Ana Alexandra Alves de Sousa | University of Lisbon (original) (raw)

Papers by Ana Alexandra Alves de Sousa

In antiquity, hospitality established a bond between human beings that has been overturned by us ... more In antiquity, hospitality established a bond between human beings that has been overturned by us today. In modern society, humans face the approach of an unknown person suspiciously and even spitefully. The other is not a concern for people enclosed in their own world and immersed in their own feelings. Murders can happen in daylight hours in the streets of our big cities and passers-by often feel fear hidden in indifference. The emergence of masses of refugees in Europe forces governments to pursue a different approach, yet many people greet the arrival of these multitudes with worry and hostility. In ancient Greece Zeus was the divine protector of beggars, travellers, refugees, and foreigners, hence his familiar epithet Ξένιος. Ιt was a sacred duty for a host to welcome a visitor. The man who trespasses the threshold of another's front door should be received by the houseowner with food, clothes, and other kinds of assistance, such as an escort to take the visitor back to his country if needed (think of the case of Odysseus).

Jason's shining arrival at Myrine, in Apollonius' Argonautica, wearing a purple cloak and with a ... more Jason's shining arrival at Myrine, in Apollonius' Argonautica, wearing a purple cloak and with a spear in the hand, highlights a glamorous heroic excellence that has its origin in Alexander the Great and evokes the military ceremonial mantles displayed during the Ptolemaic processions. Jason is so seductive that the Lemnian women feel ravished at his sight. He evokes Achilles at the gates of Troy sparkling with his armour (Il. 22.25-32). But the battlefield will be the bed in women's arms. He and almost all of his crew are going to be married to the Lemnians, just as Alexander and his officers did at Susa in 324 BCE. Through a literary resource cherished by Hellenistic poets, an ecphrasis, Apollonius challenges the epic canon, suggesting readings that merge fiction with historical facts, through two opposite cosmic forces φιλότης and νεῖκος. The seven scenes embroidered in the cloak embody them in its tension. Aphrodite, who holds the shield of Ares and sees herself on it, represents those two forces that give the plot, as well as history, its dynamics.

Forthcoming Keywords: Medea’s epithets, skilled in drugs, skilled in dealing with all kind of si... more Forthcoming
Keywords: Medea’s epithets, skilled in drugs, skilled in dealing with all kind of situations, something evil, men’s killer.

Forthcoming. Palavras-chave: sofrimento, redenção, filantropia, piedade, Sagradas Escrituras. K... more Forthcoming.
Palavras-chave: sofrimento, redenção, filantropia, piedade, Sagradas Escrituras.
Keywords: suffering, redemption, philanthropy, piety, holy scriptures.

Miscelânea de Estudos em Honra de Maria de Fátima Silva. 2 vols., 2022., Nov 2022

The words allow the heroes of the Alexandrian epic to maintain the cohesion of the group and to f... more The words allow the heroes of the Alexandrian epic to maintain the cohesion of the group and to find the ideal strategy for peaceful contact with the other countries. Jason is a leader worried about the group’s opinion and at the same time interested in keeping always diplomatic relations with foreigners. To better understand the heroic world of this Hellenistic epic, we analyse the epithets of the discourse every time an Argonaut speaks within the group or with those from others countries. This study allows us to consider humility and tolerance as heroic values working together with boldness and critical assessment of situations. Among all values, meilichie, which means diplomatic approach and gods’ reverence, stands out as the main defining feature of a world located in the opposite place of war.

Keywords: Argonautica, heroic values, diplomacy, respect for the gods, meilichie.

ISBN 979-12-218-0054-8, 2022

We intend to see if strengths such as alke, sthenos, kratos, menos, bie and tharsos still charact... more We intend to see if strengths such as alke, sthenos, kratos, menos, bie and tharsos still characterize the hero of the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes. The Iliadic heroes need them all to fight; and Odysseus to restore order to overcome several obstacles. As we shall see those concepts are still present in the Hellenistic epic, but with a new meaning. In the catalogue of the Argonauts alke still characterizes some of them, but we must pay close attention to its demonstration. This energy, together with sthenos and kratos, helps Jason facing Aeetes' challenges; and together with menos, it allows Polydeuces to fight with Amycus (2.44-5). Nevertheless, when there are collective battles, as occurs between the Argonauts and Doliones and the Argonauts and the Bebrycians, that is, when heroes act violently as a group, alke is not even mentioned. The strengths associated with alke are sthenos, menos and kratos, and that happens again in the above situations: the boxing fight between Polydeuces and Amycus (when there are menos and alke, 2.44-5); and Jason's tasks in Colchis (when alke is joined with menos, sthenos and kratos, 3.407, 507, 1307, 1257-8). Considered by itself, sthenos means, in the Argonautica, the effort one wants to do to obtain something. Therefore, in promises of aid, the expression ὅσον σθένος appears as an endeavour, meaning 'as much as possible' (2.1200; 3.63, 716), an expression never to be found in the Homeric Poems. Consequently, in the Argonautica it is often employed the verb σθένω is an auxiliar with the meaning 'to be able to' (1.62; 2.1053; 3.965; 4.1723).

Catulo. Carmina, trad. por José Pedro Moreira e André Simões. Lisboa: Livros Cotovia, 2012

Introdução de divulgação científica. ISBN 978-972-795-332-5.

A Literatura Clássica ou os Clássicos na Literatura: Uma (revisão da literatura portuguesa das origens à contemporaneidade, 2012

É nosso propósito comentar os poemas de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen cujos títulos remetem pa... more É nosso propósito comentar os poemas de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen cujos títulos remetem para as figuras femininas mitológicas da Antiguidade, as quais são: Níobe, Cassandra, Medeia, Ifigénia, Penélope, Eurídice, Electra e Ariadne. Estudaremos a forma como a poetisa trabalha as fontes, quer a nível lexical, quando se trata de adaptações de originais latinos, quer a nível das ideias que compõem a história mítica veiculada. Interessa-nos compreender por que razão e de que modo no século XX o Eu poético se identifica com estas personagens.

A Scholar for all Seasons, Homenagem a João Almeida Flor, 2013

No século XII, na Europa, no ambiente anglo-normando da corte de Henrique II, surge uma das figur... more No século XII, na Europa, no ambiente anglo-normando da corte de Henrique II, surge uma das figuras mais emblemáticas do humanismo de Chartres: João de Salisbúria. Nomeado secretário do arcebispo de Cantuária, provavelmente em 1147, acompanhou, primeiro, Teobaldo e, depois, Tomás Becket, até à data em que este foi nomeado conselheiro real. Aproveitando eventualmente uma crise obscura que o afastou de cargos públicos, João de Salisbúria escreve o primeiro tratado de teoria política medieval: Policrático. Neste estudo veremos como os autores clássicos citados neste tratado servem para instruir o Príncipe.

Euphrosyne, 2000

In Policratico Iohannes Saresberiensis ex sex libris Aeneidos sex aetatum gradus perlustrat. Vtit... more In Policratico Iohannes Saresberiensis ex sex libris Aeneidos sex aetatum gradus perlustrat. Vtitur plurimis auctoritatibus, primum Fulgentio et Bernardo Silvestri qui similem interpretationem exposuerunt, deinde libris sacris et Ecclesiae Patribus, tandem ipso poemate et nonnullis auctoribus medii aeui. Fontium coniunctio, duo permagna uerba, ‘errores’ et ‘crimina’, aetates plectentia, et quaedam adiectiua nomina singularem sermonem efficiunt.

Boletim de Estudos Clássicos, 2009

“Lemnos e Drépane: a voz política das mulheres em Apolónio de Rodes”, in F. Rebelo, M. M. Miranda (coords.), O mundo clássico e a universalidade dos seus valores: da Antiguidade ao nosso tempo. Vol.1. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 135-148., 2020

In the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, women have a great importance. In this study we analy... more In the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, women have a great importance. In this study we analyse the political behaviour of two female characters, Hypsipyle and Arete. Lemnos is a kingdom governed by a woman and populated only by the female gender since all men were slaughtered by their women. The Argonauts, who go there on their outward journey, not knowing what really happened to the previous men, solve the women’s offspring problem by copulating with them. On the homeward journey they stop in Drepane (Corfu), ruled by Arete and Alcinous.

In this paper we argue that it is possible to see Arsinoe II’s social and political prominence reflected in the role of the two queens of the Argonautica: Hypsipyle being the image of Arsinoe as Lysimachus' widow and Arete the image of Arsinoe as wife of Ptolemy II. There is an evolution from Arsinoe, still queen of Thrace, who tries to ensure her political power with a matrimonial alliance with Ptolemy Ceraunus, like Hypsipyle feels she must do; to Arsinoe II, already queen of Egypt, who steadily rules next to her brother, like Arete next to Alcinous.

The behaviour of characters such as Hypsipyle and Arete, able to weave political strategies by themselves or next to a man, is the recognition of the women’s role in Hellenistic society. Men and women interact – and without this interaction they would not achieve their wishes. The Argonauts’ mission for the Golden Fleece is a clear example of this, since it would have been unsuccessful without the help and action of Medea.

“Limiares ou Mudanças Anunciadas, em Apolónio de Rodes”, Ágora. Estudos Clássicos em Debate 23 85-92, 2021

The term οὐδός, "threshold", appears in Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica as Homeric heritage. Oc... more The term οὐδός, "threshold", appears in Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica as Homeric heritage. Occurring five times, the term is the privileged lieu for diegetic changes: for Phineus it is the end of his curse; for the Argonauts, their mission's success. The usage of this term allows for different intersections and the association of Phineus and Medea: this creates a subtle interpretative line which casts a bad omen onto this young couple's loves.

Ágora. Estudos Clássicos em Debate, 2021

The term οὐδός, “threshold”, is a Homeric inheritance, in Apollonius of Rhodes’ Argonautica. With... more The term οὐδός, “threshold”, is a Homeric inheritance, in Apollonius of Rhodes’ Argonautica. With five occurrences, it indicates a physical space always associated with a transition. In the poem, stopping or crossing a threshold implies a change in the character's fate. Phineus stops at the threshold of his yard, when he hears the Argonauts arrival (2.203). On the threshold of his dining room, Zetes and Calais put their feet up to tell the end of the Harpies' persecution (2,428). The Argonauts become aware of the imposition of Aeetes’ proofs, after crossing the threshold of his palace (3.219); Eros throws an arrow over Medea, after crossing a threshold (3.280); and Medea’s luck changes, after overpass the threshold of her room (3,647).
The threshold is, therefore, the place of diegetic changes: the end of the Phineus’ curse and the success of the mission for the Argonauts. This symbolic place takes advantage of the intersection of different planes and associates Phineus and Medea subtly, which brings a bad omen to the young couple's love.

O mundo clássico e a universalidade dos seus valores: da Antiguidade ao nosso tempo. , 2020

In the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, women have a special importance, presenting themselve... more In the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, women have a special importance, presenting themselves in complementarity with the male gender. In this study we analyse the political behaviour of two female characters, Hypsipyle, on the outward journey, and Arete, on the homeward journey. Lemnos is a kingdom governed by a woman and populated only by the female gender, after all the men have been slaughter by the women. The Argonauts ling ever longer on the island, without knowing what really happened to the previous men, and solve the women’s offspring problem by copulating with them. On the homeward journey they stop in Drepane (Corfu), ruled by Arete and Alcinous.
Our aim is to determine whether the two queens, Hypsipyle and Arete, actually have a political voice. We try to show that, in fact, both take measures to avoid external conflicts and guarantee a peaceful coexistence of nations. The expression “words dense meaning”, πύκινον ἔπος (4.1111, 1200), qualifies the discourse between the king and the queen of Drepane and has a specific political sense. It reflects the strategy adopted, both by Alcinous and Arete, to face the situation of external threat caused by the arrival, in the Drepane kingdom, of a rescue expedition for Medea.
Since in Alexandria the Ptolemaic queens had great social, religious and possibly political relevance, Arete and Hypsipyle can be considered a prefiguration of Arsinoe II; and the couple Arete and Alcinous, who would be uncle and niece or even brothers, can also be seen as a projection of the couple Arsinoe II and Ptolemy II, married and brothers.

Narrativas do Poder Feminino., 2012

This paper is about the role of the legendary Roman women in the History of Rome. Since the begin... more This paper is about the role of the legendary Roman women in the History of Rome. Since the beginnings Roman women are felt by men as utterly crucial. In fact without them the manhood and the warlike ability of the male sex would have no meaning, for there would be no perpetuation of species. Women are vital in some political turn points in the History. Actually Egeria is created to legitimate Numa's reforms and Tanaquil and Tullia have an extremely important role in the royal succession. Many political decisions of men are either predisposed (in the background of the power) or validated by the female figure.

Temas y formas del Mundo Clásico , 2015

El presente estudio aborda un concepto que Platón relaciona no sólo con el alma, en oposición al ... more El presente estudio aborda un concepto que Platón relaciona no sólo con el alma, en oposición al cuerpo (Phd. 66d), sino también con la vida política. A pesar de que autores como Eurípides y Jenofonte presentan σχολή como el contrario de las preocupaciones extenuantes y de las tensiones de la ciudad, asociándola a la vida con-templativa y tranquila, que trae felicidad al hombre, Platón en su obra usa el término de una forma innovadora y mucho más compleja. De hecho no podemos compren-der la dicotomía platónica σχολή/ἀσχολία si usamos siempre el mismo modelo de raciocinio. Las palabras irónicas de Sócrates al inicio del Fedro (Phdr. 227b) ponen de manifiesto que los dos vocablos pueden crear entre ellos una relación de sinonimia. Y en el último diálogo de Platón, σχολή caracteriza a los ciudadanos ayudándolos a desempeñar de forma adecuada sus funciones (Lg. 832d), además de permitir la co-rrecta prosecución de los asuntos públicos (Lg. 763d) y el exacto análisis de las leyes (Lg. 781e). En resumen, el estado ideal dispone de una σχολή que supera a la de los estados que existen realmente (Lg. 828d). Palabras clave-Platón, σχολή, Estado PLATO'S ΣΧΟΛΗ
This is a discussion of a term (σχολή) that Plato uses in relation not only to the opposition between body and soul but also to the political activity of city life. While Euripides and Xenophon use the term simply to describe the quiet con-templative life as opposed to the anxieties and tensions of city life, Plato uses it in a more complex sense. In fact if we are to understand fully Plato's Dialogues then the dichotomy (σχολή / ἀσχολία) has to be read in this complex way. Socrates' ironic words at the beginning of the Phaedrus suggest that the two terms are synonymous. In the Laws σχολή refers to the proper role of citizens in both their pursuit of public well-being and their interpretation of the laws. Thus leisure is the most important characteristic of the ideal life of the state and is an absolutely necessary feature for the generation of the 'good life' itself.

Revisitar o Mito Myths Revisited, 2015

A história de Alceste inspirou Eurípides a compor um drama de controversa classificação (tragédia... more A história de Alceste inspirou Eurípides a compor um drama de controversa classificação (tragédia ou drama satírico?). A peça tem como protagonista uma rainha de uma dedicação tal ao marido que renuncia à vida, substituindo-o no castigo imposto pelas Moiras. De facto, estas deusas haviam exigido a morte de Admeto, rei da Tessália, por este se ter esquecido de sacrificar a Ártemis no dia do seu casamento. Neste capítulo de livro quisemos analisar o tratamento da figura de Alceste, na ópera, em três libretos: Alceste (ou le trionphe d’Alcide, 1674) de Quinault; Alceste (1767, rev. 1776) de Calzabigi e de Lebland du Rollet. Estes libretos reflectem momentos chave da estética musical operística, tendo o primeiro música composta por Jean-Baptiste Lully e o segundo música de Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck.
Lully, de acordo com cânones barrocos, mantém-se na linha do amor galante, fazendo de Alceste uma prometida de Admeto que Héracles resgata. Um século depois, Gluck usa o tema na sua segunda ópera reformista, em que bane as coloraturas, os recitativos e as improvisações virtuosísticas. Gluck, sob inspiração do teatro ático, preconiza a concepção musical que coloca o drama acima da música, dando início a uma estética que será continuada por Berlioz, Wagner e Richard Strauss.

In antiquity, hospitality established a bond between human beings that has been overturned by us ... more In antiquity, hospitality established a bond between human beings that has been overturned by us today. In modern society, humans face the approach of an unknown person suspiciously and even spitefully. The other is not a concern for people enclosed in their own world and immersed in their own feelings. Murders can happen in daylight hours in the streets of our big cities and passers-by often feel fear hidden in indifference. The emergence of masses of refugees in Europe forces governments to pursue a different approach, yet many people greet the arrival of these multitudes with worry and hostility. In ancient Greece Zeus was the divine protector of beggars, travellers, refugees, and foreigners, hence his familiar epithet Ξένιος. Ιt was a sacred duty for a host to welcome a visitor. The man who trespasses the threshold of another's front door should be received by the houseowner with food, clothes, and other kinds of assistance, such as an escort to take the visitor back to his country if needed (think of the case of Odysseus).

Jason's shining arrival at Myrine, in Apollonius' Argonautica, wearing a purple cloak and with a ... more Jason's shining arrival at Myrine, in Apollonius' Argonautica, wearing a purple cloak and with a spear in the hand, highlights a glamorous heroic excellence that has its origin in Alexander the Great and evokes the military ceremonial mantles displayed during the Ptolemaic processions. Jason is so seductive that the Lemnian women feel ravished at his sight. He evokes Achilles at the gates of Troy sparkling with his armour (Il. 22.25-32). But the battlefield will be the bed in women's arms. He and almost all of his crew are going to be married to the Lemnians, just as Alexander and his officers did at Susa in 324 BCE. Through a literary resource cherished by Hellenistic poets, an ecphrasis, Apollonius challenges the epic canon, suggesting readings that merge fiction with historical facts, through two opposite cosmic forces φιλότης and νεῖκος. The seven scenes embroidered in the cloak embody them in its tension. Aphrodite, who holds the shield of Ares and sees herself on it, represents those two forces that give the plot, as well as history, its dynamics.

Forthcoming Keywords: Medea’s epithets, skilled in drugs, skilled in dealing with all kind of si... more Forthcoming
Keywords: Medea’s epithets, skilled in drugs, skilled in dealing with all kind of situations, something evil, men’s killer.

Forthcoming. Palavras-chave: sofrimento, redenção, filantropia, piedade, Sagradas Escrituras. K... more Forthcoming.
Palavras-chave: sofrimento, redenção, filantropia, piedade, Sagradas Escrituras.
Keywords: suffering, redemption, philanthropy, piety, holy scriptures.

Miscelânea de Estudos em Honra de Maria de Fátima Silva. 2 vols., 2022., Nov 2022

The words allow the heroes of the Alexandrian epic to maintain the cohesion of the group and to f... more The words allow the heroes of the Alexandrian epic to maintain the cohesion of the group and to find the ideal strategy for peaceful contact with the other countries. Jason is a leader worried about the group’s opinion and at the same time interested in keeping always diplomatic relations with foreigners. To better understand the heroic world of this Hellenistic epic, we analyse the epithets of the discourse every time an Argonaut speaks within the group or with those from others countries. This study allows us to consider humility and tolerance as heroic values working together with boldness and critical assessment of situations. Among all values, meilichie, which means diplomatic approach and gods’ reverence, stands out as the main defining feature of a world located in the opposite place of war.

Keywords: Argonautica, heroic values, diplomacy, respect for the gods, meilichie.

ISBN 979-12-218-0054-8, 2022

We intend to see if strengths such as alke, sthenos, kratos, menos, bie and tharsos still charact... more We intend to see if strengths such as alke, sthenos, kratos, menos, bie and tharsos still characterize the hero of the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes. The Iliadic heroes need them all to fight; and Odysseus to restore order to overcome several obstacles. As we shall see those concepts are still present in the Hellenistic epic, but with a new meaning. In the catalogue of the Argonauts alke still characterizes some of them, but we must pay close attention to its demonstration. This energy, together with sthenos and kratos, helps Jason facing Aeetes' challenges; and together with menos, it allows Polydeuces to fight with Amycus (2.44-5). Nevertheless, when there are collective battles, as occurs between the Argonauts and Doliones and the Argonauts and the Bebrycians, that is, when heroes act violently as a group, alke is not even mentioned. The strengths associated with alke are sthenos, menos and kratos, and that happens again in the above situations: the boxing fight between Polydeuces and Amycus (when there are menos and alke, 2.44-5); and Jason's tasks in Colchis (when alke is joined with menos, sthenos and kratos, 3.407, 507, 1307, 1257-8). Considered by itself, sthenos means, in the Argonautica, the effort one wants to do to obtain something. Therefore, in promises of aid, the expression ὅσον σθένος appears as an endeavour, meaning 'as much as possible' (2.1200; 3.63, 716), an expression never to be found in the Homeric Poems. Consequently, in the Argonautica it is often employed the verb σθένω is an auxiliar with the meaning 'to be able to' (1.62; 2.1053; 3.965; 4.1723).

Catulo. Carmina, trad. por José Pedro Moreira e André Simões. Lisboa: Livros Cotovia, 2012

Introdução de divulgação científica. ISBN 978-972-795-332-5.

A Literatura Clássica ou os Clássicos na Literatura: Uma (revisão da literatura portuguesa das origens à contemporaneidade, 2012

É nosso propósito comentar os poemas de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen cujos títulos remetem pa... more É nosso propósito comentar os poemas de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen cujos títulos remetem para as figuras femininas mitológicas da Antiguidade, as quais são: Níobe, Cassandra, Medeia, Ifigénia, Penélope, Eurídice, Electra e Ariadne. Estudaremos a forma como a poetisa trabalha as fontes, quer a nível lexical, quando se trata de adaptações de originais latinos, quer a nível das ideias que compõem a história mítica veiculada. Interessa-nos compreender por que razão e de que modo no século XX o Eu poético se identifica com estas personagens.

A Scholar for all Seasons, Homenagem a João Almeida Flor, 2013

No século XII, na Europa, no ambiente anglo-normando da corte de Henrique II, surge uma das figur... more No século XII, na Europa, no ambiente anglo-normando da corte de Henrique II, surge uma das figuras mais emblemáticas do humanismo de Chartres: João de Salisbúria. Nomeado secretário do arcebispo de Cantuária, provavelmente em 1147, acompanhou, primeiro, Teobaldo e, depois, Tomás Becket, até à data em que este foi nomeado conselheiro real. Aproveitando eventualmente uma crise obscura que o afastou de cargos públicos, João de Salisbúria escreve o primeiro tratado de teoria política medieval: Policrático. Neste estudo veremos como os autores clássicos citados neste tratado servem para instruir o Príncipe.

Euphrosyne, 2000

In Policratico Iohannes Saresberiensis ex sex libris Aeneidos sex aetatum gradus perlustrat. Vtit... more In Policratico Iohannes Saresberiensis ex sex libris Aeneidos sex aetatum gradus perlustrat. Vtitur plurimis auctoritatibus, primum Fulgentio et Bernardo Silvestri qui similem interpretationem exposuerunt, deinde libris sacris et Ecclesiae Patribus, tandem ipso poemate et nonnullis auctoribus medii aeui. Fontium coniunctio, duo permagna uerba, ‘errores’ et ‘crimina’, aetates plectentia, et quaedam adiectiua nomina singularem sermonem efficiunt.

Boletim de Estudos Clássicos, 2009

“Lemnos e Drépane: a voz política das mulheres em Apolónio de Rodes”, in F. Rebelo, M. M. Miranda (coords.), O mundo clássico e a universalidade dos seus valores: da Antiguidade ao nosso tempo. Vol.1. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 135-148., 2020

In the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, women have a great importance. In this study we analy... more In the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, women have a great importance. In this study we analyse the political behaviour of two female characters, Hypsipyle and Arete. Lemnos is a kingdom governed by a woman and populated only by the female gender since all men were slaughtered by their women. The Argonauts, who go there on their outward journey, not knowing what really happened to the previous men, solve the women’s offspring problem by copulating with them. On the homeward journey they stop in Drepane (Corfu), ruled by Arete and Alcinous.

In this paper we argue that it is possible to see Arsinoe II’s social and political prominence reflected in the role of the two queens of the Argonautica: Hypsipyle being the image of Arsinoe as Lysimachus' widow and Arete the image of Arsinoe as wife of Ptolemy II. There is an evolution from Arsinoe, still queen of Thrace, who tries to ensure her political power with a matrimonial alliance with Ptolemy Ceraunus, like Hypsipyle feels she must do; to Arsinoe II, already queen of Egypt, who steadily rules next to her brother, like Arete next to Alcinous.

The behaviour of characters such as Hypsipyle and Arete, able to weave political strategies by themselves or next to a man, is the recognition of the women’s role in Hellenistic society. Men and women interact – and without this interaction they would not achieve their wishes. The Argonauts’ mission for the Golden Fleece is a clear example of this, since it would have been unsuccessful without the help and action of Medea.

“Limiares ou Mudanças Anunciadas, em Apolónio de Rodes”, Ágora. Estudos Clássicos em Debate 23 85-92, 2021

The term οὐδός, "threshold", appears in Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica as Homeric heritage. Oc... more The term οὐδός, "threshold", appears in Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica as Homeric heritage. Occurring five times, the term is the privileged lieu for diegetic changes: for Phineus it is the end of his curse; for the Argonauts, their mission's success. The usage of this term allows for different intersections and the association of Phineus and Medea: this creates a subtle interpretative line which casts a bad omen onto this young couple's loves.

Ágora. Estudos Clássicos em Debate, 2021

The term οὐδός, “threshold”, is a Homeric inheritance, in Apollonius of Rhodes’ Argonautica. With... more The term οὐδός, “threshold”, is a Homeric inheritance, in Apollonius of Rhodes’ Argonautica. With five occurrences, it indicates a physical space always associated with a transition. In the poem, stopping or crossing a threshold implies a change in the character's fate. Phineus stops at the threshold of his yard, when he hears the Argonauts arrival (2.203). On the threshold of his dining room, Zetes and Calais put their feet up to tell the end of the Harpies' persecution (2,428). The Argonauts become aware of the imposition of Aeetes’ proofs, after crossing the threshold of his palace (3.219); Eros throws an arrow over Medea, after crossing a threshold (3.280); and Medea’s luck changes, after overpass the threshold of her room (3,647).
The threshold is, therefore, the place of diegetic changes: the end of the Phineus’ curse and the success of the mission for the Argonauts. This symbolic place takes advantage of the intersection of different planes and associates Phineus and Medea subtly, which brings a bad omen to the young couple's love.

O mundo clássico e a universalidade dos seus valores: da Antiguidade ao nosso tempo. , 2020

In the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, women have a special importance, presenting themselve... more In the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, women have a special importance, presenting themselves in complementarity with the male gender. In this study we analyse the political behaviour of two female characters, Hypsipyle, on the outward journey, and Arete, on the homeward journey. Lemnos is a kingdom governed by a woman and populated only by the female gender, after all the men have been slaughter by the women. The Argonauts ling ever longer on the island, without knowing what really happened to the previous men, and solve the women’s offspring problem by copulating with them. On the homeward journey they stop in Drepane (Corfu), ruled by Arete and Alcinous.
Our aim is to determine whether the two queens, Hypsipyle and Arete, actually have a political voice. We try to show that, in fact, both take measures to avoid external conflicts and guarantee a peaceful coexistence of nations. The expression “words dense meaning”, πύκινον ἔπος (4.1111, 1200), qualifies the discourse between the king and the queen of Drepane and has a specific political sense. It reflects the strategy adopted, both by Alcinous and Arete, to face the situation of external threat caused by the arrival, in the Drepane kingdom, of a rescue expedition for Medea.
Since in Alexandria the Ptolemaic queens had great social, religious and possibly political relevance, Arete and Hypsipyle can be considered a prefiguration of Arsinoe II; and the couple Arete and Alcinous, who would be uncle and niece or even brothers, can also be seen as a projection of the couple Arsinoe II and Ptolemy II, married and brothers.

Narrativas do Poder Feminino., 2012

This paper is about the role of the legendary Roman women in the History of Rome. Since the begin... more This paper is about the role of the legendary Roman women in the History of Rome. Since the beginnings Roman women are felt by men as utterly crucial. In fact without them the manhood and the warlike ability of the male sex would have no meaning, for there would be no perpetuation of species. Women are vital in some political turn points in the History. Actually Egeria is created to legitimate Numa's reforms and Tanaquil and Tullia have an extremely important role in the royal succession. Many political decisions of men are either predisposed (in the background of the power) or validated by the female figure.

Temas y formas del Mundo Clásico , 2015

El presente estudio aborda un concepto que Platón relaciona no sólo con el alma, en oposición al ... more El presente estudio aborda un concepto que Platón relaciona no sólo con el alma, en oposición al cuerpo (Phd. 66d), sino también con la vida política. A pesar de que autores como Eurípides y Jenofonte presentan σχολή como el contrario de las preocupaciones extenuantes y de las tensiones de la ciudad, asociándola a la vida con-templativa y tranquila, que trae felicidad al hombre, Platón en su obra usa el término de una forma innovadora y mucho más compleja. De hecho no podemos compren-der la dicotomía platónica σχολή/ἀσχολία si usamos siempre el mismo modelo de raciocinio. Las palabras irónicas de Sócrates al inicio del Fedro (Phdr. 227b) ponen de manifiesto que los dos vocablos pueden crear entre ellos una relación de sinonimia. Y en el último diálogo de Platón, σχολή caracteriza a los ciudadanos ayudándolos a desempeñar de forma adecuada sus funciones (Lg. 832d), además de permitir la co-rrecta prosecución de los asuntos públicos (Lg. 763d) y el exacto análisis de las leyes (Lg. 781e). En resumen, el estado ideal dispone de una σχολή que supera a la de los estados que existen realmente (Lg. 828d). Palabras clave-Platón, σχολή, Estado PLATO'S ΣΧΟΛΗ
This is a discussion of a term (σχολή) that Plato uses in relation not only to the opposition between body and soul but also to the political activity of city life. While Euripides and Xenophon use the term simply to describe the quiet con-templative life as opposed to the anxieties and tensions of city life, Plato uses it in a more complex sense. In fact if we are to understand fully Plato's Dialogues then the dichotomy (σχολή / ἀσχολία) has to be read in this complex way. Socrates' ironic words at the beginning of the Phaedrus suggest that the two terms are synonymous. In the Laws σχολή refers to the proper role of citizens in both their pursuit of public well-being and their interpretation of the laws. Thus leisure is the most important characteristic of the ideal life of the state and is an absolutely necessary feature for the generation of the 'good life' itself.

Revisitar o Mito Myths Revisited, 2015

A história de Alceste inspirou Eurípides a compor um drama de controversa classificação (tragédia... more A história de Alceste inspirou Eurípides a compor um drama de controversa classificação (tragédia ou drama satírico?). A peça tem como protagonista uma rainha de uma dedicação tal ao marido que renuncia à vida, substituindo-o no castigo imposto pelas Moiras. De facto, estas deusas haviam exigido a morte de Admeto, rei da Tessália, por este se ter esquecido de sacrificar a Ártemis no dia do seu casamento. Neste capítulo de livro quisemos analisar o tratamento da figura de Alceste, na ópera, em três libretos: Alceste (ou le trionphe d’Alcide, 1674) de Quinault; Alceste (1767, rev. 1776) de Calzabigi e de Lebland du Rollet. Estes libretos reflectem momentos chave da estética musical operística, tendo o primeiro música composta por Jean-Baptiste Lully e o segundo música de Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck.
Lully, de acordo com cânones barrocos, mantém-se na linha do amor galante, fazendo de Alceste uma prometida de Admeto que Héracles resgata. Um século depois, Gluck usa o tema na sua segunda ópera reformista, em que bane as coloraturas, os recitativos e as improvisações virtuosísticas. Gluck, sob inspiração do teatro ático, preconiza a concepção musical que coloca o drama acima da música, dando início a uma estética que será continuada por Berlioz, Wagner e Richard Strauss.

Grego Antigo. Manual de Iniciação. Textos, exercícios e epítome gramatical, 2023

Este livro destina-se a todos os que se queiram atrever a descobrir como o futuro está cheio de p... more Este livro destina-se a todos os que se queiram atrever a descobrir como o futuro está cheio de passado e como o passado nos pode dar chaves para o futuro. Quem já souber grego pode usar o livro para fazer revisões ou ajudar o estudante que não sabe e usa o método para dar os seus primeiros passos linguísticos. Porque não se apresentam soluções, este método foi pensado, não como um exercício silencioso, mas como pretexto para desencadear diálogos entre os que procuram saber sempre um pouco mais, à semelhança, quem sabe, das sábias discussões na Biblioteca em Alexandria.

Textos estabelecidos e anotados pela autora. ISBN 978-989-97972-9-1

Textos estabelecidos e anotados pela autora. ISBN 978-989-97972-8-4

Tradução dos cantos X e Xi. Tradução em parceria com Luís Manuel Gaspar Cerqueira e Cristina Abra... more Tradução dos cantos X e Xi. Tradução em parceria com Luís Manuel Gaspar Cerqueira e Cristina Abranches Guerreiro. ISBN 978-972-25-4010-0

Os Sofistas. Testemunhos e Fragmentos. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda. , 2005

Tradução dos fragmentos dos Sofistas, realizada em parceria com Maria José Vaz Pinto.ISBN 972-27-... more Tradução dos fragmentos dos Sofistas, realizada em parceria com Maria José Vaz Pinto.ISBN 972-27-1359-0

Exercícios de Latim, segunda edição revista e aumentada, 1995

Esta edição já não está disponível no mercado. Apresentam-se algumas páginas. ISBN 9789728047610.

Curricula Mentis (exercícios de língua latina), 2004

Um livro de exercícios de latim com textos de diversos autores e um resumo da morfologia e da sin... more Um livro de exercícios de latim com textos de diversos autores e um resumo da morfologia e da sintaxe latina. Apresentam-se algumas páginas de cada secção. ISBN972-772-504-X

Séneca. Fedra., 2003

Portuguese translation with introduction and notes. Apresentamos algumas páginas.

Manual de Grego (nível cinco, semestral). Odisseia. Livro VI. Ilíada. Livro III. Texto grego anotado com exercícios, 2021

Texto grego estabelecido pela Autora do manual. ISBN 978-989-97972-6-0

Apolónio de Rodes. Argonáutica. Livros I e II. Estudo Introdutório. Tradução e Notas. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. , 2021

This is an english translation of the literary study included in the translation into portuguese ... more This is an english translation of the literary study included in the translation into portuguese of Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica books' I and II, published by Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra (2021).

Apolónio de Rodes. Argonáutica. Cantos I e II. Estudo Introdutório. Tradução e Notas. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra., 2021

Esta tradução colmata uma falta grave no panorama literário e tem a particularidade de permitir a... more Esta tradução colmata uma falta grave no panorama literário e tem a particularidade
de permitir ao leitor identificar linhas de leitura. De facto, o
poeta constrói com os lemas da Argonáutica, quase tanto quantos os da
Odisseia, sentidos que facilmente passam despercebidos ao leitor atual,
afastado do original pela barreira linguística.
Assim, a tradução que apresentamos é a primeira feita com a preocupação
de manter os lemas identificáveis. Pretendemos que o leitor
contemporâneo reconheça como o leitor alexandrino, os paralelismos
com outros episódios dentro do poema, as evocações subtis de personagens
e de momentos.
Nas notas esclarecemos o hermetismo de alguns passos, típico da poesia
alexandrina, e também quisemos que se identificasse algum do trabalho
feito com as fontes, sobretudo a homérica.
A introdução integra o poeta na sua época e oferece uma perspetiva de
análise própria de alguns passos do poema, nomeadamente da invocação
e da écfrase do manto de Jasão. Todos os lugares da viagem de ida
mereceram também comentário, pois deles partem diversos caminhos
que levam à diegese, à estética literária alexandrina e à própria época
ptolemaica.
This translation fills a serious lack in the literary panorama and has the
particularity of allowing the reader to identify lines of reading. In fact, the
poet builds with Argonautica’s lemmas, almost as many as those of Odyssey,
meanings that easily go unnoticed by the current reader, secluded from the
original by the linguistic barrier.
This translation is the first one done with the concern of keeping the
lemmas recognizable. We want the contemporary reader to identify, as the
Alexandrian reader, the parallels with other episodes within the poem, the
subtle evocations of characters and moments.
In the notes we clarify the most difficult passages and we also identify some
of the work done with the sources, especially the Homeric.
In the introduction we integrate the poet in his time and we analyse
the invocation and the ecphrasis of Jason’s mantle. All the places on
the outward journey also deserve comment, since from them there are
several paths leading to the story, to Alexandrian literary aesthetics and
to the History itself.

Hipócrates. Juramento; dos Fetos de Oito Meses. Das Mulheres Inférteis. Das Doenças das Jovens. Da Superfetação. Da FetotomiaImprensa da Universidade de Coimbra,, 2018

This book contains a translation into Portuguese, with a brief introduction, of five Hippocratic ... more This book contains a translation into Portuguese, with a brief introduction, of five Hippocratic treatises on gynecological topics. Botanical and medical notes update the translation.The treaties are about fetuses and women’s infertility. Therefore they speak
about problematic births and dead fetuses; procedures to detect a pregnancy, promote fertilization and clean the uterus when there is an abortion.The team gathered to carry out this book aimed to present the Hippocratic treatises with the eyes of Yesterday and Today, in order to evaluate unrealistic ideas coming from oral knowledge along with scientifically valid procedures.

Manual de Grego (nível cinco, semestral). Odisseia. Livro VIII. Ilíada. Livro XXIV. Texto grego anotado com exercícios, 2018

Texto grego estabelecido pela Autora do manual.ISBN 978-989-97972-5-3

Manual de Grego II: Platão e Lísias (2016-2017), 2017

Texto grego estabelecido pela Autora do manual. Contém o discurso de Lísias contra Andócides.(ISB... more Texto grego estabelecido pela Autora do manual. Contém o discurso de Lísias contra Andócides.(ISBN: 978-989-97972-2-2

Manual de Grego III (nível cinco, semestral). Ilíada. Livro VI. Texto grego anotado com exercícios, 2017

Texto grego estabelecido pela Autora do manual.ISBN: 978-989-97972-4-6

Peer review de Claire Nancy (2016), Euripide et le parti des femmes. Paris: Éditions Rue d'Ulm

Peer review de Luigi Battezzato, Euripides. Hecuba. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Book review a Nogueira (2017), Persas de Ésquilo. Estudo sobre as metáforas trágicas. Tradução e ... more Book review a Nogueira (2017), Persas de Ésquilo. Estudo sobre as metáforas trágicas. Tradução e notas. São Paulo: AnnaBlume.

Euphrosyne 48, 2020

8ook review: Ignacio Rodríguez Alfageme (2017), Gramática Griega. Madrid: Ediciones Complutense.

Esta conferência originou um artigo intitulado “Jason’s Cloak in Apollonius’ Argonautica: a netwo... more Esta conferência originou um artigo intitulado “Jason’s Cloak in Apollonius’ Argonautica: a network of meanings”.

Esta apresentação originou um artigo que será publicado em Forma Breve 20. O Congresso Internaci... more Esta apresentação originou um artigo que será publicado em Forma Breve 20.
O Congresso Internacional: Job: justiça e sofrimento foi organizado pelo Projeto Mitografias: Temas e Variações do Centro de Línguas, Literaturas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro. Decorreu nos dias 11-12 de maio de 2023.
Link: https://job.web.ua.pt/

“Mentir ou reconfigurar a verdade na Argonáutica de Apolónio de Rodes”, Mentira e Verdade no Mund... more “Mentir ou reconfigurar a verdade na Argonáutica de Apolónio de Rodes”, Mentira e Verdade no Mundo Antigo e na Actualidade, XXIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Clássicos. Congresso online. Data: 20 a 24 de Setembro de 2021. Organizado pela SBEC.URL: https://www.even3.com.br/congresso2021sbec/

Nesta palestra viajamos pela história de alguns dos lugares em que os Argonautas fizeram escala n... more Nesta palestra viajamos pela história de alguns dos lugares em que os Argonautas fizeram escala na sua viagem de ida. A palestra à anterior à publicação da tradução do poema

Nesta palestra comenta-se a influência de Argonáutica de Apolónio de Rodes na Eneida de Vergílio,... more Nesta palestra comenta-se a influência de Argonáutica de Apolónio de Rodes na Eneida de Vergílio, analisando-se a atitude dos heróis, Jasão e Eneias, e o papel da deusa Atena em ambos os poemas.

A palestra tem a novidade de explorar o significado de termos usados por Apolónio de Rodes, a qu... more A palestra tem a novidade de explorar o significado de termos usados por Apolónio de Rodes, a que os estudiosos não têm dado atenção. O documento em PDF indica quais os lemas comentados e quais as relações diegéticas estabelecidas.

In his reform opera, Gluck paid careful attention to the classical material, very often choosing ... more In his reform opera, Gluck paid careful attention to the classical material, very often choosing Greek myths as subject for his operas. He also professed dramatic unity, by joining text and music in harmony. Neither the Italian bel canto nor Lully's intricate French opera, despite the presence of the classical themes, satisfy the demands of the new genre. Gluck's librettists plainly use several sources, mixing Greek and contemporaneous authors in order to make an entirely new work, a drama where classical resources, such as anagnorisis, have a special effect. We propose the study of this ravishing combination of words and music in Gluck, through the two versions of Alcestis, one from Ranieri de Calzagi, the other from Leblanc du Roullet, and the version of Iphigenia in Taurid, by François Guillard. Opera can never be forgotten when we intend to do a research on the reception of classical myths, and Greek theatre can never be forgotten when we want to listen to opera.

Uma visão diferente do filicídio perpetrado por Medeia como um acto de amor. A revolta do feminin... more Uma visão diferente do filicídio perpetrado por Medeia como um acto de amor. A revolta do feminino contra o estatuto da mulher ateniense. Os excertos são apresentados em tradução da própria. Aconselha-se a completar esta visão com o capítulo de livro já publicado intitulado “El θυμός en Eurípides y la peripecia trágica”, in M. Teresa Amado Rodrigues e M. Fátima Sousa e Silva (coords.), Clásicos en escena ayer y hoy. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 19-33.

Uma palestra sobre o teatro de Aristófanes que prova a importância de lermos os textos originais.

We intend to see if strengths such as alke, sthenos, kratos, menos, bie and tharsos still charact... more We intend to see if strengths such as alke, sthenos, kratos, menos, bie and tharsos still characterize the hero of the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes. The Iliadic heroes need them all to fight; and Odysseus to restore order to overcome several obstacles. As we shall see those concepts are still present in the Hellenistic epic, but with a new meaning. In the catalogue of the Argonauts alke still characterizes some of them, but we must pay close attention to its demonstration. This energy, together with sthenos and kratos, helps Jason facing Aeetes' challenges; and together with menos, it allows Polydeuces to fight with Amycus (2.44-5). Nevertheless, when there are collective battles, as occurs between the Argonauts and Doliones and the Argonauts and the Bebrycians, that is, when heroes act violently as a group, alke is not even mentioned. The strengths associated with alke are sthenos, menos and kratos, and that happens again in the above situations: the boxing fight between Polydeuces and Amycus (when there are menos and alke, 2.44-5); and Jason's tasks in Colchis (when alke is joined with menos, sthenos and kratos, 3.407, 507, 1307, 1257-8). Considered by itself, sthenos means, in the Argonautica, the effort one wants to do to obtain something. Therefore, in promises of aid, the expression ὅσον σθένος appears as an endeavour, meaning 'as much as possible' (2.1200; 3.63, 716), an expression never to be found in the Homeric Poems. Consequently, in the Argonautica it is often employed the verb σθένω is an auxiliar with the meaning 'to be able to' (1.62; 2.1053; 3.965; 4.1723).

Palestra em modo de aula aberta disponível em https://youtu.be/kdcfP5B5G1Y O vídeo da declamação... more Palestra em modo de aula aberta disponível em https://youtu.be/kdcfP5B5G1Y
O vídeo da declamação está disponível em https://youtu.be/rKUfGlT59FU.

Disponibilizam-se em documento PDF os textos declamados em tradução de Ana Alexandra Alves de Sousa.

Apresentam-se alguns excertos analisados na palestra. As ideias apresentadas foram objecto de ref... more Apresentam-se alguns excertos analisados na palestra. As ideias apresentadas foram objecto de reformulação e actualização no capítulo de livro intitulado "“As palavras do mundo heroico na epopeia alexandrina”, in F. Lourenço e S. Marques (eds.), Miscelânea de Estudos em Honra de Maria de Fátima Silva. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. A palestra é anterior à publicação da tradução dos livros I e II da Argonáutica.

Estudo original sobre a personagem de Fineu, na Argonáutica de Apolónio de Rodes, parcialmente di... more Estudo original sobre a personagem de Fineu, na Argonáutica de Apolónio de Rodes, parcialmente disponível em Sousa (2021), “Limiares ou Mudanças Anunciadas, em Apolónio de Rodes”, Ágora. Estudos Clássicos em Debate 23 85-92.

Este é um trabalho ORIGINAL que está disponível no ESTUDO LITERÁRIO contido em Sousa, A.A.A. (20... more Este é um trabalho ORIGINAL que está disponível no ESTUDO LITERÁRIO contido em Sousa, A.A.A. (2021), Apolónio de Rodes. Argonáutica Livros I e II. Estudo introdutório, Tradução e Notas. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. Apresentam-se os slides de uma aula de literatura grega do período helenístico sobre a invocação ( proposição do livro I da Argonáutica de Apolónio de Rodes.

Este é um trabalho ORIGINAL que se pode ler no ESTUDO LITERÁRIO apresentado em Sousa, A.A.A. (202... more Este é um trabalho ORIGINAL que se pode ler no ESTUDO LITERÁRIO apresentado em Sousa, A.A.A. (2021) Apolónio de Rodes. Argonáutica Livros I e II. Estudo introdutório, Tradução e Notas. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. É sobre os lugares que os Argonautas avistam ou em que fazem escala durante a sua viagem até à Cólquida, na ARGONÁUTICA de Apolónio de Rodes Comenta-se o significado destes lugares à luz da história contada na epopeia e da História contemporânea de Apolónio.

Este é um trabalho ORIGINAL que se pode ler no ESTUDO LITERÁRIO disponível em Sousa, A.A.A. (2021... more Este é um trabalho ORIGINAL que se pode ler no ESTUDO LITERÁRIO disponível em Sousa, A.A.A. (2021), Apolónio de Rodes. Argonáutica Livros I e II. Estudo introdutório, Tradução e Notas. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. Apresentam-se os slides de uma aula de Literatura Grega da Época Helenística sobre a écfrase do manto de Jasão descrito na Argonáutica de Apolónio de Rodes. Esta écfrase será trabalhada por nós de novo em "A écfrase do manto de Jasão em Apolónio de Rodes: ficção e história", numa palestra a ser apresentada em Epopeia e Intermidialidade Terceiro Colóquio do CIMEEP Centro Internacional e Multidisciplinar de Estudos Épicos em colaboração com o FoReLLIS pôle B (Poitiers), de 28 a 30 de março de 2022.

Exemplificação do que os alunos de primeiro ciclo podem fazer no âmbito da análise literária de e... more Exemplificação do que os alunos de primeiro ciclo podem fazer no âmbito da análise literária de excertos de poesia helenística.