperoleh oleh calon wanita, (2)jumlah
majoriti undi yang dimenangi calon wanita, (3) realiti dan refleksi partisipasi politik
wanita, dan, (4) peranan etnisiti dalam pilihan raya Parlimen di negeri Sarawak.
Berdasarkan kajian awal, galakan diberikan kepada wanita untuk berpartisipasi dalam
politik di negeri Sarawak namun ironinya juga, jumlah wanita yang dicalonkan untuk
bertanding dalam pilihan raya masih kurang dan jauh daripada matlamat 30 peratus
yang ditetapkan oleh Inter-Parliamentary Union untuk mencapai kesaksamaan gender.