Irwanmazwan Ibrahim | Universiti Teknologi Mara (original) (raw)
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Papers by Irwanmazwan Ibrahim
Dr Amjad Rabi UNICEF Malaysia Country Office
Review of Communication Research, 2014
A great deal of recent research on communication has been developed in the general area of narrat... more A great deal of recent research on communication has been developed in the general area of narrative or narrative effects. The majority of this work has brought in older communication concepts without reconciling those concepts with what has been learned about narrative in other social sciences. This review covers some of the major points from research on narrative to help expand the knowledge base and suggest directions for additional work in the field of communication.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012
This paper addresses a long-running debate in the economics literature-the debate over Adam Smith... more This paper addresses a long-running debate in the economics literature-the debate over Adam Smith's theory of money and banking-and argues that recent reinterpretations of Smith's monetary theory have erroneously diverted historians of monetary thought from the correct, but briefly articulated, initial interpretations of Thornton (1802) and Viner (1937). Smith did not present either the real-bills theory or a price-specie-flow theory of banknote regulation, as is now generally presumed, but rather a reflux theory based upon the premise that the demand for money is fixed at a particular nominal quantity. Smith's theory denies that an excess supply of money can ordinarily make it into the domestic nominal income stream or influence prices or employment.
The American Journal of International Law, 2000
... 5.3 The Campaign for Trade Union Rights 168 5.4 Union Shops, Strikes, and Levels ofImplementa... more ... 5.3 The Campaign for Trade Union Rights 168 5.4 Union Shops, Strikes, and Levels ofImplementation 174 5.5 ... training are we conscious of it."1 The anthropologists believed that theHuman Rights Commission was in danger of making such ethnocentric judgments in the ...
Symbols of United Nations document are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention... more Symbols of United Nations document are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Nor does the term "national institution" in any way imply conformity with the "Principles relating to the status of national institutions" (General Assembly resolution 48/134 of 20 December 1993, annex).
what is research arguments
Dr Amjad Rabi UNICEF Malaysia Country Office
ONTARIO HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
Many in the world of developmental economics believe that corruption , the circumvention of the r... more Many in the world of developmental economics believe that corruption , the circumvention of the rule of law for private gain, leads to nothing but woe for any nation's economy, under any circumstances. Transparency International makes the elimination of corruption their mission, and many large multinational firms today echo that goal by building ethical codes that prohibit employees from engaging in practices deemed corrupt, regardless of local attitudes and customs toward the practices. The World Bank makes curbing corruption a linchpin in their campaign to improve governance. Reasons given for blanket condemnation of corrupt behavior are often utilitarian: Corruption is expected to increase the economic costs of doing business by undermining the laws of the land; this, in turn, reduces productive activities and investments, with negative consequences unfolding for human development and economic growth. When legal protection of personal and property rights is strong, this argument is reasonable, but does it hold for nations that have failed to establish and consistently enforce a sound rule of law? Leff (1964) and Huntington (1968) speculated that corruption may be considered a useful substitute for a weak rule of law. In other words, the value of behaving corruptly—the value of additional productive transactions that occur—can exceed the costs of engaging in corruption. This is most likely when the legal options for doing business are quite limited. Osterfeld (1992) makes a useful distinction in sorting out corrupt behaviors that is followed in this article. He divides corrupt actions into two categories: economically restrictive and economically expansionary. Corruption may often be restrictive, rent-seeking actions, such as firms' seeking government protection from competitors. But corruption also can expand economic activity, for example, by private
Karl Marx, the Once 'Anti-Communist,' Who Brought Socialist Ruin to the World By Richard Ebeling
Adam Smith, whom we will be discussing later, argued that the related principles of division of l... more Adam Smith, whom we will be discussing later, argued that the related principles of division of labor and resource specialization serve to increase productivity. In order to maintain high enough levels of productivity to feed populations, some form of organization needs to be imposed where roles are assigned to individuals within the community. The more complicated the division of labor, the more hierarchical the organizational structure.
Dr Amjad Rabi UNICEF Malaysia Country Office
Review of Communication Research, 2014
A great deal of recent research on communication has been developed in the general area of narrat... more A great deal of recent research on communication has been developed in the general area of narrative or narrative effects. The majority of this work has brought in older communication concepts without reconciling those concepts with what has been learned about narrative in other social sciences. This review covers some of the major points from research on narrative to help expand the knowledge base and suggest directions for additional work in the field of communication.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012
This paper addresses a long-running debate in the economics literature-the debate over Adam Smith... more This paper addresses a long-running debate in the economics literature-the debate over Adam Smith's theory of money and banking-and argues that recent reinterpretations of Smith's monetary theory have erroneously diverted historians of monetary thought from the correct, but briefly articulated, initial interpretations of Thornton (1802) and Viner (1937). Smith did not present either the real-bills theory or a price-specie-flow theory of banknote regulation, as is now generally presumed, but rather a reflux theory based upon the premise that the demand for money is fixed at a particular nominal quantity. Smith's theory denies that an excess supply of money can ordinarily make it into the domestic nominal income stream or influence prices or employment.
The American Journal of International Law, 2000
... 5.3 The Campaign for Trade Union Rights 168 5.4 Union Shops, Strikes, and Levels ofImplementa... more ... 5.3 The Campaign for Trade Union Rights 168 5.4 Union Shops, Strikes, and Levels ofImplementation 174 5.5 ... training are we conscious of it."1 The anthropologists believed that theHuman Rights Commission was in danger of making such ethnocentric judgments in the ...
Symbols of United Nations document are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention... more Symbols of United Nations document are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Nor does the term "national institution" in any way imply conformity with the "Principles relating to the status of national institutions" (General Assembly resolution 48/134 of 20 December 1993, annex).
what is research arguments
Dr Amjad Rabi UNICEF Malaysia Country Office
ONTARIO HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
Many in the world of developmental economics believe that corruption , the circumvention of the r... more Many in the world of developmental economics believe that corruption , the circumvention of the rule of law for private gain, leads to nothing but woe for any nation's economy, under any circumstances. Transparency International makes the elimination of corruption their mission, and many large multinational firms today echo that goal by building ethical codes that prohibit employees from engaging in practices deemed corrupt, regardless of local attitudes and customs toward the practices. The World Bank makes curbing corruption a linchpin in their campaign to improve governance. Reasons given for blanket condemnation of corrupt behavior are often utilitarian: Corruption is expected to increase the economic costs of doing business by undermining the laws of the land; this, in turn, reduces productive activities and investments, with negative consequences unfolding for human development and economic growth. When legal protection of personal and property rights is strong, this argument is reasonable, but does it hold for nations that have failed to establish and consistently enforce a sound rule of law? Leff (1964) and Huntington (1968) speculated that corruption may be considered a useful substitute for a weak rule of law. In other words, the value of behaving corruptly—the value of additional productive transactions that occur—can exceed the costs of engaging in corruption. This is most likely when the legal options for doing business are quite limited. Osterfeld (1992) makes a useful distinction in sorting out corrupt behaviors that is followed in this article. He divides corrupt actions into two categories: economically restrictive and economically expansionary. Corruption may often be restrictive, rent-seeking actions, such as firms' seeking government protection from competitors. But corruption also can expand economic activity, for example, by private
Karl Marx, the Once 'Anti-Communist,' Who Brought Socialist Ruin to the World By Richard Ebeling
Adam Smith, whom we will be discussing later, argued that the related principles of division of l... more Adam Smith, whom we will be discussing later, argued that the related principles of division of labor and resource specialization serve to increase productivity. In order to maintain high enough levels of productivity to feed populations, some form of organization needs to be imposed where roles are assigned to individuals within the community. The more complicated the division of labor, the more hierarchical the organizational structure.