Noor Azimah Muhammad | Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (original) (raw)

Papers by Noor Azimah Muhammad

Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research

Background: The Attitude to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ) was developed to assess perceptions of the... more Background: The Attitude to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ) was developed to assess perceptions of the aging process among older adults. The 24 items were framed into three factors. This study aimed to translate the AAQ from English to the Malay language (AAQ-M) and determine its factorial structure and validity in a Malaysian population. Methods: The original AAQ underwent a standard translation process, as well as content and face validation, to produce the AAQ-M. The construct validity of the AAQ-M was then assessed in 254 older adults aged 60 years and above attending a public primary care clinic in Seremban, Malaysia. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed a three-factor model for the AAQ-M with acceptable reliability and Cronbach α values ranging from 0.71 to 0.82 for each factor. A total of five items were omitted for poor factor loadings (<0.32) or because they did not conceptually fit into the factor they were loaded onto. Of the final 19 AAQ-M items, seven were physical...

Systematic Reviews

Background With the increasing prevalence of obesity in youth, behavioural interventions to alter... more Background With the increasing prevalence of obesity in youth, behavioural interventions to alter its modifiable risk factors such as physical activity can support the management of this epidemic. Digital behaviour changes interventions (DBCI) such as mobile applications, websites and wearables have the potential to reach many adolescents to promote physical activity as its use may be more accessible, effective and engaging compared to traditional face-to-face approaches. However, there is insufficient evidence on their use at promoting physical activity amongst overweight and obese adolescents. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of DBCIs aiming to increase physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents (aged 10–19 years) and the behaviour change techniques used in these interventions. Methods Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane and Scopus) will be searched for English language studies from January 2000 to December 2022 using appropriat...

Medicine & Health

Stress is common among adolescents that impairs their well-being. This study aimed at determining... more Stress is common among adolescents that impairs their well-being. This study aimed at determining the usability and feasibility of a newly developed mobile apps, DailyCalm in reducing stress among secondary school students in Kedah. They were recruited via convenience sampling using social media in August 2020 during COVID-19 pandemic. An access link was provided to download the DailyCalm apps that contained videos teaching on breathing and relaxation techniques. Students were encouraged to use the apps thrice a week. Students responded to an online form that measured stress level using Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) at baseline and four weeks later and perception on the usability and feasibility of the apps after four weeks of use. Among the 80 students aged 13 to 17 years who completed the study, 83.8% of them were having moderate to high level of stress. The students rated the apps as moderately usable with mean of 39.91 (SD = 6.12) and highly feasible with mean of 41.74 (SD = 6.99...

To date, specific questionnaire assessing knowledge on calcium supplement is unavailable. Thus, w... more To date, specific questionnaire assessing knowledge on calcium supplement is unavailable. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate this questionnaire. Four areas of knowledge (calcium in general, dietary calcium, benefits and risk of calcium supplement, and practices that reduce its benefits) were identified through literature review and interviews with ten doctors. Twelve items were created in English and reviewed by two family medicine specialists, an orthopaedic surgeon, and a pharmacist. A bilingual (English-Malay) questionnaire was produced via back-to-back translation and face validity was tested on seven patients. Discriminative validation was done by comparing knowledge scores between patients, medical students and doctors. Test-retest reliability was tested with a two weeks interval. Subsequently, the questionnaire was piloted on 100 patients. The KnowCaS-12 scores of doctors were significantly higher than those of patients (p<0.001) and students (p<0.001), indicating g...

Sains Malaysiana

This is a case-control study conducted with diabetic patients in Kinta, Kampar and Larut-Matang-S... more This is a case-control study conducted with diabetic patients in Kinta, Kampar and Larut-Matang-Selama districts of Perak, Malaysia. We intended to determine the factors contributing to the development of active tuberculosis among diabetes patients. Cases were culture-proven and registered in the Malaysian National Tuberculosis Surveillance Registry (MyTB) from 2012 to 2018. Controls were diabetes patients identified from the National Diabetes Registry and were matched with cases based on the clinic in which they were registered at a ratio of 1:1. 119 cases and 119 controls were included in this study. Multivariate analysis was used to identify clinical factors associated with tuberculosis. Patient had increased odds of having tuberculosis if they had higher glycaemic (HbA1c) levels (OR=1.41, 95% CI 0.22-0.96, p<0.001) or nephropathy (OR=8.91, 95% CI 2.31-34.05, p<0.001). The odds ratio was lower if they have diabetes for at or more than 5 years (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.22-0.96, p=0.04) and older (OR=0.96, CI 0.92-0.99, p=0.02). In conclusion, this study suggests that routine screening for tuberculosis in patients with diabetes should consider the diabetic duration, glycemic control, presence of nephropathy, and age of the patient.

Pertanika journal of social science and humanities, 2016

Adolescents are aware of the health risks of cigarette smoking yet still they continue to smoke. ... more Adolescents are aware of the health risks of cigarette smoking yet still they continue to smoke. This article reports on how Malaysian adolescents rationalised their smoking behaviour despite knowing its danger. In this qualitative study, 26 adolescents (23 smokers and 3 former smokers) were interviewed through 3 focus group interviews and 3 in-depth interviews. The interviews were guided by a semi-structured interview protocol and recorded using audio recorders. This study highlights that the adolescents continued to smoke despite knowing the risks of smoking. They rationalised their smoking by disengaging themselves from the risks through: (1) disregarding the immediate effects of smoking, (2) ignoring the risk information, (3) normalising the mortality risk of smoking, (4) emotionally detaching themselves from relating to the threat, (5) regarding smoking as the lesser evil than other risky behaviour, and (6) discounting the actual risks by citing the exceptional cases. In conclu...

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018

Introduction: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) states that behaviour is determined by four ma... more Introduction: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) states that behaviour is determined by four main domains of social-cognitive factors; attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy and sexual intention. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation of the socio-cognitive factors predicting sexual intention to engage in premarital sex amongst late adolescent in Kuantan government secondary schools. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 466 single students aged 18 to 19 years in nine government secondary schools in Kuantan district. A self-administered validated Youth Sexual Intention Questionnaire (YSI-Q) that measured permissive attitude, perception of social norms, perceived selfefficacy and sexual intention towards premarital sex activity has been used. Statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Results: There was a significant difference of sexual intention between male (35.6%) and female (64.4%) students with a mean(SD) of 10.54...

Sains Malaysiana, 2020

This is a case-control study conducted with diabetic patients in Kinta, Kampar and Larut-Matang-S... more This is a case-control study conducted with diabetic patients in Kinta, Kampar and Larut-Matang-Selama districts of Perak, Malaysia. We intended to determine the factors contributing to the development of active tuberculosis among diabetes patients. Cases were culture-proven and registered in the Malaysian National Tuberculosis Surveillance Registry (MyTB) from 2012 to 2018. Controls were diabetes patients identified from the National Diabetes Registry and were matched with cases based on the clinic in which they were registered at a ratio of 1:1. 119 cases and 119 controls were included in this study. Multivariate analysis was used to identify clinical factors associated with tuberculosis. Patient had increased odds of having tuberculosis if they had higher glycaemic (HbA1c) levels (OR=1.41, 95% CI 0.22-0.96, p<0.001) or nephropathy (OR=8.91, 95% CI 2.31-34.05, p<0.001). The odds ratio was lower if they have diabetes for at or more than 5 years (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.22-0.96, p=0...

The consequences of adolescents in early involvement with sexual activity include sexually transm... more The consequences of adolescents in early involvement with sexual activity include sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancy, and unsafe abortion. The purpose of this study is to identify the socio-demographic and socio-cognitive factors (permissive attitude, social norms, and self-efficacy) associated with sexual intention to engage in premarital sex among school-going late adolescent in Kuantan, Pahang. A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine government secondary schools in Kuantan district between MarchJune 2018. A total of 466 self-administered validated Youth Sexual Intention Questionnaires (YSI-Q) data are collected among unmarried students aged 18-19 years-old. Statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Majority of the participants were females (64.4%), Muslims (68.2%) and Malays (67.4%). Simple logistic regression on sociocognitive factors showed for every one unit increase in permissive attitude, social norms and self-efficacy scores, there wer...

Mental health in family medicine, 2011

Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric illness commonly diagnosed during ... more Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric illness commonly diagnosed during the early years of childhood. In many adolescents with undiagnosed ADHD, presentation may not be entirely similar to that in younger children. These adolescents pose significant challenges to parents and teachers coping with their disability. Often adolescents with behavioural problems are brought to medical attention as a last resort. This case describes an adolescent who presented to a primary care clinic with school truancy. He was initially treated for depression with oppositional defiant disorder and sibling rivalry. Only following a careful detailed history and further investigations was the diagnosis of ADHD made. He showed a positive improvement with the use of methylphenidate for his ADHD and escitalopram for his depression. The success of his management was further supported by the use of behavioural therapy and parenting interventions. There is a need to increase public awaren...

Introduction: As eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and others are generally becoming more... more Introduction: As eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and others are generally becoming more prevalent, it is essential to have a culturally accepted and locally validated questionnaire that is able to detect abnormal eating habits. Objective: To translate the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) into Bahasa Malaysia (BM) and to determine the construct validity, reliability and other psychometric properties of the BM version. Method: Two parallel forward and backward translations were done in BM in accordance to guideline. Its validation was determined by using confirmatory factor analysis among 298 secondary school children. Results: The BM EDE-Q had very good internal consistency with global Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.879. For construct validity, majority of the items managed to produce values of more than 0.4 for confirmatory factor analysis with four unforced distinct factors detected. Conclusions: Analyses of reliability and validity of this BM version of ...

BACKGROUND Parenting behaviour is culturally sensitive. The aims of this study were (1) to transl... more BACKGROUND Parenting behaviour is culturally sensitive. The aims of this study were (1) to translate the Parental Bonding Instrument into Malay (PBI-M) and (2) to determine its factorial structure and validity among the Malaysian population. METHODS The PBI-M was generated from a standard translation process and comprehension testing. The validation study of the PBI-M was administered to 248 college students aged 18 to 22 years. RESULTS Participants in the comprehension testing had difficulty understanding negative items. Five translated double negative items were replaced with five positive items with similar meanings. Exploratory factor analysis showed a three-factor model for the PBI-M with acceptable reliability. Four negative items (items 3, 4, 8, and 16) and item 19 were omitted from the final PBI-M list because of incorrect placement or low factor loading (< 0.32). Out of the final 20 items of the PBI-M, there were 10 items for the care factor, five items for the autonomy ...

2021 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI)

BMJ Open, 2021

Introduction Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) strongly recommended to incontinent pregnant wom... more Introduction Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) strongly recommended to incontinent pregnant women. The Kegel Exercise Pregnancy Training-app trial is a multicentre cluster-randomised study aims to assess the effectiveness and its cost-effectiveness of the mobile app guidance in PFMT among incontinent pregnant women. Methods and analysis 370 pregnant women (aged 18 years old and above) will be recruited with International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence-Short Form. Ten clusters (primary care clinics) will be randomly assigned to either PFMT or usual care in a 1:1 ratio by an independent researcher (sealed envelope). The primary outcome will be urinary incontinence, and the secondary outcomes (quality of life; PFMT adherence, psychological status and mobile apps’ usability) will be assessed at four measurement time points (t0: baseline) and postintervention (t1: 4 weeks, t2: 8 weeks and t3: 8 weeks postnatal). T-test analysis will determine any signif...

Addictive Behaviors Reports

Despite the wide accessibility to internet, pornography activities among youths are not well desc... more Despite the wide accessibility to internet, pornography activities among youths are not well described in conservative countries like Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, elicit gender differences and identify associated factors of pornographic exposure including perceived realism among college students. This cross-sectional study was conducted among students aged 18 to 25 years from seven colleges in Penang, Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data on socio-demographic characteristics, pornography exposure, pattern of use, sexual exposure and perceived realism. Among 986 participants, the prevalence of lifetime pornography exposure was 74.5%. More males (71.7%) were exposed to pornography, had started at earlier age, were frequent users and using the internet alone at home (p < 0.001). Males had higher odds of having exposure (Adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 20.44, 95% CI: 12.50-33.42, p < 0.001), whilst those who perceived pornography as real had lower odds of having pornographic exposure (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43-0.94, p = 0.02). There is a high prevalence of pornography exposure among Malaysian college students, especially involving males. Easy access to pornographic materials at home facilitates this activity. Gender and perceived realism determined their pornographic exposure. Thus, parental monitoring of online access and planning structured activities to occupy free time are recommended at an early age.

International Journal of Adolescence and Youth

This was a cross-sectional study to identify the association between sociocognitive factors (perm... more This was a cross-sectional study to identify the association between sociocognitive factors (permissive attitude, social-norms, and self-efficacy) and intention towards sexual activity among 466 Malaysian school-going late adolescents (aged 18-19 years) in Kuantan, Malaysia. Majority were females (64.4%), Malays (67.4%) and Muslims (68.2%). Simple logistic regression from data collected by self-administered validated Youth Sexual-Intention Questionnaire (YSI-Q) showed significantly increase risk of having sexual intention for each unit increase in permissive attitude, social-norms and self-efficacy scores with the odds ratio (OR) of 1.424, 1.303 and 1.215, respectively. On the other hand, multivariate logistic regression resulted in male, non-Malay, ever-smoker students and permissive attitude showing significantly higher risk towards having sexual intention with the OR of 0.163 (male was the reference group), 5.110, 3.288 and 1.236, respectively. In order to reduce risky sexual behaviour among adolescents, school-based health education is essential.

Medicine & Health

Kemurungan major adalah sejenis penyakit mental yang perlu diberikan perhatian kerana ianya boleh... more Kemurungan major adalah sejenis penyakit mental yang perlu diberikan perhatian kerana ianya boleh mengancam nyawa pesakit, apabila pesakit mempunyai keinginan untuk membunuh diri. Laporan kes ini adalah mengenai seorang remaja yang mengalami kemurungan major disamping menderita kecelaruan hiperaktif kurang daya tumpuan (ADHD), yang tidak pernah dikesan sebelum ini. Kami melaporkan kes remaja berumur 17 tahun yang datang ke klinik dengan gejala psikosomatik iaitu sakit di bahagian kiri dada yang berpanjangan. Beliau juga dikesan mempunyai gejala kemurungan major dan keinginan membunuh diri. Penyakit ADHD beliau tidak dapat dikesan awal. Artikel ini membincangkan mengenai kesukaran untuk mendiagnosis penyakit ADHD ketika remaja kerana pada umur tersebut mereka tidak mempunyai gejala tipikal yang dialami oleh kanak-kanak kecil. Kata kunci: kemurungan, kecelaruan hiperaktif kurang daya tumpuan, remaja

BMJ Open

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of anaemia among patients with type 2 diab... more ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of anaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) at primary care settings and its associated factors.Design, setting and participantsThis cross-sectional study involved 808 adult patients with T2DM and CKD who were recruited via systematic sampling from 20 public primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysia. Their sociodemographic, clinical and biomedical profiles were collected through interviews, examination of medical records and blood testing.ResultsThe prevalence of anaemia was 31.7% (256/808). The anaemia was mainly mild (61.5%) and normocytic normochromic (58.7%). About 88.7% of the patients with anaemia were not known to have anaemia prior to the study. Among 36 patients with documented history of anaemia, 80.6% were still anaemic, and only a half received iron therapy. Multivariate regression analysis showed that women (adjusted odd ratio (AOR): 1.57, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.21, p...

Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research

Background: The Attitude to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ) was developed to assess perceptions of the... more Background: The Attitude to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ) was developed to assess perceptions of the aging process among older adults. The 24 items were framed into three factors. This study aimed to translate the AAQ from English to the Malay language (AAQ-M) and determine its factorial structure and validity in a Malaysian population. Methods: The original AAQ underwent a standard translation process, as well as content and face validation, to produce the AAQ-M. The construct validity of the AAQ-M was then assessed in 254 older adults aged 60 years and above attending a public primary care clinic in Seremban, Malaysia. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed a three-factor model for the AAQ-M with acceptable reliability and Cronbach α values ranging from 0.71 to 0.82 for each factor. A total of five items were omitted for poor factor loadings (<0.32) or because they did not conceptually fit into the factor they were loaded onto. Of the final 19 AAQ-M items, seven were physical...

Systematic Reviews

Background With the increasing prevalence of obesity in youth, behavioural interventions to alter... more Background With the increasing prevalence of obesity in youth, behavioural interventions to alter its modifiable risk factors such as physical activity can support the management of this epidemic. Digital behaviour changes interventions (DBCI) such as mobile applications, websites and wearables have the potential to reach many adolescents to promote physical activity as its use may be more accessible, effective and engaging compared to traditional face-to-face approaches. However, there is insufficient evidence on their use at promoting physical activity amongst overweight and obese adolescents. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of DBCIs aiming to increase physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents (aged 10–19 years) and the behaviour change techniques used in these interventions. Methods Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane and Scopus) will be searched for English language studies from January 2000 to December 2022 using appropriat...

Medicine & Health

Stress is common among adolescents that impairs their well-being. This study aimed at determining... more Stress is common among adolescents that impairs their well-being. This study aimed at determining the usability and feasibility of a newly developed mobile apps, DailyCalm in reducing stress among secondary school students in Kedah. They were recruited via convenience sampling using social media in August 2020 during COVID-19 pandemic. An access link was provided to download the DailyCalm apps that contained videos teaching on breathing and relaxation techniques. Students were encouraged to use the apps thrice a week. Students responded to an online form that measured stress level using Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) at baseline and four weeks later and perception on the usability and feasibility of the apps after four weeks of use. Among the 80 students aged 13 to 17 years who completed the study, 83.8% of them were having moderate to high level of stress. The students rated the apps as moderately usable with mean of 39.91 (SD = 6.12) and highly feasible with mean of 41.74 (SD = 6.99...

To date, specific questionnaire assessing knowledge on calcium supplement is unavailable. Thus, w... more To date, specific questionnaire assessing knowledge on calcium supplement is unavailable. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate this questionnaire. Four areas of knowledge (calcium in general, dietary calcium, benefits and risk of calcium supplement, and practices that reduce its benefits) were identified through literature review and interviews with ten doctors. Twelve items were created in English and reviewed by two family medicine specialists, an orthopaedic surgeon, and a pharmacist. A bilingual (English-Malay) questionnaire was produced via back-to-back translation and face validity was tested on seven patients. Discriminative validation was done by comparing knowledge scores between patients, medical students and doctors. Test-retest reliability was tested with a two weeks interval. Subsequently, the questionnaire was piloted on 100 patients. The KnowCaS-12 scores of doctors were significantly higher than those of patients (p<0.001) and students (p<0.001), indicating g...

Sains Malaysiana

This is a case-control study conducted with diabetic patients in Kinta, Kampar and Larut-Matang-S... more This is a case-control study conducted with diabetic patients in Kinta, Kampar and Larut-Matang-Selama districts of Perak, Malaysia. We intended to determine the factors contributing to the development of active tuberculosis among diabetes patients. Cases were culture-proven and registered in the Malaysian National Tuberculosis Surveillance Registry (MyTB) from 2012 to 2018. Controls were diabetes patients identified from the National Diabetes Registry and were matched with cases based on the clinic in which they were registered at a ratio of 1:1. 119 cases and 119 controls were included in this study. Multivariate analysis was used to identify clinical factors associated with tuberculosis. Patient had increased odds of having tuberculosis if they had higher glycaemic (HbA1c) levels (OR=1.41, 95% CI 0.22-0.96, p<0.001) or nephropathy (OR=8.91, 95% CI 2.31-34.05, p<0.001). The odds ratio was lower if they have diabetes for at or more than 5 years (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.22-0.96, p=0.04) and older (OR=0.96, CI 0.92-0.99, p=0.02). In conclusion, this study suggests that routine screening for tuberculosis in patients with diabetes should consider the diabetic duration, glycemic control, presence of nephropathy, and age of the patient.

Pertanika journal of social science and humanities, 2016

Adolescents are aware of the health risks of cigarette smoking yet still they continue to smoke. ... more Adolescents are aware of the health risks of cigarette smoking yet still they continue to smoke. This article reports on how Malaysian adolescents rationalised their smoking behaviour despite knowing its danger. In this qualitative study, 26 adolescents (23 smokers and 3 former smokers) were interviewed through 3 focus group interviews and 3 in-depth interviews. The interviews were guided by a semi-structured interview protocol and recorded using audio recorders. This study highlights that the adolescents continued to smoke despite knowing the risks of smoking. They rationalised their smoking by disengaging themselves from the risks through: (1) disregarding the immediate effects of smoking, (2) ignoring the risk information, (3) normalising the mortality risk of smoking, (4) emotionally detaching themselves from relating to the threat, (5) regarding smoking as the lesser evil than other risky behaviour, and (6) discounting the actual risks by citing the exceptional cases. In conclu...

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018

Introduction: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) states that behaviour is determined by four ma... more Introduction: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) states that behaviour is determined by four main domains of social-cognitive factors; attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy and sexual intention. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation of the socio-cognitive factors predicting sexual intention to engage in premarital sex amongst late adolescent in Kuantan government secondary schools. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 466 single students aged 18 to 19 years in nine government secondary schools in Kuantan district. A self-administered validated Youth Sexual Intention Questionnaire (YSI-Q) that measured permissive attitude, perception of social norms, perceived selfefficacy and sexual intention towards premarital sex activity has been used. Statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Results: There was a significant difference of sexual intention between male (35.6%) and female (64.4%) students with a mean(SD) of 10.54...

Sains Malaysiana, 2020

This is a case-control study conducted with diabetic patients in Kinta, Kampar and Larut-Matang-S... more This is a case-control study conducted with diabetic patients in Kinta, Kampar and Larut-Matang-Selama districts of Perak, Malaysia. We intended to determine the factors contributing to the development of active tuberculosis among diabetes patients. Cases were culture-proven and registered in the Malaysian National Tuberculosis Surveillance Registry (MyTB) from 2012 to 2018. Controls were diabetes patients identified from the National Diabetes Registry and were matched with cases based on the clinic in which they were registered at a ratio of 1:1. 119 cases and 119 controls were included in this study. Multivariate analysis was used to identify clinical factors associated with tuberculosis. Patient had increased odds of having tuberculosis if they had higher glycaemic (HbA1c) levels (OR=1.41, 95% CI 0.22-0.96, p<0.001) or nephropathy (OR=8.91, 95% CI 2.31-34.05, p<0.001). The odds ratio was lower if they have diabetes for at or more than 5 years (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.22-0.96, p=0...

The consequences of adolescents in early involvement with sexual activity include sexually transm... more The consequences of adolescents in early involvement with sexual activity include sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancy, and unsafe abortion. The purpose of this study is to identify the socio-demographic and socio-cognitive factors (permissive attitude, social norms, and self-efficacy) associated with sexual intention to engage in premarital sex among school-going late adolescent in Kuantan, Pahang. A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine government secondary schools in Kuantan district between MarchJune 2018. A total of 466 self-administered validated Youth Sexual Intention Questionnaires (YSI-Q) data are collected among unmarried students aged 18-19 years-old. Statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Majority of the participants were females (64.4%), Muslims (68.2%) and Malays (67.4%). Simple logistic regression on sociocognitive factors showed for every one unit increase in permissive attitude, social norms and self-efficacy scores, there wer...

Mental health in family medicine, 2011

Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric illness commonly diagnosed during ... more Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric illness commonly diagnosed during the early years of childhood. In many adolescents with undiagnosed ADHD, presentation may not be entirely similar to that in younger children. These adolescents pose significant challenges to parents and teachers coping with their disability. Often adolescents with behavioural problems are brought to medical attention as a last resort. This case describes an adolescent who presented to a primary care clinic with school truancy. He was initially treated for depression with oppositional defiant disorder and sibling rivalry. Only following a careful detailed history and further investigations was the diagnosis of ADHD made. He showed a positive improvement with the use of methylphenidate for his ADHD and escitalopram for his depression. The success of his management was further supported by the use of behavioural therapy and parenting interventions. There is a need to increase public awaren...

Introduction: As eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and others are generally becoming more... more Introduction: As eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and others are generally becoming more prevalent, it is essential to have a culturally accepted and locally validated questionnaire that is able to detect abnormal eating habits. Objective: To translate the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) into Bahasa Malaysia (BM) and to determine the construct validity, reliability and other psychometric properties of the BM version. Method: Two parallel forward and backward translations were done in BM in accordance to guideline. Its validation was determined by using confirmatory factor analysis among 298 secondary school children. Results: The BM EDE-Q had very good internal consistency with global Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.879. For construct validity, majority of the items managed to produce values of more than 0.4 for confirmatory factor analysis with four unforced distinct factors detected. Conclusions: Analyses of reliability and validity of this BM version of ...

BACKGROUND Parenting behaviour is culturally sensitive. The aims of this study were (1) to transl... more BACKGROUND Parenting behaviour is culturally sensitive. The aims of this study were (1) to translate the Parental Bonding Instrument into Malay (PBI-M) and (2) to determine its factorial structure and validity among the Malaysian population. METHODS The PBI-M was generated from a standard translation process and comprehension testing. The validation study of the PBI-M was administered to 248 college students aged 18 to 22 years. RESULTS Participants in the comprehension testing had difficulty understanding negative items. Five translated double negative items were replaced with five positive items with similar meanings. Exploratory factor analysis showed a three-factor model for the PBI-M with acceptable reliability. Four negative items (items 3, 4, 8, and 16) and item 19 were omitted from the final PBI-M list because of incorrect placement or low factor loading (< 0.32). Out of the final 20 items of the PBI-M, there were 10 items for the care factor, five items for the autonomy ...

2021 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI)

BMJ Open, 2021

Introduction Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) strongly recommended to incontinent pregnant wom... more Introduction Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) strongly recommended to incontinent pregnant women. The Kegel Exercise Pregnancy Training-app trial is a multicentre cluster-randomised study aims to assess the effectiveness and its cost-effectiveness of the mobile app guidance in PFMT among incontinent pregnant women. Methods and analysis 370 pregnant women (aged 18 years old and above) will be recruited with International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence-Short Form. Ten clusters (primary care clinics) will be randomly assigned to either PFMT or usual care in a 1:1 ratio by an independent researcher (sealed envelope). The primary outcome will be urinary incontinence, and the secondary outcomes (quality of life; PFMT adherence, psychological status and mobile apps’ usability) will be assessed at four measurement time points (t0: baseline) and postintervention (t1: 4 weeks, t2: 8 weeks and t3: 8 weeks postnatal). T-test analysis will determine any signif...

Addictive Behaviors Reports

Despite the wide accessibility to internet, pornography activities among youths are not well desc... more Despite the wide accessibility to internet, pornography activities among youths are not well described in conservative countries like Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, elicit gender differences and identify associated factors of pornographic exposure including perceived realism among college students. This cross-sectional study was conducted among students aged 18 to 25 years from seven colleges in Penang, Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data on socio-demographic characteristics, pornography exposure, pattern of use, sexual exposure and perceived realism. Among 986 participants, the prevalence of lifetime pornography exposure was 74.5%. More males (71.7%) were exposed to pornography, had started at earlier age, were frequent users and using the internet alone at home (p < 0.001). Males had higher odds of having exposure (Adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 20.44, 95% CI: 12.50-33.42, p < 0.001), whilst those who perceived pornography as real had lower odds of having pornographic exposure (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43-0.94, p = 0.02). There is a high prevalence of pornography exposure among Malaysian college students, especially involving males. Easy access to pornographic materials at home facilitates this activity. Gender and perceived realism determined their pornographic exposure. Thus, parental monitoring of online access and planning structured activities to occupy free time are recommended at an early age.

International Journal of Adolescence and Youth

This was a cross-sectional study to identify the association between sociocognitive factors (perm... more This was a cross-sectional study to identify the association between sociocognitive factors (permissive attitude, social-norms, and self-efficacy) and intention towards sexual activity among 466 Malaysian school-going late adolescents (aged 18-19 years) in Kuantan, Malaysia. Majority were females (64.4%), Malays (67.4%) and Muslims (68.2%). Simple logistic regression from data collected by self-administered validated Youth Sexual-Intention Questionnaire (YSI-Q) showed significantly increase risk of having sexual intention for each unit increase in permissive attitude, social-norms and self-efficacy scores with the odds ratio (OR) of 1.424, 1.303 and 1.215, respectively. On the other hand, multivariate logistic regression resulted in male, non-Malay, ever-smoker students and permissive attitude showing significantly higher risk towards having sexual intention with the OR of 0.163 (male was the reference group), 5.110, 3.288 and 1.236, respectively. In order to reduce risky sexual behaviour among adolescents, school-based health education is essential.

Medicine & Health

Kemurungan major adalah sejenis penyakit mental yang perlu diberikan perhatian kerana ianya boleh... more Kemurungan major adalah sejenis penyakit mental yang perlu diberikan perhatian kerana ianya boleh mengancam nyawa pesakit, apabila pesakit mempunyai keinginan untuk membunuh diri. Laporan kes ini adalah mengenai seorang remaja yang mengalami kemurungan major disamping menderita kecelaruan hiperaktif kurang daya tumpuan (ADHD), yang tidak pernah dikesan sebelum ini. Kami melaporkan kes remaja berumur 17 tahun yang datang ke klinik dengan gejala psikosomatik iaitu sakit di bahagian kiri dada yang berpanjangan. Beliau juga dikesan mempunyai gejala kemurungan major dan keinginan membunuh diri. Penyakit ADHD beliau tidak dapat dikesan awal. Artikel ini membincangkan mengenai kesukaran untuk mendiagnosis penyakit ADHD ketika remaja kerana pada umur tersebut mereka tidak mempunyai gejala tipikal yang dialami oleh kanak-kanak kecil. Kata kunci: kemurungan, kecelaruan hiperaktif kurang daya tumpuan, remaja

BMJ Open

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of anaemia among patients with type 2 diab... more ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of anaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) at primary care settings and its associated factors.Design, setting and participantsThis cross-sectional study involved 808 adult patients with T2DM and CKD who were recruited via systematic sampling from 20 public primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysia. Their sociodemographic, clinical and biomedical profiles were collected through interviews, examination of medical records and blood testing.ResultsThe prevalence of anaemia was 31.7% (256/808). The anaemia was mainly mild (61.5%) and normocytic normochromic (58.7%). About 88.7% of the patients with anaemia were not known to have anaemia prior to the study. Among 36 patients with documented history of anaemia, 80.6% were still anaemic, and only a half received iron therapy. Multivariate regression analysis showed that women (adjusted odd ratio (AOR): 1.57, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.21, p...