Jocelyn Maclure | Université Laval (original) (raw)

Papers by Jocelyn Maclure

Research paper thumbnail of AI, Explainability and Public Reason: The Argument from the Limitations of the Human Mind

Minds and Machines , 2021

[Open Access] Machine learning-based AI algorithms lack transparency. In this article, I offer an... more [Open Access] Machine learning-based AI algorithms lack transparency. In this article, I offer an interpretation of AI’s explainability problem and highlight its ethical saliency. I try to make the case for the legal enforcement of a strong explainability requirement: human organizations which decide to automate decision-making should be legally obliged to demonstrate the capacity to explain and justify the algorithmic decisions that have an impact on the wellbeing, rights, and opportunities of those affected by the decisions. This legal duty can be derived from the demands of Rawlsian public reason. In the second part of the paper, I try to show that the argument from the limitations of human cognition fails to get AI off the hook of public reason. Against a growing trend in AI ethics, my main argument is that the analogy between human minds and artificial neural networks fails because it suffers from an atomistic bias which makes it blind to the social and institutional dimension of human reasoning processes. I suggest that developing interpretive AI algorithms is not the only possible answer to the explainability problem; social and institutional answers are also available and in many cases more trustworthy than techno-scientific ones.

Research paper thumbnail of The Merits and Limits of Conscience-Based Legal Exemptions

Criminal Law & Philosophy , 2020

Forthcoming in Criminal Law & Philosophy Exemption claims remain a tangled and divisive moral an... more Forthcoming in Criminal Law & Philosophy

Exemption claims remain a tangled and divisive moral and legal issue both in academia and in the public sphere. In his book Exemptions: Necessary, Justified, or Misguided?, the constitutional scholar Kent Greenawalt zeros in on the vexed question of whether exemptions from rules of general applicability based on the conscientious convictions of individuals or groups are sometimes justified or prudent by discussing a wide range of cases drawn from the American jurisprudence. Although he does not engage in a significant way with political and legal philosophy and comparative law, his contextualist and pragmatic approach is a powerful antidote against oversimplification and dogmatism with regard to exemption claims. Unsurprisingly, Greenawalt’s approach comes at times dangerously close to casuistry, and some of his analyses and normative recommendations would benefit from a firmer footing in moral principles and rational argumentation. In this review, I flesh out some of the strengths and limits of Greenawalt’s valuable book.

Research paper thumbnail of The New AI Spring: A Deflationary View

AI & Society, 2019

The new AI spring has been powered by the ongoing increase of the brute force of computers combin... more The new AI spring has been powered by the ongoing increase of the brute force of computers combined with the availability of large digital datasets and with the replacement of the formal logic-based approaches to AI with various kinds of machine learning algorithms. This renewal launched a new wave of outlandish speculation about the future development of AI. DeepMind’s founder Demis Hassabis dreams of building the first “artificial general intelligence” (AGI) and, holding nothing back, thinkers such Ray Kurzweil (2006), Nick Bostrom (2014), Max Tegmark (2017) and David Chalmers (2010) either predict that the technological “Singularity“ is near or at the very least that we should be thinking hard about the emergence of artificial superintelligence. The coming of the überAI is more likely, according to them, than the rise of Zarathustra’s übermensch.

Research paper thumbnail of MÉTAÉTHIQUE ET PHILOSOPHIE NORMATIVE : DEUX APPROCHES

Les Ateliers de l'éthique, 2020

In this paper,we compare two different approaches to metaethics, both of which supported by philo... more In this paper,we compare two different approaches to metaethics, both of which supported by philosophers who had an interest in metaethics and in normative philosophy. The first approach was developed by Ruwen Ogien. It gives priority to semantics, which inspires the other branches of metaethics. The second approach comes from John Rawls and his successors. It takes normative questions as a starting point. But it does not however abandon metaethics. Metaethical reflection is formulated in different terms, and in a way that makes it particularly relevant for those who are interested in normative questions. It nevertheless leads to what we call a “metaethics minimalism” that calls for further elaboration. Résumé: Cet article se propose de comparer deux approches différentes de la métaéthique, toutes deux portées par des penseurs qui ont conjugué un intérêt pour les questions métaéthiques et pour les questions normatives. La première approche, qui est celle de Ruwen Ogien, accorde une priorité à la question sémantique. La sémantique inspire le reste de la réflexion métaéthique. La deuxième approche, qui trouve ses sources chez John Rawls et ceux qui lui ont succédé, prend quant à elle les questions normatives comme point de départ, sans pour autant délaisser la réflexion métaéthique. Celle-ci est menée dans des termes différents, qui s’avèrent particulièrement pertinents pour ceux qui s’intéressent aux questions normatives. Elle aboutit néanmoins à ce que nous appellerons un «minimalisme métaéthique», qui appelle un certain nombre de compléments.

Research paper thumbnail of Le nouvel âge de l'intelligence artificielle : une synthèse des enjeux éthiques

Les Cahiers de propriété intellectuelle, 2018

Rejetant la théorie catastrophiste du robot dominant l’humain, les auteurs discutent de risques p... more Rejetant la théorie catastrophiste du robot dominant l’humain,
les auteurs discutent de risques potentiels du développement de
l’intelligence artifi cielle et de certains enjeux éthiques qu’ils soulèvent
; de la transparence des algorithmes à la protection de la vie
privée, en passant par les impacts de l’automatisation par l’IA sur le
monde du travail

Research paper thumbnail of THE REGULATION OF HATEFUL AND HURTFUL SPEECH: LIBERALISM'S UNCOMFORTABLE PREDICAMENT

The regulation of speech is a highly sensitive and always evolving ethical, political, and legal ... more The regulation of speech is a highly sensitive and always evolving ethical, political, and legal issue. On the one hand, hateful and hurtful speech is on the rise, especially, but not exclusively, with regard to the relationship between Islam and the West. We can also think of the radicalization of discourse brought about by the interactive phase of the Internet. On the other hand, demands for the suppression of certain forms of speech proliferate. After reviewing the argument for freedom of expression, I argue that while the notion of harm defended by Millian liberals is too narrow, an “offence principle” is too broad. After defending hate speech laws, I concede that such laws need to target only the speech acts that express the most severe forms of aversion and denigration toward the members of a specific group. I then reflect on the status of “hurtful speech”, which I see as including the performative utterances that stop short of being hateful but nonetheless erode, through their illocutionary force and perlocutionary effects, the social standing and bases for self-respect of those who are targeted. I conclude that the free speech debate reveals a limit of liberal political morality and leaves liberal normative theorists with an uncomfortable predicament, as they have to rely more on the complementary role of pro-social personal dispositions and civic virtues than they generally wish to.

Research paper thumbnail of L’avenir contextualiste du constructivisme métaéthique : le constructivisme humien amendé

Dialogue. Canadian Philosophy Review, 2018

I defend in this paper a version of what Sharon Street dubbed “Humean Constructivism,”that I see ... more I defend in this paper a version of what Sharon Street dubbed “Humean Constructivism,”that I see as a form of contextual constructivism. I’ll first sketch out why I think that contextual constructivism provides us with a more plausible understanding of the ontological status of moral values than both Kantian constructivism and moral realism. I will suggest that, in addition to its recognition of the role of evolutionary pressures in the emergence of human morality, contextual constructivism must now clarify the role of historical intersubjectivity in the subsequent development of morality. “Historical intersubjectivity” refers here to the collective intentional practices by means of which beliefs and values come into being and become authoritative in specific contexts. More specifically, I will focus on the expression of moral disagreement and on the practices of resistance put forward by agents who see themselves as treated unjustly. I will then claim that adding a coherentist module to Humean constructivism provides a satisfactory answer to those fear that contextual metaethical theories can only be non cognitivist. Finally, I will sketch out why I think that the notion of a mind-independent “space of moral reasons”, often claimed by moral realists, is to a large extent compatible with Humean constructivism.

Research paper thumbnail of Conscientious Objection to Medical Assistance in Dying: A Qualitative Study with Quebec Physicians/Objection de conscience et aide médicale à mourir : une étude qualitative auprès de médecins québécois

Canadian Journal of Bioethics Revue canadienne de bioéthique, 2019

(English version of the paper follows the French version) Patients in Quebec can legally obtai... more (English version of the paper follows the French version)

Patients in Quebec can legally obtain medical assistance in dying (MAID) if they are able to give informed consent, have a serious and incurable illness, are at the end of their lives and are in a situation of unbearable suffering. Since the Supreme Court of Canada’s 2015 Carter decision, access to MAID, under certain conditions, has become a constitutional right. Quebec physicians are now likely to receive requests for MAID from their patients. The Quebec and Canadian laws recognize a physician’s right to conscientious objection, but this right is contested both in the medical ethics literature and in the public sphere. This paper presents the results of a qualitative study conducted with twenty Quebec physicians who did not integrate MAID into their medical practice, either because they were opposed to or deeply ambivalent about MAID. The interviews aimed to explore the reasons – religious and secular – for opposition to or ambivalence towards MAID. The secular reasons given by participants were grouped into four main categories: 1) the ends of medicine and professional identity, 2) the philosophy of palliative medicine and resource allocation in palliative care, 3) benevolent paternalism, the “good death”, and the interests of future selves, 4) the risk of a slippery slope and the protection of vulnerable people.

Les patients québécois peuvent légalement obtenir une aide médicale à mourir s’ils sont aptes à donner un consentement éclairé, atteints d’une maladie grave et incurable, en fin de vie et ont des souffrances qu’ils jugent intolérables. Depuis l’arrêt Carter (2015) de la Cour Suprême du Canada, l’accès, sous certaines conditions, à l’AMM est même devenu un droit constitutionnel. Les médecins québécois sont ainsi maintenant susceptibles de recevoir des demandes d’AMM de leurs patients. Les lois québécoise et canadienne reconnaissent aux médecins un droit à l’objection de conscience, mais le droit est contesté tant dans les écrits en éthique médicale que dans le débat public. L’article présente les résultats d’une étude qualitative menée auprès de vingt médecins québécois qui n’ont pas intégré l’AMM à leur pratique médicale en raison de leur opposition ou ambivalence à l’égard de l’AMM. Les entrevues visaient à explorer les raisons – religieuses et séculières – expliquant l’opposition ou l’ambivalence par rapport à l’AMM. Les raisons séculières exprimées par les participants ont ensuite été regroupées en quatre catégories et analysées. Les quatre catégories sont : 1) Finalités de la médecine et identité professionnelle, 2) Philosophie de la médecine palliative et allocation des ressources en soins palliatifs, 3) Paternalisme bienveillant, « bonne mort » et intérêts du soi futur, 4) Risque de la pente glissante et protection des personnes vulnérables.

Research paper thumbnail of Moving the debate forward: interculturalism’s contribution to multiculturalism

Comparative Migration Studies, 2018

In this article, we compare Ricard Zappata-Barrero’s interculturalism with Tariq Modood’smulticul... more In this article, we compare Ricard Zappata-Barrero’s interculturalism with Tariq Modood’smulticulturalism. We will discuss the relation between distinct elements that composeboth positions. We examine how recent discussions on interculturalism have thepotential to contribute to theories of multiculturalism without undermining theircore principles. Our position is close to that of Modood’sashehasalreadycarefullytried to incorporate interculturalist insights into his own multiculturalism. Yet weprovide a raise a few questions regarding Modood’s treatment of the relationbetween multiculturalism and interculturalism. After summarizing each author’spotion (I), we will comment on the following set of relations between their basicelements: (II) The relation between intercultural contact and intercultural dialogue;(III) The relation between contact at the local level and the societal/state level;(IV) The relation between group-specific measures, intercultural contact andmainstreaming

Research paper thumbnail of Toward a Political Theory of Secularism

in The Sources of Secularism. Enlightenment and Beyond, A. Tamasszewska & H. Hämäläinen (ed.), Pa... more in The Sources of Secularism. Enlightenment and Beyond, A. Tamasszewska & H. Hämäläinen (ed.), Palgrave, 2017.

Research paper thumbnail of Memoire commission parlementaire PL 21- Projet de loi sur la laïcité

Mémoire déposé à la Commission parlementaire étudiant le projet de loi 21 sur la laïcité de l'État

Research paper thumbnail of Charles Taylor: A Strong Evaluator

Research paper thumbnail of La laïcité véritable contre le populisme

Le Monde, 2019

Texte pour le journal Le Monde sur le projet de loi 21-Loi sur laïcité

Research paper thumbnail of Selling conscience short: a response to Schuklenk and Smalling on conscientious objections by medical professionals

Journal of Medical Ethics

In a thought-provoking paper, Schuklenk and Smalling argue that no right to conscientious objecti... more In a thought-provoking paper, Schuklenk and Smalling argue that no right to conscientious objection should be granted to medical professionals. First, they hold that it is impossible to assess either the truth of conscience-based claims or the sincerity of the objectors. Second, even a fettered right to conscientious refusal inevitably has adverse effects on the rights of patients. We argue that the main problem with their position is that it is not derived from a broader reflection on the meaning and implications of freedom of conscience and reasonable accommodation. We point out that they collapse two related but distinct questions, that is, the subjective conception of freedom of conscience and the sincerity test. We note that they do not successfully show that the standard norm according to which exemption claims should not impose undue hardship on others is unworkable. We suggest that the main reason why arguments such as no one is forced to be a medical professional are flawed is that public norms should not constrain citizens to choose between two of their basic rights unless it is necessary. In fine, Schuklenk and Smalling, who see conscience claims as arbitrary dislikes, sell freedom of conscience short and forego any attempts at balancing the competing rights involved. We maintain the authors neglect that most of legal reasoning is contextual and that the blanket restriction of healthcare professionals' freedom of conscience is disproportionate

Research paper thumbnail of Multiculturalism and Political Morality

in The Asghate Companion to Multiculturalism, 2010.

Research paper thumbnail of Mémoire. Projet de loi sur la neutralité religieuse de l'État

Mémoire soumis à la Commission des institutions, Assemblée nationale du Québec Consultations par... more Mémoire soumis à la
Commission des institutions, Assemblée nationale du Québec
Consultations particulières et auditions publiques sur le projet de loi no 62, Loi favorisant le respect de la neutralité religieuse de l’État et visant notamment à encadrer les demandes d’accommodements religieux dans certains organismes

Research paper thumbnail of Political Secularism and Public Reason. Three Remarks on Audi’s Democratic Authority and the Separation of Church and State

Research paper thumbnail of Après l'attentat de Québec, désamorçons la haine

Tribune sur l'attentat du 29 janvier 2017 à Québec rédigée avec Charles Taylor à la demande du jo... more Tribune sur l'attentat du 29 janvier 2017 à Québec rédigée avec Charles Taylor à la demande du journal Le Monde

Research paper thumbnail of Multiculturalism on the Back Seat? Culture, Justice, Religion

Alan Patten’s Equal Recognition is a major contribution to the normative literature on minority r... more Alan Patten’s Equal Recognition is a major contribution to the normative literature on minority rights. I nonetheless suggest that liberal culturalism as a normative theory, even in Patten’s sophisticated version, is ill suited to deal with the challenges related to the status of religion in the public sphere that are so prevalent in contemporary democracies. In addition, I submit that Patten did not supply a fully convincing answer to the argu- ment that liberal egalitarianism, well understood, is capacious enough to secure fair terms of social cooperation for members of cultural minorities, making the (allegedly burden- some) language of “cultural rights” and “cultural recognition” superfluous.

Research paper thumbnail of Political Secularism. A Sketch

Research paper thumbnail of AI, Explainability and Public Reason: The Argument from the Limitations of the Human Mind

Minds and Machines , 2021

[Open Access] Machine learning-based AI algorithms lack transparency. In this article, I offer an... more [Open Access] Machine learning-based AI algorithms lack transparency. In this article, I offer an interpretation of AI’s explainability problem and highlight its ethical saliency. I try to make the case for the legal enforcement of a strong explainability requirement: human organizations which decide to automate decision-making should be legally obliged to demonstrate the capacity to explain and justify the algorithmic decisions that have an impact on the wellbeing, rights, and opportunities of those affected by the decisions. This legal duty can be derived from the demands of Rawlsian public reason. In the second part of the paper, I try to show that the argument from the limitations of human cognition fails to get AI off the hook of public reason. Against a growing trend in AI ethics, my main argument is that the analogy between human minds and artificial neural networks fails because it suffers from an atomistic bias which makes it blind to the social and institutional dimension of human reasoning processes. I suggest that developing interpretive AI algorithms is not the only possible answer to the explainability problem; social and institutional answers are also available and in many cases more trustworthy than techno-scientific ones.

Research paper thumbnail of The Merits and Limits of Conscience-Based Legal Exemptions

Criminal Law & Philosophy , 2020

Forthcoming in Criminal Law & Philosophy Exemption claims remain a tangled and divisive moral an... more Forthcoming in Criminal Law & Philosophy

Exemption claims remain a tangled and divisive moral and legal issue both in academia and in the public sphere. In his book Exemptions: Necessary, Justified, or Misguided?, the constitutional scholar Kent Greenawalt zeros in on the vexed question of whether exemptions from rules of general applicability based on the conscientious convictions of individuals or groups are sometimes justified or prudent by discussing a wide range of cases drawn from the American jurisprudence. Although he does not engage in a significant way with political and legal philosophy and comparative law, his contextualist and pragmatic approach is a powerful antidote against oversimplification and dogmatism with regard to exemption claims. Unsurprisingly, Greenawalt’s approach comes at times dangerously close to casuistry, and some of his analyses and normative recommendations would benefit from a firmer footing in moral principles and rational argumentation. In this review, I flesh out some of the strengths and limits of Greenawalt’s valuable book.

Research paper thumbnail of The New AI Spring: A Deflationary View

AI & Society, 2019

The new AI spring has been powered by the ongoing increase of the brute force of computers combin... more The new AI spring has been powered by the ongoing increase of the brute force of computers combined with the availability of large digital datasets and with the replacement of the formal logic-based approaches to AI with various kinds of machine learning algorithms. This renewal launched a new wave of outlandish speculation about the future development of AI. DeepMind’s founder Demis Hassabis dreams of building the first “artificial general intelligence” (AGI) and, holding nothing back, thinkers such Ray Kurzweil (2006), Nick Bostrom (2014), Max Tegmark (2017) and David Chalmers (2010) either predict that the technological “Singularity“ is near or at the very least that we should be thinking hard about the emergence of artificial superintelligence. The coming of the überAI is more likely, according to them, than the rise of Zarathustra’s übermensch.

Research paper thumbnail of MÉTAÉTHIQUE ET PHILOSOPHIE NORMATIVE : DEUX APPROCHES

Les Ateliers de l'éthique, 2020

In this paper,we compare two different approaches to metaethics, both of which supported by philo... more In this paper,we compare two different approaches to metaethics, both of which supported by philosophers who had an interest in metaethics and in normative philosophy. The first approach was developed by Ruwen Ogien. It gives priority to semantics, which inspires the other branches of metaethics. The second approach comes from John Rawls and his successors. It takes normative questions as a starting point. But it does not however abandon metaethics. Metaethical reflection is formulated in different terms, and in a way that makes it particularly relevant for those who are interested in normative questions. It nevertheless leads to what we call a “metaethics minimalism” that calls for further elaboration. Résumé: Cet article se propose de comparer deux approches différentes de la métaéthique, toutes deux portées par des penseurs qui ont conjugué un intérêt pour les questions métaéthiques et pour les questions normatives. La première approche, qui est celle de Ruwen Ogien, accorde une priorité à la question sémantique. La sémantique inspire le reste de la réflexion métaéthique. La deuxième approche, qui trouve ses sources chez John Rawls et ceux qui lui ont succédé, prend quant à elle les questions normatives comme point de départ, sans pour autant délaisser la réflexion métaéthique. Celle-ci est menée dans des termes différents, qui s’avèrent particulièrement pertinents pour ceux qui s’intéressent aux questions normatives. Elle aboutit néanmoins à ce que nous appellerons un «minimalisme métaéthique», qui appelle un certain nombre de compléments.

Research paper thumbnail of Le nouvel âge de l'intelligence artificielle : une synthèse des enjeux éthiques

Les Cahiers de propriété intellectuelle, 2018

Rejetant la théorie catastrophiste du robot dominant l’humain, les auteurs discutent de risques p... more Rejetant la théorie catastrophiste du robot dominant l’humain,
les auteurs discutent de risques potentiels du développement de
l’intelligence artifi cielle et de certains enjeux éthiques qu’ils soulèvent
; de la transparence des algorithmes à la protection de la vie
privée, en passant par les impacts de l’automatisation par l’IA sur le
monde du travail

Research paper thumbnail of THE REGULATION OF HATEFUL AND HURTFUL SPEECH: LIBERALISM'S UNCOMFORTABLE PREDICAMENT

The regulation of speech is a highly sensitive and always evolving ethical, political, and legal ... more The regulation of speech is a highly sensitive and always evolving ethical, political, and legal issue. On the one hand, hateful and hurtful speech is on the rise, especially, but not exclusively, with regard to the relationship between Islam and the West. We can also think of the radicalization of discourse brought about by the interactive phase of the Internet. On the other hand, demands for the suppression of certain forms of speech proliferate. After reviewing the argument for freedom of expression, I argue that while the notion of harm defended by Millian liberals is too narrow, an “offence principle” is too broad. After defending hate speech laws, I concede that such laws need to target only the speech acts that express the most severe forms of aversion and denigration toward the members of a specific group. I then reflect on the status of “hurtful speech”, which I see as including the performative utterances that stop short of being hateful but nonetheless erode, through their illocutionary force and perlocutionary effects, the social standing and bases for self-respect of those who are targeted. I conclude that the free speech debate reveals a limit of liberal political morality and leaves liberal normative theorists with an uncomfortable predicament, as they have to rely more on the complementary role of pro-social personal dispositions and civic virtues than they generally wish to.

Research paper thumbnail of L’avenir contextualiste du constructivisme métaéthique : le constructivisme humien amendé

Dialogue. Canadian Philosophy Review, 2018

I defend in this paper a version of what Sharon Street dubbed “Humean Constructivism,”that I see ... more I defend in this paper a version of what Sharon Street dubbed “Humean Constructivism,”that I see as a form of contextual constructivism. I’ll first sketch out why I think that contextual constructivism provides us with a more plausible understanding of the ontological status of moral values than both Kantian constructivism and moral realism. I will suggest that, in addition to its recognition of the role of evolutionary pressures in the emergence of human morality, contextual constructivism must now clarify the role of historical intersubjectivity in the subsequent development of morality. “Historical intersubjectivity” refers here to the collective intentional practices by means of which beliefs and values come into being and become authoritative in specific contexts. More specifically, I will focus on the expression of moral disagreement and on the practices of resistance put forward by agents who see themselves as treated unjustly. I will then claim that adding a coherentist module to Humean constructivism provides a satisfactory answer to those fear that contextual metaethical theories can only be non cognitivist. Finally, I will sketch out why I think that the notion of a mind-independent “space of moral reasons”, often claimed by moral realists, is to a large extent compatible with Humean constructivism.

Research paper thumbnail of Conscientious Objection to Medical Assistance in Dying: A Qualitative Study with Quebec Physicians/Objection de conscience et aide médicale à mourir : une étude qualitative auprès de médecins québécois

Canadian Journal of Bioethics Revue canadienne de bioéthique, 2019

(English version of the paper follows the French version) Patients in Quebec can legally obtai... more (English version of the paper follows the French version)

Patients in Quebec can legally obtain medical assistance in dying (MAID) if they are able to give informed consent, have a serious and incurable illness, are at the end of their lives and are in a situation of unbearable suffering. Since the Supreme Court of Canada’s 2015 Carter decision, access to MAID, under certain conditions, has become a constitutional right. Quebec physicians are now likely to receive requests for MAID from their patients. The Quebec and Canadian laws recognize a physician’s right to conscientious objection, but this right is contested both in the medical ethics literature and in the public sphere. This paper presents the results of a qualitative study conducted with twenty Quebec physicians who did not integrate MAID into their medical practice, either because they were opposed to or deeply ambivalent about MAID. The interviews aimed to explore the reasons – religious and secular – for opposition to or ambivalence towards MAID. The secular reasons given by participants were grouped into four main categories: 1) the ends of medicine and professional identity, 2) the philosophy of palliative medicine and resource allocation in palliative care, 3) benevolent paternalism, the “good death”, and the interests of future selves, 4) the risk of a slippery slope and the protection of vulnerable people.

Les patients québécois peuvent légalement obtenir une aide médicale à mourir s’ils sont aptes à donner un consentement éclairé, atteints d’une maladie grave et incurable, en fin de vie et ont des souffrances qu’ils jugent intolérables. Depuis l’arrêt Carter (2015) de la Cour Suprême du Canada, l’accès, sous certaines conditions, à l’AMM est même devenu un droit constitutionnel. Les médecins québécois sont ainsi maintenant susceptibles de recevoir des demandes d’AMM de leurs patients. Les lois québécoise et canadienne reconnaissent aux médecins un droit à l’objection de conscience, mais le droit est contesté tant dans les écrits en éthique médicale que dans le débat public. L’article présente les résultats d’une étude qualitative menée auprès de vingt médecins québécois qui n’ont pas intégré l’AMM à leur pratique médicale en raison de leur opposition ou ambivalence à l’égard de l’AMM. Les entrevues visaient à explorer les raisons – religieuses et séculières – expliquant l’opposition ou l’ambivalence par rapport à l’AMM. Les raisons séculières exprimées par les participants ont ensuite été regroupées en quatre catégories et analysées. Les quatre catégories sont : 1) Finalités de la médecine et identité professionnelle, 2) Philosophie de la médecine palliative et allocation des ressources en soins palliatifs, 3) Paternalisme bienveillant, « bonne mort » et intérêts du soi futur, 4) Risque de la pente glissante et protection des personnes vulnérables.

Research paper thumbnail of Moving the debate forward: interculturalism’s contribution to multiculturalism

Comparative Migration Studies, 2018

In this article, we compare Ricard Zappata-Barrero’s interculturalism with Tariq Modood’smulticul... more In this article, we compare Ricard Zappata-Barrero’s interculturalism with Tariq Modood’smulticulturalism. We will discuss the relation between distinct elements that composeboth positions. We examine how recent discussions on interculturalism have thepotential to contribute to theories of multiculturalism without undermining theircore principles. Our position is close to that of Modood’sashehasalreadycarefullytried to incorporate interculturalist insights into his own multiculturalism. Yet weprovide a raise a few questions regarding Modood’s treatment of the relationbetween multiculturalism and interculturalism. After summarizing each author’spotion (I), we will comment on the following set of relations between their basicelements: (II) The relation between intercultural contact and intercultural dialogue;(III) The relation between contact at the local level and the societal/state level;(IV) The relation between group-specific measures, intercultural contact andmainstreaming

Research paper thumbnail of Toward a Political Theory of Secularism

in The Sources of Secularism. Enlightenment and Beyond, A. Tamasszewska & H. Hämäläinen (ed.), Pa... more in The Sources of Secularism. Enlightenment and Beyond, A. Tamasszewska & H. Hämäläinen (ed.), Palgrave, 2017.

Research paper thumbnail of Memoire commission parlementaire PL 21- Projet de loi sur la laïcité

Mémoire déposé à la Commission parlementaire étudiant le projet de loi 21 sur la laïcité de l'État

Research paper thumbnail of Charles Taylor: A Strong Evaluator

Research paper thumbnail of La laïcité véritable contre le populisme

Le Monde, 2019

Texte pour le journal Le Monde sur le projet de loi 21-Loi sur laïcité

Research paper thumbnail of Selling conscience short: a response to Schuklenk and Smalling on conscientious objections by medical professionals

Journal of Medical Ethics

In a thought-provoking paper, Schuklenk and Smalling argue that no right to conscientious objecti... more In a thought-provoking paper, Schuklenk and Smalling argue that no right to conscientious objection should be granted to medical professionals. First, they hold that it is impossible to assess either the truth of conscience-based claims or the sincerity of the objectors. Second, even a fettered right to conscientious refusal inevitably has adverse effects on the rights of patients. We argue that the main problem with their position is that it is not derived from a broader reflection on the meaning and implications of freedom of conscience and reasonable accommodation. We point out that they collapse two related but distinct questions, that is, the subjective conception of freedom of conscience and the sincerity test. We note that they do not successfully show that the standard norm according to which exemption claims should not impose undue hardship on others is unworkable. We suggest that the main reason why arguments such as no one is forced to be a medical professional are flawed is that public norms should not constrain citizens to choose between two of their basic rights unless it is necessary. In fine, Schuklenk and Smalling, who see conscience claims as arbitrary dislikes, sell freedom of conscience short and forego any attempts at balancing the competing rights involved. We maintain the authors neglect that most of legal reasoning is contextual and that the blanket restriction of healthcare professionals' freedom of conscience is disproportionate

Research paper thumbnail of Multiculturalism and Political Morality

in The Asghate Companion to Multiculturalism, 2010.

Research paper thumbnail of Mémoire. Projet de loi sur la neutralité religieuse de l'État

Mémoire soumis à la Commission des institutions, Assemblée nationale du Québec Consultations par... more Mémoire soumis à la
Commission des institutions, Assemblée nationale du Québec
Consultations particulières et auditions publiques sur le projet de loi no 62, Loi favorisant le respect de la neutralité religieuse de l’État et visant notamment à encadrer les demandes d’accommodements religieux dans certains organismes

Research paper thumbnail of Political Secularism and Public Reason. Three Remarks on Audi’s Democratic Authority and the Separation of Church and State

Research paper thumbnail of Après l'attentat de Québec, désamorçons la haine

Tribune sur l'attentat du 29 janvier 2017 à Québec rédigée avec Charles Taylor à la demande du jo... more Tribune sur l'attentat du 29 janvier 2017 à Québec rédigée avec Charles Taylor à la demande du journal Le Monde

Research paper thumbnail of Multiculturalism on the Back Seat? Culture, Justice, Religion

Alan Patten’s Equal Recognition is a major contribution to the normative literature on minority r... more Alan Patten’s Equal Recognition is a major contribution to the normative literature on minority rights. I nonetheless suggest that liberal culturalism as a normative theory, even in Patten’s sophisticated version, is ill suited to deal with the challenges related to the status of religion in the public sphere that are so prevalent in contemporary democracies. In addition, I submit that Patten did not supply a fully convincing answer to the argu- ment that liberal egalitarianism, well understood, is capacious enough to secure fair terms of social cooperation for members of cultural minorities, making the (allegedly burden- some) language of “cultural rights” and “cultural recognition” superfluous.

Research paper thumbnail of Political Secularism. A Sketch

Research paper thumbnail of Recrutement médecins Objection de conscience Aide médicale à mourir

Invitation à participer à un projet de recherche : informations Titre du projet de recherche : L'... more Invitation à participer à un projet de recherche : informations Titre du projet de recherche : L'objection de conscience des médecins dans le contexte de l'aide médicale à mourir : Une étude normative et qualitative

Research paper thumbnail of Démocratie, raison publique et idéologie--Plan séminaire

Des dialogues platoniciens jusqu'aux travaux récents en philosophie politique et en épistémologie... more Des dialogues platoniciens jusqu'aux travaux récents en philosophie politique et en épistémologie sociale, le constat selon lequel un certain nombre de vices ou de pathologies minent la qualité de notre vie démocratique est largement partagé. Si les théories contemporaines de la « démocratie délibérative » et de la « raison publique » avancent que la discussion publique sur les questions politiques fondamentales devrait s'incarner dans l'échange d'arguments rationnels entre des concitoyens capables d'empathie et de décentrement, les débats politiques concrets sont souvent dominés par l'idéologie, la démagogie, le populisme, le dogmatisme, la bullshit (au sens de H. Frankfurt, le baratin) et parfois même la propagande. Les biais cognitifs grèvent les jugements politiques des citoyens, qui prennent souvent la forme de justifications a posteriori d'intuitions morales ou d'intérêts stratégiques.

Research paper thumbnail of PHI-7701 Sujets spéciaux Philosophie et éthique de l'intelligence artificielle

Séminaire de maîtrise et de doctorat Automne 2020: le séminaire sera donné à distance (Zoom)

Research paper thumbnail of PHI-7701 Sujets spéciaux Conscience et religion à l'Âge séculier

Dans son ouvrage L'Âge séculier, Charles Taylor constate que ce qui caractérise l'évolution du mo... more Dans son ouvrage L'Âge séculier, Charles Taylor constate que ce qui caractérise l'évolution du monde moderne en Occident n'est pas l'évacuation de la religiosité et de la spiritualité, mais bien la pluralisation des visions du monde et des conceptions de la vie bonne. Les pouvoirs politiques et religieux ont été séparés et plusieurs adhèrent à des visions purement séculières de l'existence, mais les conceptions religieuses et spirituelles du monde demeurent bien présentes. Si cette diversité incite certains à se questionner sur leur propre système de croyances et de valeurs, elle engendre aussi des désaccords profonds entre les citoyens sur des questions aussi fondamentales que le statut de la raison et de la science ou encore le sens et les exigences de la justice. Le « pluralisme moral » — c'est-à-dire la diversité des valeurs, plans de vie ou conceptions du bien épousés par les individus — s'est ainsi graduellement imposé comme l'une des caractéristiques structurantes des sociétés modernes qui reconnaissent l'autonomie morale des individus. Le pluralisme moral constitue, selon John Rawls, le défi éthique et politique le plus important auquel les sociétés modernes sont confrontées. Dans ce séminaire, qui se situe au confluent de plusieurs champs de la philosophie, nous nous pencherons sur le statut épistémique des croyances (religieuses ou non), sur les fondements de la tolérance et de la liberté de conscience, ainsi que les différentes façons de concevoir le rapport entre l'État et les religions. Nous réfléchirons, entre autres, aux questions suivantes : « Quelles sont les sources de la liberté de conscience et du pluralisme moral? », « Faut-il distinguer les convictions de conscience séculières et les croyances religieuses?», « Quel est le rôle des croyances et des engagements fondamentaux dans l'identité des personnes? », « La liberté de conscience et de religion justifie-t-elle les exemptions aux lois? », « Quelle est la conception de la laïcité la mieux adaptée aux conditions contemporaines du pluralisme moral? », « Comment penser le rapport entre la raison et la religion? » et « Comment les athées, les agnostiques et les croyants peuvent-ils bien vivre ensemble? ». Plusieurs séances du séminaire seront consacrées à une étude en profondeur des livres récents de Tim Crane, spécialiste de métaphysique analytique et en particulier de philosophie de l'esprit, et de la philosophe politique Cécile Laborde.

Research paper thumbnail of Métaéthique et philosophie normative: deux approches

Les Ateliers de l'Ethique, 2019

In this paper,we compare two different approaches to metaethics, both of which supported by philo... more In this paper,we compare two different approaches to metaethics, both of which supported by philosophers who had an interest in metaethics and in normative philosophy. The first approach was developed by Ruwen Ogien. It gives priority to semantics, which inspires the other branches of metaethics. The second approach comes from John Rawls and his successors. It takes normative questions as a starting point. But it does not however abandon metaethics. Metaethical reflection is formulated in different terms, and in a way that makes it particularly relevant for those who are interested in normative questions. It nevertheless leads to what we call a “metaethics minimalism” that calls for further elaboration.

Résumé:
Cet article se propose de comparer deux approches différentes de la métaéthique, toutes deux portées par des penseurs qui ont conjugué un intérêt pour les questions métaéthiques et pour les questions normatives. La première approche, qui est celle de Ruwen Ogien, accorde une priorité à la question sémantique. La sémantique inspire le reste de la réflexion métaéthique. La deuxième approche, qui trouve ses sources chez John Rawls et ceux qui lui ont succédé, prend quant à elle les questions normatives comme point de départ, sans pour autant délaisser la réflexion métaéthique. Celle-ci est menée dans des termes différents, qui s’avèrent particulièrement pertinents pour ceux qui s’intéressent aux questions normatives. Elle aboutit néanmoins à ce que nous appellerons un «minimalisme métaéthique», qui appelle un certain nombre de compléments.