Stephane Godet | Université libre de Bruxelles (original) (raw)

Papers by Stephane Godet

Research paper thumbnail of Representation of misorientations in Rodrigues–Frank space: application to the Bain, Kurdjumov–Sachs, Nishiyama–Wassermann and Pitsch orientation relationships in the Gibeon meteorite

Acta Materialia, 2005

The three classical orientation relationships describing the γ-to-α transformation, namely the Ba... more The three classical orientation relationships describing the γ-to-α transformation, namely the Bain, Kurdjumov–Sachs (K–S) and Nishiyama–Wassermann (N–W), are represented in Rodrigues–Frank (R–F) space. Two alternative reference systems are used to highlight the differences between the three types of misorientation. Some observations obtained on the Gibeon meteorite are analyzed using the two classes of reference system to reveal features of the

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Research paper thumbnail of Observations of the Gibeon meteorite and the inverse Greninger–Troiano orientation relationship

Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2006

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Research paper thumbnail of Microstructural Evolution during Spheroidization Annealing of Eutectoid Steel: Effect of Interlamellar Spacing and Cold Working

Advanced Materials Research, 2010

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Research paper thumbnail of The possible role of partial dislocations in facilitating transformations of the Nishiyama–Wassermann type

Scripta Materialia, 2005

By analogy with the role of perfect dislocations in facilitating Kurdjumov–Sachs type transformat... more By analogy with the role of perfect dislocations in facilitating Kurdjumov–Sachs type transformations, it is proposed that partial dislocations may be responsible for Nishiyama–Wassermann transformations. Such an interpretation can account for the presence of both “positive slip” and “negative slip” variants within individual grains, a hitherto unexplained phenomenon.

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Research paper thumbnail of A Study of the γ-to-α Transformation Using EBSD Techniques

Materials Science Forum, 2005

ABSTRACT

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Research paper thumbnail of Development of High Performance Nb-Added Hot Rolled Bainitic Steels Presenting a TRIP Effect

Materials Science Forum, 2005

The present work describes the correlation between the microstructure and the mechanical properti... more The present work describes the correlation between the microstructure and the mechanical properties of multiphase steels processed through a Continuous Annealing Process Line (CAPL). The mechanical and microstructural properties of one of the former experimental steel compositions was also processed via Batch Annealing (BA) and the results have been included for comparison reasons.

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Research paper thumbnail of Multiscale Characterisation of the Transformation Texture in a High Performance Steel

Materials Science Forum, 2005

The orientation relationships operating during the austenite (FCC) to BCC phase transformation we... more The orientation relationships operating during the austenite (FCC) to BCC phase transformation were investigated in a high performance steel using X-ray and electron diffraction techniques and employing several length scales. These steels contain some retained austenite that permits the direct comparison of the textures of the parent (austenite) and product (ferrite, bainite, martensite) phases. X-ray diffraction allowed the global texture of the rolled parent austenite phase to be determined as well as that of its transformation product. EBSD techniques permitted study of the orientation relationships on a local scale. The observed correspondence relations are expressed in Rodrigues-Frank space. The exact Kurdjumov-Sachs relation was never found. The local spread of orientation in the parent austenite (due to deformation) is seen to be inherited by the bainite. This is attributed to the displacive mode of transformation to bainite. The influence of prior deformation of the austenit...

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Research paper thumbnail of Variant Selection during the Transformation of Deformed Austenite in a Niobium Bearing TRIP Steel

Materials Science Forum, 2005

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Research paper thumbnail of Crystallographic Relationships between FCC and BCC Crystals: A Study Using EBSD Techniques

Solid State Phenomena, 2005

The mechanisms governing the formation of transformation textures during the austenite-to-ferrite... more The mechanisms governing the formation of transformation textures during the austenite-to-ferrite transformation are the subject of major debate. In this study, two extreme cases were examined: those of undeformed and deformed austenite. The first involves the transformation of austenite into Widmanstätten ferrite under "equilibrium" conditions in the Gibeon iron-nickel meteorite. This meteorite passed through the transformation at the rate of a few degrees per million years. Such cooling rates cannot of course be reached under laboratory conditions. The second concerns the transformation of hot rolled austenite after a quench into the bainite temperature range. These two behaviors were investigated by means of optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The orientations of both the parent and product phases were measured and the orientation relationships are represented in Rodrigues-Frank (R-F) space. From the orientation of a particular FCC...

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Research paper thumbnail of Grain Scale Assessment of Variant Selection in a Thermomechanically Processed TRIP Steel

Materials Science Forum, 2007

Orientations of both the α and γ phases in a multi-phase commercial steel were measured by means ... more Orientations of both the α and γ phases in a multi-phase commercial steel were measured by means of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. Using the average orientation of each austenite grain as the reference frame, the orientation relationships between the two lattices were compared with the common orientation relationships (i.e. the Kurdjumov-Sachs and Nishiyama-Wassermann) in Rodrigues-Frank space. The occurrence of variant selection in individual austenite grains was examined using a recent dislocation-based model. This model considers the role of the slip systems that were active during prior deformation, as well as those of in-plane reactions, cross-slip and the partial dislocations that are linked to specific variants. It also unites the competing K-S and N-W relationships through the dissociation of perfect dislocations. Reasonably good agreement was observed between the predictions and the observations. Possible explanations for some of the discrepancies are also presented.

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Research paper thumbnail of Microscale Characterisation of Deformed Microstructures of TRIP-Assisted and Multiphase Steels

Materials Science Forum, 2005

The improvement of the mechanical behaviour of high performance steels brings about a renewed int... more The improvement of the mechanical behaviour of high performance steels brings about a renewed interest for the work hardening rate resulting from deformation-induced martensitic transformation or mechanical twinning. Even if these mechanisms are known for quite a long time, the deformation – transformation interactions that they induce is not yet fully characterised and understood. This study aims at characterising the microstructure evolution of a Fe-Mn steel grade during straining thanks to TEM and high resolution OIM. Particular patterns of austenite – e and a’ martensite are found.

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Research paper thumbnail of Critical Assessment of the Bainite Transformation of Finely Grained and Deformed Austenite

Materials Science Forum, 2003

ABSTRACT

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Research paper thumbnail of Simulation of the Hot Rolling of Trip-Assisted Multiphase Steels

Materials Science Forum, 2003

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Research paper thumbnail of Use of Schmid factors to select extension twin variants in extruded magnesium alloy tubes

Scripta Materialia, 2006

... References. [1] S. Vercammen, B. Blanpain, BC De Cooman and P. Wollants, Acta Mater. 52 (2004... more ... References. [1] S. Vercammen, B. Blanpain, BC De Cooman and P. Wollants, Acta Mater. 52 (2004), p. 2005. Article | PDF (888 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (68). [2] S. Allain, J.-P. Chateau and O. Bouaziz, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 387–389 (2004), p. 143. ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Silicone rubber encapsulation for an endoscopically implantable gastrostimulator

Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2015

Gastrointestinal stimulator implants have recently shown positive results in treating obesity. Ho... more Gastrointestinal stimulator implants have recently shown positive results in treating obesity. However, the implantation currently requires an invasive surgical procedure. Endoscopy could be used to place the gastric stimulator in the stomach, hence avoiding the riskier surgery. The implant then needs to go through the oesophagus and be located inside the stomach, which imposes new design constraints, such as miniaturization and protecting the electronic circuit against the highly acidic environment of the stomach. We propose to protect the implant by encapsulation with silicone rubber. This paper lists the advantages of this method compared to the more usual approach of a hermetic enclosure and then presents a method to evaluate the underwater adhesive stability of six adhesive/substrate couples, using repeated lap-shear tests and an elevated temperature to accelerate the ageing process. The results for different adhesive/substrate couples tested, presented on probability plots, show that FR4 and alumina substrates with MED4-4220 silicone rubber are suitable for a first implantable prototype. We then compare these with the predicted lifetimes of bonds between historical standard silicone rubber DC3140 and different substrates and describe the encapsulation of our gastrostimulator.

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Research paper thumbnail of Deformation Induced Pearlite Transformation and Spheroidization: Effect of Alloying Additions

Advanced Materials Research, 2011

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of Cr and Al (strong ferrite formers) on th... more The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of Cr and Al (strong ferrite formers) on the strain-induced γ-to-pearlite transformation in eutectoid steels. The microstructure evolution during the hot deformation of three eutectoid steel grades was investigated using hot torsion testing. More specifically, the steels were deformed to strain levels varying from ε = 0,5 to ε = 1,5 at their specific Ar1 temperature. Hot deformation of the undercooled austenite leads to strain-induced γ-to-pearlite transformation and to the almost instantaneous spheroidization of the formed carbides. The corresponding microstructures consist of submicronic cementite particles and ferritic grains that are 1-5 μm in size. It is shown that 1,5% Cr addition and 0,5% Al addition increase the equilibrium transformation temperature but slower significantly the kinetics of the strain-induced transformation and consequently reduce the kinetics of cementite spheroidization and of ferrite recrystallization.

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Research paper thumbnail of Representation of misorientations in Rodrigues–Frank space: application to the Bain, Kurdjumov–Sachs, Nishiyama–Wassermann and Pitsch orientation relationships in the Gibeon meteorite

Acta Materialia, 2005

The three classical orientation relationships describing the γ-to-α transformation, namely the Ba... more The three classical orientation relationships describing the γ-to-α transformation, namely the Bain, Kurdjumov–Sachs (K–S) and Nishiyama–Wassermann (N–W), are represented in Rodrigues–Frank (R–F) space. Two alternative reference systems are used to highlight the differences between the three types of misorientation. Some observations obtained on the Gibeon meteorite are analyzed using the two classes of reference system to reveal features of the

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Research paper thumbnail of Grain-scale characterization of transformation textures

Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2004

Orientation relationships during the austenite-to-ferrite (γ-to-α) phase transformation were inve... more Orientation relationships during the austenite-to-ferrite (γ-to-α) phase transformation were investigated using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) on a bainitic steel containing retained austenite. The steel was hot rolled within the austenite phase field, but below the `no-recrystallization' temperature, to two different strains. The observed orientation relationships between the bainite and retained austenite are expressed in Rodrigues–Frank space. The exact Kurdjumov–Sachs relation was never found. The local spread of orientation in the parent austenite (owing to deformation) is seen to be inherited by the bainite. This is attributed to the displacive mode of transformation to bainite. The influence of austenite prior deformation on the occurrence of variant selection was also studied. It is shown that a critical strain is necessary in order to observe a significant amount of variant selection.

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Rolling Temperature, Reduction and Alloying Additions on the Texture of Warm Rolled Steels

Materials Science Forum, 2005

The effect of warm and cold rolling parameters on the development of annealing textures was studi... more The effect of warm and cold rolling parameters on the development of annealing textures was studied in two low carbon steels containing additions of chromium. Two warm rolling temperatures (640 and 700°C) were employed together with a reduction of 65%. The effects of an additional cold rolling reduction of 40% and of decreasing the heating rate during annealing were also studied. The ND fiber, <111>//ND, of the recrystallization texture was strengthened as the warm rolling temperature was decreased. However, all the warm rolled steels contained a retained RD fiber, <110>//RD. A noticeable improvement in both the continuity and intensity of the ND fiber was obtained when the sample was submitted to an additional 40% cold rolling reduction. The ND fiber was even more continuous and intense when a low heating rate was utilized, yielding r-values of 1.1 and 1.3 for the warm rolled and warm plus cold rolled samples, respectively.

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Research paper thumbnail of Particle-Stimulated Nucleation of Dynamic Recrystallization in AZ31 Alloy at Elevated Temperatures

Materials Science Forum, 2005

Particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) was investigated in magnesium alloy AZ31 to study the effect... more Particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) was investigated in magnesium alloy AZ31 to study the effect of the evolution of second-phases during extrusion and other metal forming processes. Compression tests were carried out on samples taken from coarse-grained as-cast magnesium alloy billets containing a lamellar Mg17All2 eutectic phase and (Al, Mn) particles. These revealed that particle-stimulated DRX nucleation (PSN) was taking place during hot deformation and that this is facilitated by the fragmentation of the Mg17All2. When Mg17All2 dissolves into the matrix at about 350°C, the (Al, Mn) particles remain effective in producing PSN at temperatures up to at least 400°C. This suggests that alloy design leading to a suitable distribution of second-phase particles can improve the properties and formability of wrought magnesium alloys.

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Research paper thumbnail of Representation of misorientations in Rodrigues–Frank space: application to the Bain, Kurdjumov–Sachs, Nishiyama–Wassermann and Pitsch orientation relationships in the Gibeon meteorite

Acta Materialia, 2005

The three classical orientation relationships describing the γ-to-α transformation, namely the Ba... more The three classical orientation relationships describing the γ-to-α transformation, namely the Bain, Kurdjumov–Sachs (K–S) and Nishiyama–Wassermann (N–W), are represented in Rodrigues–Frank (R–F) space. Two alternative reference systems are used to highlight the differences between the three types of misorientation. Some observations obtained on the Gibeon meteorite are analyzed using the two classes of reference system to reveal features of the

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Research paper thumbnail of Observations of the Gibeon meteorite and the inverse Greninger–Troiano orientation relationship

Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2006

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Research paper thumbnail of Microstructural Evolution during Spheroidization Annealing of Eutectoid Steel: Effect of Interlamellar Spacing and Cold Working

Advanced Materials Research, 2010

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Research paper thumbnail of The possible role of partial dislocations in facilitating transformations of the Nishiyama–Wassermann type

Scripta Materialia, 2005

By analogy with the role of perfect dislocations in facilitating Kurdjumov–Sachs type transformat... more By analogy with the role of perfect dislocations in facilitating Kurdjumov–Sachs type transformations, it is proposed that partial dislocations may be responsible for Nishiyama–Wassermann transformations. Such an interpretation can account for the presence of both “positive slip” and “negative slip” variants within individual grains, a hitherto unexplained phenomenon.

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Research paper thumbnail of A Study of the γ-to-α Transformation Using EBSD Techniques

Materials Science Forum, 2005

ABSTRACT

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Research paper thumbnail of Development of High Performance Nb-Added Hot Rolled Bainitic Steels Presenting a TRIP Effect

Materials Science Forum, 2005

The present work describes the correlation between the microstructure and the mechanical properti... more The present work describes the correlation between the microstructure and the mechanical properties of multiphase steels processed through a Continuous Annealing Process Line (CAPL). The mechanical and microstructural properties of one of the former experimental steel compositions was also processed via Batch Annealing (BA) and the results have been included for comparison reasons.

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Research paper thumbnail of Multiscale Characterisation of the Transformation Texture in a High Performance Steel

Materials Science Forum, 2005

The orientation relationships operating during the austenite (FCC) to BCC phase transformation we... more The orientation relationships operating during the austenite (FCC) to BCC phase transformation were investigated in a high performance steel using X-ray and electron diffraction techniques and employing several length scales. These steels contain some retained austenite that permits the direct comparison of the textures of the parent (austenite) and product (ferrite, bainite, martensite) phases. X-ray diffraction allowed the global texture of the rolled parent austenite phase to be determined as well as that of its transformation product. EBSD techniques permitted study of the orientation relationships on a local scale. The observed correspondence relations are expressed in Rodrigues-Frank space. The exact Kurdjumov-Sachs relation was never found. The local spread of orientation in the parent austenite (due to deformation) is seen to be inherited by the bainite. This is attributed to the displacive mode of transformation to bainite. The influence of prior deformation of the austenit...

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Research paper thumbnail of Variant Selection during the Transformation of Deformed Austenite in a Niobium Bearing TRIP Steel

Materials Science Forum, 2005

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Research paper thumbnail of Crystallographic Relationships between FCC and BCC Crystals: A Study Using EBSD Techniques

Solid State Phenomena, 2005

The mechanisms governing the formation of transformation textures during the austenite-to-ferrite... more The mechanisms governing the formation of transformation textures during the austenite-to-ferrite transformation are the subject of major debate. In this study, two extreme cases were examined: those of undeformed and deformed austenite. The first involves the transformation of austenite into Widmanstätten ferrite under "equilibrium" conditions in the Gibeon iron-nickel meteorite. This meteorite passed through the transformation at the rate of a few degrees per million years. Such cooling rates cannot of course be reached under laboratory conditions. The second concerns the transformation of hot rolled austenite after a quench into the bainite temperature range. These two behaviors were investigated by means of optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The orientations of both the parent and product phases were measured and the orientation relationships are represented in Rodrigues-Frank (R-F) space. From the orientation of a particular FCC...

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Research paper thumbnail of Grain Scale Assessment of Variant Selection in a Thermomechanically Processed TRIP Steel

Materials Science Forum, 2007

Orientations of both the α and γ phases in a multi-phase commercial steel were measured by means ... more Orientations of both the α and γ phases in a multi-phase commercial steel were measured by means of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. Using the average orientation of each austenite grain as the reference frame, the orientation relationships between the two lattices were compared with the common orientation relationships (i.e. the Kurdjumov-Sachs and Nishiyama-Wassermann) in Rodrigues-Frank space. The occurrence of variant selection in individual austenite grains was examined using a recent dislocation-based model. This model considers the role of the slip systems that were active during prior deformation, as well as those of in-plane reactions, cross-slip and the partial dislocations that are linked to specific variants. It also unites the competing K-S and N-W relationships through the dissociation of perfect dislocations. Reasonably good agreement was observed between the predictions and the observations. Possible explanations for some of the discrepancies are also presented.

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Research paper thumbnail of Microscale Characterisation of Deformed Microstructures of TRIP-Assisted and Multiphase Steels

Materials Science Forum, 2005

The improvement of the mechanical behaviour of high performance steels brings about a renewed int... more The improvement of the mechanical behaviour of high performance steels brings about a renewed interest for the work hardening rate resulting from deformation-induced martensitic transformation or mechanical twinning. Even if these mechanisms are known for quite a long time, the deformation – transformation interactions that they induce is not yet fully characterised and understood. This study aims at characterising the microstructure evolution of a Fe-Mn steel grade during straining thanks to TEM and high resolution OIM. Particular patterns of austenite – e and a’ martensite are found.

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Research paper thumbnail of Critical Assessment of the Bainite Transformation of Finely Grained and Deformed Austenite

Materials Science Forum, 2003

ABSTRACT

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Research paper thumbnail of Simulation of the Hot Rolling of Trip-Assisted Multiphase Steels

Materials Science Forum, 2003

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Research paper thumbnail of Use of Schmid factors to select extension twin variants in extruded magnesium alloy tubes

Scripta Materialia, 2006

... References. [1] S. Vercammen, B. Blanpain, BC De Cooman and P. Wollants, Acta Mater. 52 (2004... more ... References. [1] S. Vercammen, B. Blanpain, BC De Cooman and P. Wollants, Acta Mater. 52 (2004), p. 2005. Article | PDF (888 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (68). [2] S. Allain, J.-P. Chateau and O. Bouaziz, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 387–389 (2004), p. 143. ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Silicone rubber encapsulation for an endoscopically implantable gastrostimulator

Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2015

Gastrointestinal stimulator implants have recently shown positive results in treating obesity. Ho... more Gastrointestinal stimulator implants have recently shown positive results in treating obesity. However, the implantation currently requires an invasive surgical procedure. Endoscopy could be used to place the gastric stimulator in the stomach, hence avoiding the riskier surgery. The implant then needs to go through the oesophagus and be located inside the stomach, which imposes new design constraints, such as miniaturization and protecting the electronic circuit against the highly acidic environment of the stomach. We propose to protect the implant by encapsulation with silicone rubber. This paper lists the advantages of this method compared to the more usual approach of a hermetic enclosure and then presents a method to evaluate the underwater adhesive stability of six adhesive/substrate couples, using repeated lap-shear tests and an elevated temperature to accelerate the ageing process. The results for different adhesive/substrate couples tested, presented on probability plots, show that FR4 and alumina substrates with MED4-4220 silicone rubber are suitable for a first implantable prototype. We then compare these with the predicted lifetimes of bonds between historical standard silicone rubber DC3140 and different substrates and describe the encapsulation of our gastrostimulator.

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Research paper thumbnail of Deformation Induced Pearlite Transformation and Spheroidization: Effect of Alloying Additions

Advanced Materials Research, 2011

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of Cr and Al (strong ferrite formers) on th... more The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of Cr and Al (strong ferrite formers) on the strain-induced γ-to-pearlite transformation in eutectoid steels. The microstructure evolution during the hot deformation of three eutectoid steel grades was investigated using hot torsion testing. More specifically, the steels were deformed to strain levels varying from ε = 0,5 to ε = 1,5 at their specific Ar1 temperature. Hot deformation of the undercooled austenite leads to strain-induced γ-to-pearlite transformation and to the almost instantaneous spheroidization of the formed carbides. The corresponding microstructures consist of submicronic cementite particles and ferritic grains that are 1-5 μm in size. It is shown that 1,5% Cr addition and 0,5% Al addition increase the equilibrium transformation temperature but slower significantly the kinetics of the strain-induced transformation and consequently reduce the kinetics of cementite spheroidization and of ferrite recrystallization.

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Research paper thumbnail of Representation of misorientations in Rodrigues–Frank space: application to the Bain, Kurdjumov–Sachs, Nishiyama–Wassermann and Pitsch orientation relationships in the Gibeon meteorite

Acta Materialia, 2005

The three classical orientation relationships describing the γ-to-α transformation, namely the Ba... more The three classical orientation relationships describing the γ-to-α transformation, namely the Bain, Kurdjumov–Sachs (K–S) and Nishiyama–Wassermann (N–W), are represented in Rodrigues–Frank (R–F) space. Two alternative reference systems are used to highlight the differences between the three types of misorientation. Some observations obtained on the Gibeon meteorite are analyzed using the two classes of reference system to reveal features of the

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Research paper thumbnail of Grain-scale characterization of transformation textures

Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2004

Orientation relationships during the austenite-to-ferrite (γ-to-α) phase transformation were inve... more Orientation relationships during the austenite-to-ferrite (γ-to-α) phase transformation were investigated using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) on a bainitic steel containing retained austenite. The steel was hot rolled within the austenite phase field, but below the `no-recrystallization' temperature, to two different strains. The observed orientation relationships between the bainite and retained austenite are expressed in Rodrigues–Frank space. The exact Kurdjumov–Sachs relation was never found. The local spread of orientation in the parent austenite (owing to deformation) is seen to be inherited by the bainite. This is attributed to the displacive mode of transformation to bainite. The influence of austenite prior deformation on the occurrence of variant selection was also studied. It is shown that a critical strain is necessary in order to observe a significant amount of variant selection.

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Rolling Temperature, Reduction and Alloying Additions on the Texture of Warm Rolled Steels

Materials Science Forum, 2005

The effect of warm and cold rolling parameters on the development of annealing textures was studi... more The effect of warm and cold rolling parameters on the development of annealing textures was studied in two low carbon steels containing additions of chromium. Two warm rolling temperatures (640 and 700°C) were employed together with a reduction of 65%. The effects of an additional cold rolling reduction of 40% and of decreasing the heating rate during annealing were also studied. The ND fiber, <111>//ND, of the recrystallization texture was strengthened as the warm rolling temperature was decreased. However, all the warm rolled steels contained a retained RD fiber, <110>//RD. A noticeable improvement in both the continuity and intensity of the ND fiber was obtained when the sample was submitted to an additional 40% cold rolling reduction. The ND fiber was even more continuous and intense when a low heating rate was utilized, yielding r-values of 1.1 and 1.3 for the warm rolled and warm plus cold rolled samples, respectively.

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Research paper thumbnail of Particle-Stimulated Nucleation of Dynamic Recrystallization in AZ31 Alloy at Elevated Temperatures

Materials Science Forum, 2005

Particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) was investigated in magnesium alloy AZ31 to study the effect... more Particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) was investigated in magnesium alloy AZ31 to study the effect of the evolution of second-phases during extrusion and other metal forming processes. Compression tests were carried out on samples taken from coarse-grained as-cast magnesium alloy billets containing a lamellar Mg17All2 eutectic phase and (Al, Mn) particles. These revealed that particle-stimulated DRX nucleation (PSN) was taking place during hot deformation and that this is facilitated by the fragmentation of the Mg17All2. When Mg17All2 dissolves into the matrix at about 350°C, the (Al, Mn) particles remain effective in producing PSN at temperatures up to at least 400°C. This suggests that alloy design leading to a suitable distribution of second-phase particles can improve the properties and formability of wrought magnesium alloys.

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