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Research paper thumbnail of Determining biomass chemical exergy using a novel hybrid intelligent approach to promote biomass-based biorefineries

Journal of Cleaner Production, Dec 1, 2020

Abstract The issue of sustainability has become a strategic imperative for researchers attempting... more Abstract The issue of sustainability has become a strategic imperative for researchers attempting to address energy and environmental concerns using biorefinery approach. Exergy-based methods have shown significant promises in terms of their ability to reliably locate the hotspots of resource degradation in biorefineries. The key step in analyzing biorefineries exegetically is to calculate biomass chemical exergy which is a very computationally-intensive task. Interestingly, proximate and ultimate analysis methods show potential ‏to reflect the chemical exergy content of biomass. Hence, the present study was devoted to introducing a novel hybrid intelligent approach to determine the chemical exergy content of biomass based on both the composition analysis methods. In the developed hybrid models, input score variables in each inner loop of partial least square (PLS) approach were correlated with its output score variables using hybrid adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and particle swarm optimization algorithm (ANFIS-PSO). Both the developed modeling systems showed acceptable accuracy in determining the chemical exergy values of biomass materials. The model derived from ultimate analysis was slightly more accurate than that from proximate analysis (mean absolute percentage error of 0.207 vs. 0.506, respectively). Nevertheless, simple and inexpensive character of proximate analysis can facilitate real-world applications of the respective model. Overall, the developed model can pave the way for developing sustainable biorefineries by computing the chemical exergy of biomass more accurately than complex thermodynamic models.

Research paper thumbnail of Optimization and evaluation of a semi-continuous solar dryer for cereals (Rice, etc)

Desalination, Apr 1, 2007

In this research a new approach for employing solar radiation as the main source of energy for pa... more In this research a new approach for employing solar radiation as the main source of energy for paddy drying was introduced. The drying test rig was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The rough rice solar dryer was a cross flow and an active mixed-mode type with a new and an efficient timer assisted semi-continuous discharging system. The rig consists of six ordinary solar air heaters, an auxiliary electric heating channel, a drying chamber with an electrically rotary discharging valve and an air distributing system. The area of each collector was 2 m 2 (totally 12 m 2) and they were installed on a light frame tilted 45° towards the south. The drying system consisted of: an inlet bin, a drying chamber ended with a discharging valve, an outlet bin and a plenum chamber. The dryer bed, with 2 m 2 surface area, acted as a single glazed solar collector was also tilted 45° towards the south. At the bottom of dryer bed, an electro-mechanical rotary valve was installed which was controlled by a timer. The timer activated the rotary valve to operate once a while to discharge the dryer bed semi-continuously. Air mass flow rate was measured by an orifice plate, the temperatures were monitored by T type thermocouples, the solar insolation was recorded by a solarimeter, and the electrical energy consumed by the fan and the heating channel, was recorded by watt meters. To evaluate the drying system, a local variety of medium size kernel of rough rice was selected to be dried by the dryer. One of the objectives in this research was to evaluate the effect of mass flow rate and interval time of crop discharging on the rate of crop drying by the dryer. Two distinct factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment. The first experiment was conducted with two factors: mass flow rate (three levels), and discharge interval time (two levels). The second experiment was conducted with three factors: the moisture content of different locations on dryer bed (four levels), mass flow rate (three levels), and discharging interval time (two levels). The dryer capacity, the efficiency of collectors and the overall efficiency of the drying system were evaluated. According to Duncan's multiple range test, the effect of mass flow rate of drying air, and the interval time of discharge on rate of drying, were significant at 0.01 level. The effect of air mass flow rate and discharging interval time were highly significant on rough rice moisture content along the dryer bed. The maximum overall efficiency of drying system was 21.24% (with average drying air temperature of 55°C) and the fraction of energy consumed by the auxiliary heating channel during the drying process compared with solar energy was only 6-8%. The maximum capacity of *Corresponding author. 130 A. Zomorodian et al. / Desalination 209 (2007) 129-135 the dryer was about 132 kg of rough rice with initially 27% db down to 13% db final moisture content in 3 h of drying period (11-14 with 865 W/m 2 average incident solar radiation and average ambient temperature of 25°C).

Research paper thumbnail of Exergetic sustainability evaluation of horse manure biomass valorization by microwave pyrolysis

Research paper thumbnail of Improving exergetic performance parameters of a rotating-tray air dryer via a simple heat exchanger

Applied Thermal Engineering, Feb 1, 2016

In this study, exergy analysis was applied for a rotating-tray dryer equipped with a cross-flow p... more In this study, exergy analysis was applied for a rotating-tray dryer equipped with a cross-flow plate heat exchanger during drying of apple slices. Three drying air temperatures and tray rotation speeds in the range of 50-80 °C and 0-12 rpm, respectively, were employed. Two drying air velocities in the range of 1-2 m/s were adjusted for each drying temperature and rotation speed with and without application of the heat exchanger. The experiments were conducted to assess the effects of the experimental variables on the exergetic performance parameters of the dryer. Also, the effect of drying conditions on the quality of dried apple slices was assessed by determining rehydration ratio, apparent density, shrinkage, and surface color. In general, the exergetic performance parameters of the dryer depended profoundly on the drying air temperature and velocity. Interestingly, the exergetic efficiency of drying process was significantly improved from a minimum value of 23.0% to a maximum value of 96.1% by using the heat exchanger. Furthermore, the incorporation of heat exchanger did not negatively affect the quality of dried product. Therefore, the strategy presented herein could be a promising approach for waste energy recovery in drying without any unfavorable change in the quality of dried product.

Research paper thumbnail of Exergetic sustainability evaluation of horse manure biomass valorization by microwave pyrolysis

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of Mass Flow Rate and Time of Crop Discharge, on the Rate of Rough Rice Drying in Semi-continuous Solar Dryer

Research paper thumbnail of Optimization and evaluation of a semi-continuous solar dryer for cereals (Rice, etc)

Desalination, 2007

In this research a new approach for employing solar radiation as the main source of energy for pa... more In this research a new approach for employing solar radiation as the main source of energy for paddy drying was introduced. The drying test rig was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The rough rice solar dryer was a cross flow and an active mixed-mode type with a new and an efficient timer assisted semi-continuous discharging system. The rig consists of six ordinary solar air heaters, an auxiliary electric heating channel, a drying chamber with an electrically rotary discharging valve and an air distributing system. The area of each collector was 2 m 2 (totally 12 m 2) and they were installed on a light frame tilted 45° towards the south. The drying system consisted of: an inlet bin, a drying chamber ended with a discharging valve, an outlet bin and a plenum chamber. The dryer bed, with 2 m 2 surface area, acted as a single glazed solar collector was also tilted 45° towards the south. At the bottom of dryer bed, an electro-mechanical rotary valve was installed which was controlled by a timer. The timer activated the rotary valve to operate once a while to discharge the dryer bed semi-continuously. Air mass flow rate was measured by an orifice plate, the temperatures were monitored by T type thermocouples, the solar insolation was recorded by a solarimeter, and the electrical energy consumed by the fan and the heating channel, was recorded by watt meters. To evaluate the drying system, a local variety of medium size kernel of rough rice was selected to be dried by the dryer. One of the objectives in this research was to evaluate the effect of mass flow rate and interval time of crop discharging on the rate of crop drying by the dryer. Two distinct factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment. The first experiment was conducted with two factors: mass flow rate (three levels), and discharge interval time (two levels). The second experiment was conducted with three factors: the moisture content of different locations on dryer bed (four levels), mass flow rate (three levels), and discharging interval time (two levels). The dryer capacity, the efficiency of collectors and the overall efficiency of the drying system were evaluated. According to Duncan's multiple range test, the effect of mass flow rate of drying air, and the interval time of discharge on rate of drying, were significant at 0.01 level. The effect of air mass flow rate and discharging interval time were highly significant on rough rice moisture content along the dryer bed. The maximum overall efficiency of drying system was 21.24% (with average drying air temperature of 55°C) and the fraction of energy consumed by the auxiliary heating channel during the drying process compared with solar energy was only 6-8%. The maximum capacity of *Corresponding author. 130 A. Zomorodian et al. / Desalination 209 (2007) 129-135 the dryer was about 132 kg of rough rice with initially 27% db down to 13% db final moisture content in 3 h of drying period (11-14 with 865 W/m 2 average incident solar radiation and average ambient temperature of 25°C).

Research paper thumbnail of Determining biomass chemical exergy using a novel hybrid intelligent approach to promote biomass-based biorefineries

Journal of Cleaner Production

Research paper thumbnail of Improving exergetic performance parameters of a rotating-tray air dryer via a simple heat exchanger

Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015

In this study, exergy analysis was applied for a rotating-tray dryer equipped with a cross-flow p... more In this study, exergy analysis was applied for a rotating-tray dryer equipped with a cross-flow plate heat exchanger during drying of apple slices. Three drying air temperatures and tray rotation speeds in the range of 50-80 °C and 0-12 rpm, respectively, were employed. Two drying air velocities in the range of 1-2 m/s were adjusted for each drying temperature and rotation speed with and without application of the heat exchanger. The experiments were conducted to assess the effects of the experimental variables on the exergetic performance parameters of the dryer. Also, the effect of drying conditions on the quality of dried apple slices was assessed by determining rehydration ratio, apparent density, shrinkage, and surface color. In general, the exergetic performance parameters of the dryer depended profoundly on the drying air temperature and velocity. Interestingly, the exergetic efficiency of drying process was significantly improved from a minimum value of 23.0% to a maximum value of 96.1% by using the heat exchanger. Furthermore, the incorporation of heat exchanger did not negatively affect the quality of dried product. Therefore, the strategy presented herein could be a promising approach for waste energy recovery in drying without any unfavorable change in the quality of dried product.

Research paper thumbnail of Determining biomass chemical exergy using a novel hybrid intelligent approach to promote biomass-based biorefineries

Journal of Cleaner Production, Dec 1, 2020

Abstract The issue of sustainability has become a strategic imperative for researchers attempting... more Abstract The issue of sustainability has become a strategic imperative for researchers attempting to address energy and environmental concerns using biorefinery approach. Exergy-based methods have shown significant promises in terms of their ability to reliably locate the hotspots of resource degradation in biorefineries. The key step in analyzing biorefineries exegetically is to calculate biomass chemical exergy which is a very computationally-intensive task. Interestingly, proximate and ultimate analysis methods show potential ‏to reflect the chemical exergy content of biomass. Hence, the present study was devoted to introducing a novel hybrid intelligent approach to determine the chemical exergy content of biomass based on both the composition analysis methods. In the developed hybrid models, input score variables in each inner loop of partial least square (PLS) approach were correlated with its output score variables using hybrid adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and particle swarm optimization algorithm (ANFIS-PSO). Both the developed modeling systems showed acceptable accuracy in determining the chemical exergy values of biomass materials. The model derived from ultimate analysis was slightly more accurate than that from proximate analysis (mean absolute percentage error of 0.207 vs. 0.506, respectively). Nevertheless, simple and inexpensive character of proximate analysis can facilitate real-world applications of the respective model. Overall, the developed model can pave the way for developing sustainable biorefineries by computing the chemical exergy of biomass more accurately than complex thermodynamic models.

Research paper thumbnail of Optimization and evaluation of a semi-continuous solar dryer for cereals (Rice, etc)

Desalination, Apr 1, 2007

In this research a new approach for employing solar radiation as the main source of energy for pa... more In this research a new approach for employing solar radiation as the main source of energy for paddy drying was introduced. The drying test rig was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The rough rice solar dryer was a cross flow and an active mixed-mode type with a new and an efficient timer assisted semi-continuous discharging system. The rig consists of six ordinary solar air heaters, an auxiliary electric heating channel, a drying chamber with an electrically rotary discharging valve and an air distributing system. The area of each collector was 2 m 2 (totally 12 m 2) and they were installed on a light frame tilted 45° towards the south. The drying system consisted of: an inlet bin, a drying chamber ended with a discharging valve, an outlet bin and a plenum chamber. The dryer bed, with 2 m 2 surface area, acted as a single glazed solar collector was also tilted 45° towards the south. At the bottom of dryer bed, an electro-mechanical rotary valve was installed which was controlled by a timer. The timer activated the rotary valve to operate once a while to discharge the dryer bed semi-continuously. Air mass flow rate was measured by an orifice plate, the temperatures were monitored by T type thermocouples, the solar insolation was recorded by a solarimeter, and the electrical energy consumed by the fan and the heating channel, was recorded by watt meters. To evaluate the drying system, a local variety of medium size kernel of rough rice was selected to be dried by the dryer. One of the objectives in this research was to evaluate the effect of mass flow rate and interval time of crop discharging on the rate of crop drying by the dryer. Two distinct factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment. The first experiment was conducted with two factors: mass flow rate (three levels), and discharge interval time (two levels). The second experiment was conducted with three factors: the moisture content of different locations on dryer bed (four levels), mass flow rate (three levels), and discharging interval time (two levels). The dryer capacity, the efficiency of collectors and the overall efficiency of the drying system were evaluated. According to Duncan's multiple range test, the effect of mass flow rate of drying air, and the interval time of discharge on rate of drying, were significant at 0.01 level. The effect of air mass flow rate and discharging interval time were highly significant on rough rice moisture content along the dryer bed. The maximum overall efficiency of drying system was 21.24% (with average drying air temperature of 55°C) and the fraction of energy consumed by the auxiliary heating channel during the drying process compared with solar energy was only 6-8%. The maximum capacity of *Corresponding author. 130 A. Zomorodian et al. / Desalination 209 (2007) 129-135 the dryer was about 132 kg of rough rice with initially 27% db down to 13% db final moisture content in 3 h of drying period (11-14 with 865 W/m 2 average incident solar radiation and average ambient temperature of 25°C).

Research paper thumbnail of Exergetic sustainability evaluation of horse manure biomass valorization by microwave pyrolysis

Research paper thumbnail of Improving exergetic performance parameters of a rotating-tray air dryer via a simple heat exchanger

Applied Thermal Engineering, Feb 1, 2016

In this study, exergy analysis was applied for a rotating-tray dryer equipped with a cross-flow p... more In this study, exergy analysis was applied for a rotating-tray dryer equipped with a cross-flow plate heat exchanger during drying of apple slices. Three drying air temperatures and tray rotation speeds in the range of 50-80 °C and 0-12 rpm, respectively, were employed. Two drying air velocities in the range of 1-2 m/s were adjusted for each drying temperature and rotation speed with and without application of the heat exchanger. The experiments were conducted to assess the effects of the experimental variables on the exergetic performance parameters of the dryer. Also, the effect of drying conditions on the quality of dried apple slices was assessed by determining rehydration ratio, apparent density, shrinkage, and surface color. In general, the exergetic performance parameters of the dryer depended profoundly on the drying air temperature and velocity. Interestingly, the exergetic efficiency of drying process was significantly improved from a minimum value of 23.0% to a maximum value of 96.1% by using the heat exchanger. Furthermore, the incorporation of heat exchanger did not negatively affect the quality of dried product. Therefore, the strategy presented herein could be a promising approach for waste energy recovery in drying without any unfavorable change in the quality of dried product.

Research paper thumbnail of Exergetic sustainability evaluation of horse manure biomass valorization by microwave pyrolysis

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of Mass Flow Rate and Time of Crop Discharge, on the Rate of Rough Rice Drying in Semi-continuous Solar Dryer

Research paper thumbnail of Optimization and evaluation of a semi-continuous solar dryer for cereals (Rice, etc)

Desalination, 2007

In this research a new approach for employing solar radiation as the main source of energy for pa... more In this research a new approach for employing solar radiation as the main source of energy for paddy drying was introduced. The drying test rig was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The rough rice solar dryer was a cross flow and an active mixed-mode type with a new and an efficient timer assisted semi-continuous discharging system. The rig consists of six ordinary solar air heaters, an auxiliary electric heating channel, a drying chamber with an electrically rotary discharging valve and an air distributing system. The area of each collector was 2 m 2 (totally 12 m 2) and they were installed on a light frame tilted 45° towards the south. The drying system consisted of: an inlet bin, a drying chamber ended with a discharging valve, an outlet bin and a plenum chamber. The dryer bed, with 2 m 2 surface area, acted as a single glazed solar collector was also tilted 45° towards the south. At the bottom of dryer bed, an electro-mechanical rotary valve was installed which was controlled by a timer. The timer activated the rotary valve to operate once a while to discharge the dryer bed semi-continuously. Air mass flow rate was measured by an orifice plate, the temperatures were monitored by T type thermocouples, the solar insolation was recorded by a solarimeter, and the electrical energy consumed by the fan and the heating channel, was recorded by watt meters. To evaluate the drying system, a local variety of medium size kernel of rough rice was selected to be dried by the dryer. One of the objectives in this research was to evaluate the effect of mass flow rate and interval time of crop discharging on the rate of crop drying by the dryer. Two distinct factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment. The first experiment was conducted with two factors: mass flow rate (three levels), and discharge interval time (two levels). The second experiment was conducted with three factors: the moisture content of different locations on dryer bed (four levels), mass flow rate (three levels), and discharging interval time (two levels). The dryer capacity, the efficiency of collectors and the overall efficiency of the drying system were evaluated. According to Duncan's multiple range test, the effect of mass flow rate of drying air, and the interval time of discharge on rate of drying, were significant at 0.01 level. The effect of air mass flow rate and discharging interval time were highly significant on rough rice moisture content along the dryer bed. The maximum overall efficiency of drying system was 21.24% (with average drying air temperature of 55°C) and the fraction of energy consumed by the auxiliary heating channel during the drying process compared with solar energy was only 6-8%. The maximum capacity of *Corresponding author. 130 A. Zomorodian et al. / Desalination 209 (2007) 129-135 the dryer was about 132 kg of rough rice with initially 27% db down to 13% db final moisture content in 3 h of drying period (11-14 with 865 W/m 2 average incident solar radiation and average ambient temperature of 25°C).

Research paper thumbnail of Determining biomass chemical exergy using a novel hybrid intelligent approach to promote biomass-based biorefineries

Journal of Cleaner Production

Research paper thumbnail of Improving exergetic performance parameters of a rotating-tray air dryer via a simple heat exchanger

Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015

In this study, exergy analysis was applied for a rotating-tray dryer equipped with a cross-flow p... more In this study, exergy analysis was applied for a rotating-tray dryer equipped with a cross-flow plate heat exchanger during drying of apple slices. Three drying air temperatures and tray rotation speeds in the range of 50-80 °C and 0-12 rpm, respectively, were employed. Two drying air velocities in the range of 1-2 m/s were adjusted for each drying temperature and rotation speed with and without application of the heat exchanger. The experiments were conducted to assess the effects of the experimental variables on the exergetic performance parameters of the dryer. Also, the effect of drying conditions on the quality of dried apple slices was assessed by determining rehydration ratio, apparent density, shrinkage, and surface color. In general, the exergetic performance parameters of the dryer depended profoundly on the drying air temperature and velocity. Interestingly, the exergetic efficiency of drying process was significantly improved from a minimum value of 23.0% to a maximum value of 96.1% by using the heat exchanger. Furthermore, the incorporation of heat exchanger did not negatively affect the quality of dried product. Therefore, the strategy presented herein could be a promising approach for waste energy recovery in drying without any unfavorable change in the quality of dried product.