aaron swartz | University of Kentucky (original) (raw)
Papers by aaron swartz
While it\u27s founder Jimmy Wales often says that Wikipedia is mostly written by a dedicated grou... more While it\u27s founder Jimmy Wales often says that Wikipedia is mostly written by a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers. \u27This is part of the standard talk he gives all over the world. ?This is the group of around a thousand people who really matter?, he told us at Stanford. ?There is this tight community that is actually doing the bulk of all the editing?, he explained at the Oxford Internet Institute. ?It?s a group of around a thousand to two thousand people,? he informed the crowd at GEL 2005. These are just the three talks I watched, but Wales has given hundreds more like them. \u27At Stanford the students were skeptical. Wales was just counting the number of edits ? the number of times a user changed something and clicked save. Wouldn?t things be different if he counted the amount of text each user contributed?\u2
Revista Kavilando, 2016
Swartz was a fighter who looked all that knowledge, they do academics and researchers and is damm... more Swartz was a fighter who looked all that knowledge, they do academics and researchers and is dammed in the walls of the great universities or are restricted in "papers" of academic research journals, may be available for millions of scientists and entrepreneurs from around the world will give collective use, and thus put science and technology to serve the peopleand not large multinationals.
Free Culture, Phase 2 was inspired by the good work already occurring in the free culture space. ... more Free Culture, Phase 2 was inspired by the good work already occurring in the free culture space. Our invited participants continue to advocate for media democracy, build political and civic energy among the younger generation, and use digital media, especially the internet, as vehicles for education and engagement. The convening will explore the overlapping strategies and visions that link these groups, and look to what's next for building a free, participatory culture. Free Culture, Phase 2 will convene a "brain trust" of digital culture and policy leaders, including young voices from the fields of youth media, internet and music policy, and internet activism, to build strategies for what has been called the Free Culture movement. Diverse organizations, activists and cultural workers have advanced the freedom for people to use digital tools, including the internet, to tell their own stories and build their own cultures. These digital leaders will gather to C E N T E R...
una vita per la cultura libera e la giustizia sociale http://aaronswartztributo.tumblr.com/ proge... more una vita per la cultura libera e la giustizia sociale http://aaronswartztributo.tumblr.com/ progetto e coordinamento: bernardo parrella e andrea zanni. copertina:eleonora oscari e alessandra costi; foto:sage ross (cc by-sa). traduzioni: marco caresia, cristian consonni, elena corradini, silvia franchini, francesco pandini, bernardo parrella, mauro pili, eusebia parrotto, valentina tosi, andrea zanni. ebook rilasciato con licenza creative commons by-nc-sa 3.0. versione 1.0, 11 gennaio 2014 Think deeply about things. Don't just go along because that's the way things are or that's what your friends say. Consider the effects, consider the alternatives, but most importantly, just think.-A. S. forse avrebbe detto lui) a costringerlo al suicidio. Un dato di fatto su cui c'è poco da controbattere, come hanno confermatouna molteplicità di fonti e come documentano le testimonianze raccolte qui di seguito. Pur se la vicenda del-furto di documenti‖ resta a tutt'oggi poco chiara, se non controversa, così come ambigua e controversa rimane la posizione da Ponzio Pilato assunta dai dirigenti del MIT nell'intera fase del procedimento giudiziario e ribadita dal rapporto-inchiestastilato dal Prof. HalAbelson lo scorso luglio. Una-neutralità‖ che Bob Swartz, il padre di Aaron, non esita invece a definire-un abdicare‖ nei confronti del figlio, una sorta di-complicità con l'indagine penale‖. Come si legge una lunga analisi a freddo pubblicata dal Boston Magazinea inizio 2014, e caldamente consigliata: «Con il suo silenzio, l'amministrazione del MIT ha tradito la propria missione». In definitiva, insiste Lessig, la morte di Aaron è colpa di un sistema che ha fallito, di una giustizia che si trasforma in persecuzione. Non a caso lo stesso Aaron confidava al padre, negli ultimi giorni, di sentirsi come il protagonista del Processo di Franz Kafka (Josef K., che alla fine viene ammazzato). La sua storia è allo stesso tempo emblematica e straordinaria, e c'è un dubbio che, fra gli altri, emerge con forza: cosa possiamo fare, se anche i migliori fra noi rimangono schiacciati? Qual è la speranza? L'unica speranza possibile, ricorda ancora Lessig nel discorso più bello e commovente che abbia mai tenuto, è la speranza dell'amore, che per definizione non guarda alle probabilità di successo o meno, bensì procede in avanti all'infinito. Se amiamo questo nostro mondo, nonostante tutto, ha senso provare a migliorarlo. Ogni sistema umano è un'istituzione, e le istituzioni sono convenzioni, e le convenzioni si cambiano. Anche se è dura vedere i più brillanti tra noi dover soccombere anche per farci rammentare il livello della posta in gioco. Aaron Swartz non era un santo né un martire, ma un ragazzo, una persona come tante altre eppure diverso da tutti: aveva un inesorabile fuoco che gli ardeva dentro, e che ancor'oggi continua a bruciare. Ora tocca a noi tenerlo vivo e propagarlo. Grazie, Aaron, di tutto.
A major aim of biomolecular modelling is the calculation of binding affinities deltaG of ligands ... more A major aim of biomolecular modelling is the calculation of binding affinities deltaG of ligands to proteins, especially enzymes. The spectrum of methods that has been developed for this task ranges from theoretically exact but expensive to more simple and qualitative ones. While the latter are often empirical scoring functions using one single structure as an input, the more complex methods require the preferably complete conformational space of a protein-ligand complex which can be sampled using methods such as molecular dynamics (MD). The intention of this thesis was to test and further develop methods for the calculation of deltaG, in particular variants of the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA) method. Furthermore, the effects of specific resistance mutations on the structure and dynamics of proteins should be determined using different metrics on MD simulation data. The first step to quantitative modelling using MD is the description of the molecules b...
Information is power. But like all power, there are those who want to keep it for themselves. The... more Information is power. But like all power, there are those who want to keep it for themselves. The world's entire scientific and cultural heritage, published over centuries in books and journals, is increasingly being digitized and locked up by a handful of private corporations. Want to read the papers featuring the most famous results of the sciences? You'll need to send enormous amounts to publishers like Reed Elsevier. There are those struggling to change this. The Open Access Movement has fought valiantly to ensure that scientists do not sign their copyrights away but instead ensure their work is published on the Internet, under terms that allow anyone to access it. But even under the best scenarios, their work will only apply to things published in the future. Everything up until now will have been lost. That is too high a price to pay. Forcing academics to pay money to read the work of their colleagues? Scanning entire libraries but only allowing the folks at Google to read them? Providing scientific articles to those at elite universities in the First World, but not to children in the Global South? It's outrageous and unacceptable. "I agree," many say, "but what can we do? The companies hold the copyrights, they make enormous amounts of money by charging for access, and it's perfectly legal — there's nothing we can do to stop them." But there is something we can, something that's already being done: we can fight back. Those with access to these resources — students, librarians, scientists — you have been given a privilege. You get to feed at this banquet of knowledge while the rest of the world is locked out. But you need not — indeed, morally, you cannot — keep this privilege for yourselves. You have a duty to share it with the world. And you have: trading passwords with colleagues, filling download requests for friends. Meanwhile, those who have been locked out are not standing idly by. You have been sneaking through holes and climbing over fences, liberating the information locked up by the publishers and sharing them with your friends. But all of this action goes on in the dark, hidden underground. It's called stealing or piracy, as if sharing a wealth of knowledge were the moral equivalent of plundering a ship and murdering its crew. But sharing isn't immoral — it's a moral imperative. Only those blinded by greed would refuse to let a friend make a copy. Large corporations, of course, are blinded by greed. The laws under which they operate require it — their shareholders would revolt at anything less. And the politicians they have bought off back them, passing laws giving them the exclusive power to decide who can make copies. There is no justice in following unjust laws. It's time to come into the light and, in the grand tradition of civil disobedience, declare our opposition to this private theft of public culture. We need to take information, wherever it is stored, make our copies and share them with the world. We need to take stuff that's out of copyright and add it to the archive. We need to buy secret databases and put them on the Web. We need to download scientific journals and upload them to file sharing networks. We need to fight for Guerilla Open Access. With enough of us, around the world, we'll not just send a strong message opposing the privatization of knowledge — we'll make it a thing of the past. Will you join us?
Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology, 2013
In 2009, I invited Aaron Swartz to contribute a "synthesis lecture"-essentially a short online bo... more In 2009, I invited Aaron Swartz to contribute a "synthesis lecture"-essentially a short online book-to a new series I was editing on Web Engineering. Aaron produced a draft of about 40 pages, which is the document you see here. This was a "first version" to be extended later. Unfortunately, and much to my regret, that never happened. The version produced by Aaron was not intended to be the finished product. He wrote this relatively quickly, and sent it to us for comments. I sent him a short set, and later Frank van Harmelen, who had joined as a coeditor of the series, sent a longer set. Aaron iterated with us for a bit, but then went on to other things and hadn't managed to finish. With Aaron's death in January, 2013, we decided it would be good to publish this so people could read, in his own words, his ideas about programming the Web, his ambivalence about different aspects of the Semantic Web technology, some thoughts on Openness, etc. This document was originally produced in "markdown" format, a simplified HTML/Wiki format that Aaron co-designed with John Gruber ca. 2004. We used one of the many free markdown tools available on the Web to turn it into HTML, and then in turn went from there to Latex to PDF, to produce this document.
This document describes a media type (application/rdf+xml) for use with the Extensible Markup Lan... more This document describes a media type (application/rdf+xml) for use with the Extensible Markup Language (XML) serialization of the Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF is a language designed to support the Semantic Web, by facilitating resource description and data exchange on the Web. RDF provides common structures that can be used for interoperable data exchange and follows the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) design principles of interoperability, evolution, and decentralization.
... Compulsory Arbitration Aaron S. Swartz, Jr., was graduated from Princeton University and Univ... more ... Compulsory Arbitration Aaron S. Swartz, Jr., was graduated from Princeton University and Univer-sity of Pennsylvania Law School. En-gaged in the general practice of law since 1911 in Norristown,Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, he is now senior partner in his law firm. ...
The Best Software Writing I
Value in Health, 2011
Ϫ0.63Ϯ0.67 increasingly according to the follow up duration. The mean MR at 3 month, 6 month and ... more Ϫ0.63Ϯ0.67 increasingly according to the follow up duration. The mean MR at 3 month, 6 month and 12 month of local hospital were Ϫ0.48Ϯ0.62, Ϫ0.43Ϯ0.52 and Ϫ0.47Ϯ0.47. A generalized linear mixed model with a random intercept for MR change revealed that the higher manifest refraction was significantly influenced by the longer follow up time (pϽ0.001) but the hospital characteristic was not influence to MR (pϭ0.319). No significant interaction between follow up duration and level of medical institution was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Although observational study might be confounded by indication bias, no evidence of such bias was detected. It may reflect real world and assessment of indication bias still provide us with benefits on clinically relevant interpretation about current experience of medical interventions.
Journal of Surgical Education, 2012
OBJECTIVES. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) modified the designa... more OBJECTIVES. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) modified the designation of major (index) operative cases to include those previously considered "minor." This study assessed the potential effect of these changes on resident operative experience. METHODS. With Institutional Review Board approval, we analyzed National Surgical Quality Improvement Program participant use files for 2005-2008 for general and vascular surgery cases. Primary CPT case coding was mapped to the ACGME major case category using both the old and new classification schemes. The variables were analyzed using 2 analysis in SPSS IBM 19 (IBM, Armonk, New York). RESULTS. A total of 576,019 cases were reviewed. Major cases as defined by the new classification represented an increasing proportion of the cases each year, rising from 88.3% in 2005 to 95% by 2008 (p Ͻ 0.001). Major cases as defined by the old scheme decreased from 71% in 2005 to 62% by 2008 (p Ͻ 0.001). The cases covered by a resident dropped from 82% in 2005 to 61% in 2008 (p Ͻ 0.001). When comparing the new to the old scheme, 364,366 (63.3%) cases were considered major and 30,587 (5.3%) were minor by both standards; 7089 (1.2%) cases previously classified as major were changed to minor, whereas 173,977 (30.2%) (p Ͻ 0.001) previously classified as minor were now major. This latter group showed top procedures to include excision of breast lesion (22,175 [12.7%]), laparoscopic gastric bypass (18,825 [10.8%]), ventral hernia repair (14,732 [8.5%]), and appendectomy (10,190 [5.9%]). Of these newly designated major cases, the proportion not covered by residents increased from 22% in 2005 to 44% in 2007 and 2008 (p Ͻ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS. Although some operative cases newly classified as major are technically advanced procedures (eg, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass), other cases are not (eg, breast lesion excision), which raises the issue as to whether the major case category has been diluted by less demanding case types. The implications of these findings may suggest preservation of case volumes at the expense of case quality.
Revista Kavilando, 2014
espanolSwartz, era un luchador que buscaba que todo ese conocimiento, que hacen academicos e inve... more espanolSwartz, era un luchador que buscaba que todo ese conocimiento, que hacen academicos e investigadores y que queda represado en los muros de las grandesuniversidades o quedan restringidos en “papers” de revistas de investigacion academica, pudiera estar disponible para que millones de cientificos y emprendedores de todo el mundo le dieran uso colectivo, y asi, poner la ciencia y la tecnologia al servicio de los pueblos y no de las grandes transnacionales. EnglishSwartz was a fighter who looked all that knowledge, they do academics and researchers and is dammed in the walls of the great universities or are restrictedin “papers” of academic research journals, may be available for millions of scientists and entrepreneurs from around the world will give collective use, and thus put science and technology to serve the peopleand not large multinationals.
While it\u27s founder Jimmy Wales often says that Wikipedia is mostly written by a dedicated grou... more While it\u27s founder Jimmy Wales often says that Wikipedia is mostly written by a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers. \u27This is part of the standard talk he gives all over the world. ?This is the group of around a thousand people who really matter?, he told us at Stanford. ?There is this tight community that is actually doing the bulk of all the editing?, he explained at the Oxford Internet Institute. ?It?s a group of around a thousand to two thousand people,? he informed the crowd at GEL 2005. These are just the three talks I watched, but Wales has given hundreds more like them. \u27At Stanford the students were skeptical. Wales was just counting the number of edits ? the number of times a user changed something and clicked save. Wouldn?t things be different if he counted the amount of text each user contributed?\u2
Revista Kavilando, 2016
Swartz was a fighter who looked all that knowledge, they do academics and researchers and is damm... more Swartz was a fighter who looked all that knowledge, they do academics and researchers and is dammed in the walls of the great universities or are restricted in "papers" of academic research journals, may be available for millions of scientists and entrepreneurs from around the world will give collective use, and thus put science and technology to serve the peopleand not large multinationals.
Free Culture, Phase 2 was inspired by the good work already occurring in the free culture space. ... more Free Culture, Phase 2 was inspired by the good work already occurring in the free culture space. Our invited participants continue to advocate for media democracy, build political and civic energy among the younger generation, and use digital media, especially the internet, as vehicles for education and engagement. The convening will explore the overlapping strategies and visions that link these groups, and look to what's next for building a free, participatory culture. Free Culture, Phase 2 will convene a "brain trust" of digital culture and policy leaders, including young voices from the fields of youth media, internet and music policy, and internet activism, to build strategies for what has been called the Free Culture movement. Diverse organizations, activists and cultural workers have advanced the freedom for people to use digital tools, including the internet, to tell their own stories and build their own cultures. These digital leaders will gather to C E N T E R...
una vita per la cultura libera e la giustizia sociale http://aaronswartztributo.tumblr.com/ proge... more una vita per la cultura libera e la giustizia sociale http://aaronswartztributo.tumblr.com/ progetto e coordinamento: bernardo parrella e andrea zanni. copertina:eleonora oscari e alessandra costi; foto:sage ross (cc by-sa). traduzioni: marco caresia, cristian consonni, elena corradini, silvia franchini, francesco pandini, bernardo parrella, mauro pili, eusebia parrotto, valentina tosi, andrea zanni. ebook rilasciato con licenza creative commons by-nc-sa 3.0. versione 1.0, 11 gennaio 2014 Think deeply about things. Don't just go along because that's the way things are or that's what your friends say. Consider the effects, consider the alternatives, but most importantly, just think.-A. S. forse avrebbe detto lui) a costringerlo al suicidio. Un dato di fatto su cui c'è poco da controbattere, come hanno confermatouna molteplicità di fonti e come documentano le testimonianze raccolte qui di seguito. Pur se la vicenda del-furto di documenti‖ resta a tutt'oggi poco chiara, se non controversa, così come ambigua e controversa rimane la posizione da Ponzio Pilato assunta dai dirigenti del MIT nell'intera fase del procedimento giudiziario e ribadita dal rapporto-inchiestastilato dal Prof. HalAbelson lo scorso luglio. Una-neutralità‖ che Bob Swartz, il padre di Aaron, non esita invece a definire-un abdicare‖ nei confronti del figlio, una sorta di-complicità con l'indagine penale‖. Come si legge una lunga analisi a freddo pubblicata dal Boston Magazinea inizio 2014, e caldamente consigliata: «Con il suo silenzio, l'amministrazione del MIT ha tradito la propria missione». In definitiva, insiste Lessig, la morte di Aaron è colpa di un sistema che ha fallito, di una giustizia che si trasforma in persecuzione. Non a caso lo stesso Aaron confidava al padre, negli ultimi giorni, di sentirsi come il protagonista del Processo di Franz Kafka (Josef K., che alla fine viene ammazzato). La sua storia è allo stesso tempo emblematica e straordinaria, e c'è un dubbio che, fra gli altri, emerge con forza: cosa possiamo fare, se anche i migliori fra noi rimangono schiacciati? Qual è la speranza? L'unica speranza possibile, ricorda ancora Lessig nel discorso più bello e commovente che abbia mai tenuto, è la speranza dell'amore, che per definizione non guarda alle probabilità di successo o meno, bensì procede in avanti all'infinito. Se amiamo questo nostro mondo, nonostante tutto, ha senso provare a migliorarlo. Ogni sistema umano è un'istituzione, e le istituzioni sono convenzioni, e le convenzioni si cambiano. Anche se è dura vedere i più brillanti tra noi dover soccombere anche per farci rammentare il livello della posta in gioco. Aaron Swartz non era un santo né un martire, ma un ragazzo, una persona come tante altre eppure diverso da tutti: aveva un inesorabile fuoco che gli ardeva dentro, e che ancor'oggi continua a bruciare. Ora tocca a noi tenerlo vivo e propagarlo. Grazie, Aaron, di tutto.
A major aim of biomolecular modelling is the calculation of binding affinities deltaG of ligands ... more A major aim of biomolecular modelling is the calculation of binding affinities deltaG of ligands to proteins, especially enzymes. The spectrum of methods that has been developed for this task ranges from theoretically exact but expensive to more simple and qualitative ones. While the latter are often empirical scoring functions using one single structure as an input, the more complex methods require the preferably complete conformational space of a protein-ligand complex which can be sampled using methods such as molecular dynamics (MD). The intention of this thesis was to test and further develop methods for the calculation of deltaG, in particular variants of the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA) method. Furthermore, the effects of specific resistance mutations on the structure and dynamics of proteins should be determined using different metrics on MD simulation data. The first step to quantitative modelling using MD is the description of the molecules b...
Information is power. But like all power, there are those who want to keep it for themselves. The... more Information is power. But like all power, there are those who want to keep it for themselves. The world's entire scientific and cultural heritage, published over centuries in books and journals, is increasingly being digitized and locked up by a handful of private corporations. Want to read the papers featuring the most famous results of the sciences? You'll need to send enormous amounts to publishers like Reed Elsevier. There are those struggling to change this. The Open Access Movement has fought valiantly to ensure that scientists do not sign their copyrights away but instead ensure their work is published on the Internet, under terms that allow anyone to access it. But even under the best scenarios, their work will only apply to things published in the future. Everything up until now will have been lost. That is too high a price to pay. Forcing academics to pay money to read the work of their colleagues? Scanning entire libraries but only allowing the folks at Google to read them? Providing scientific articles to those at elite universities in the First World, but not to children in the Global South? It's outrageous and unacceptable. "I agree," many say, "but what can we do? The companies hold the copyrights, they make enormous amounts of money by charging for access, and it's perfectly legal — there's nothing we can do to stop them." But there is something we can, something that's already being done: we can fight back. Those with access to these resources — students, librarians, scientists — you have been given a privilege. You get to feed at this banquet of knowledge while the rest of the world is locked out. But you need not — indeed, morally, you cannot — keep this privilege for yourselves. You have a duty to share it with the world. And you have: trading passwords with colleagues, filling download requests for friends. Meanwhile, those who have been locked out are not standing idly by. You have been sneaking through holes and climbing over fences, liberating the information locked up by the publishers and sharing them with your friends. But all of this action goes on in the dark, hidden underground. It's called stealing or piracy, as if sharing a wealth of knowledge were the moral equivalent of plundering a ship and murdering its crew. But sharing isn't immoral — it's a moral imperative. Only those blinded by greed would refuse to let a friend make a copy. Large corporations, of course, are blinded by greed. The laws under which they operate require it — their shareholders would revolt at anything less. And the politicians they have bought off back them, passing laws giving them the exclusive power to decide who can make copies. There is no justice in following unjust laws. It's time to come into the light and, in the grand tradition of civil disobedience, declare our opposition to this private theft of public culture. We need to take information, wherever it is stored, make our copies and share them with the world. We need to take stuff that's out of copyright and add it to the archive. We need to buy secret databases and put them on the Web. We need to download scientific journals and upload them to file sharing networks. We need to fight for Guerilla Open Access. With enough of us, around the world, we'll not just send a strong message opposing the privatization of knowledge — we'll make it a thing of the past. Will you join us?
Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology, 2013
In 2009, I invited Aaron Swartz to contribute a "synthesis lecture"-essentially a short online bo... more In 2009, I invited Aaron Swartz to contribute a "synthesis lecture"-essentially a short online book-to a new series I was editing on Web Engineering. Aaron produced a draft of about 40 pages, which is the document you see here. This was a "first version" to be extended later. Unfortunately, and much to my regret, that never happened. The version produced by Aaron was not intended to be the finished product. He wrote this relatively quickly, and sent it to us for comments. I sent him a short set, and later Frank van Harmelen, who had joined as a coeditor of the series, sent a longer set. Aaron iterated with us for a bit, but then went on to other things and hadn't managed to finish. With Aaron's death in January, 2013, we decided it would be good to publish this so people could read, in his own words, his ideas about programming the Web, his ambivalence about different aspects of the Semantic Web technology, some thoughts on Openness, etc. This document was originally produced in "markdown" format, a simplified HTML/Wiki format that Aaron co-designed with John Gruber ca. 2004. We used one of the many free markdown tools available on the Web to turn it into HTML, and then in turn went from there to Latex to PDF, to produce this document.
This document describes a media type (application/rdf+xml) for use with the Extensible Markup Lan... more This document describes a media type (application/rdf+xml) for use with the Extensible Markup Language (XML) serialization of the Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF is a language designed to support the Semantic Web, by facilitating resource description and data exchange on the Web. RDF provides common structures that can be used for interoperable data exchange and follows the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) design principles of interoperability, evolution, and decentralization.
... Compulsory Arbitration Aaron S. Swartz, Jr., was graduated from Princeton University and Univ... more ... Compulsory Arbitration Aaron S. Swartz, Jr., was graduated from Princeton University and Univer-sity of Pennsylvania Law School. En-gaged in the general practice of law since 1911 in Norristown,Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, he is now senior partner in his law firm. ...
The Best Software Writing I
Value in Health, 2011
Ϫ0.63Ϯ0.67 increasingly according to the follow up duration. The mean MR at 3 month, 6 month and ... more Ϫ0.63Ϯ0.67 increasingly according to the follow up duration. The mean MR at 3 month, 6 month and 12 month of local hospital were Ϫ0.48Ϯ0.62, Ϫ0.43Ϯ0.52 and Ϫ0.47Ϯ0.47. A generalized linear mixed model with a random intercept for MR change revealed that the higher manifest refraction was significantly influenced by the longer follow up time (pϽ0.001) but the hospital characteristic was not influence to MR (pϭ0.319). No significant interaction between follow up duration and level of medical institution was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Although observational study might be confounded by indication bias, no evidence of such bias was detected. It may reflect real world and assessment of indication bias still provide us with benefits on clinically relevant interpretation about current experience of medical interventions.
Journal of Surgical Education, 2012
OBJECTIVES. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) modified the designa... more OBJECTIVES. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) modified the designation of major (index) operative cases to include those previously considered "minor." This study assessed the potential effect of these changes on resident operative experience. METHODS. With Institutional Review Board approval, we analyzed National Surgical Quality Improvement Program participant use files for 2005-2008 for general and vascular surgery cases. Primary CPT case coding was mapped to the ACGME major case category using both the old and new classification schemes. The variables were analyzed using 2 analysis in SPSS IBM 19 (IBM, Armonk, New York). RESULTS. A total of 576,019 cases were reviewed. Major cases as defined by the new classification represented an increasing proportion of the cases each year, rising from 88.3% in 2005 to 95% by 2008 (p Ͻ 0.001). Major cases as defined by the old scheme decreased from 71% in 2005 to 62% by 2008 (p Ͻ 0.001). The cases covered by a resident dropped from 82% in 2005 to 61% in 2008 (p Ͻ 0.001). When comparing the new to the old scheme, 364,366 (63.3%) cases were considered major and 30,587 (5.3%) were minor by both standards; 7089 (1.2%) cases previously classified as major were changed to minor, whereas 173,977 (30.2%) (p Ͻ 0.001) previously classified as minor were now major. This latter group showed top procedures to include excision of breast lesion (22,175 [12.7%]), laparoscopic gastric bypass (18,825 [10.8%]), ventral hernia repair (14,732 [8.5%]), and appendectomy (10,190 [5.9%]). Of these newly designated major cases, the proportion not covered by residents increased from 22% in 2005 to 44% in 2007 and 2008 (p Ͻ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS. Although some operative cases newly classified as major are technically advanced procedures (eg, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass), other cases are not (eg, breast lesion excision), which raises the issue as to whether the major case category has been diluted by less demanding case types. The implications of these findings may suggest preservation of case volumes at the expense of case quality.
Revista Kavilando, 2014
espanolSwartz, era un luchador que buscaba que todo ese conocimiento, que hacen academicos e inve... more espanolSwartz, era un luchador que buscaba que todo ese conocimiento, que hacen academicos e investigadores y que queda represado en los muros de las grandesuniversidades o quedan restringidos en “papers” de revistas de investigacion academica, pudiera estar disponible para que millones de cientificos y emprendedores de todo el mundo le dieran uso colectivo, y asi, poner la ciencia y la tecnologia al servicio de los pueblos y no de las grandes transnacionales. EnglishSwartz was a fighter who looked all that knowledge, they do academics and researchers and is dammed in the walls of the great universities or are restrictedin “papers” of academic research journals, may be available for millions of scientists and entrepreneurs from around the world will give collective use, and thus put science and technology to serve the peopleand not large multinationals.