Michele Gazzola | University of Ulster (original) (raw)

Papers by Michele Gazzola

Current Issues in Language Planning, 2024

This article evaluates the design of the official language policy of the Norwegian government in ... more This article evaluates the design of the official language policy of the Norwegian government in the field of higher education, which was set out in two white papers in 2008 and 2020. The language policy aims to avoid domain loss of the Norwegian language and thus keep it ‘complete' and able to function as a unifying factor in society. In the two white papers, however, the logic of collective action in language policy is not explicit. We adopt a theoretical approach based on public policy evaluation to reconstruct the language policy's internal logic of action (i.e. its ‘programme theory' or ‘theory of change’). Secondly, we assess the validity of the assumptions underlying the programme theory of the two white papers in light of the criteria of plausibility, feasibility, and testability. The results show that most of the measures included in the 2008 language policy are not supported by a valid programme theory. By contrast, most of the measures in the 2020 language policy are based on a valid theory of change although several weaknesses persist. This article contributes to research on the evaluation of language policies by focusing on a relatively unexplored aspect, i.e., the evaluation of policy design

This chapter is the introduction to the Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning. The h... more This chapter is the introduction to the Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning. The handbook approaches language policy and planning (LPP) from an innovative and interdisciplinary angle focusing on language policy as a form of public policy. It is designed for readers that include not only scholars from a wide range of disciplines spanning the social sciences and humanities, but also practitioners and concerned citizens. We begin by locating language policy and planning first and foremost as a responsibility of governments (at the national, regional or local level) and relevant bodies across all areas of public policy. We then discuss how language policy and planning takes form using a five-stage cycle adapted from public policy studies. These steps are the emergence of language-related issues, agenda- setting, policy formulation and adoption, implementation, and evaluation. The characteristics of the LPP approach discussed in this volume, particularly its theoretical framing and interpretation as well as translation into practice, contribute to its distinctiveness from most other published works in the field.

This chapter uses elementary economic welfare theory to analyse language policy and planning. Gov... more This chapter uses elementary economic welfare theory to analyse language policy and planning. Government policy is motivated and justified by problems of market failure (inefficiencies) in a laisser-faire situation as well as by a wish for equity and fairness between different individuals. Inefficiency is shown to be a consequence of different properties of language-related goods. Cost–benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis are methods for applying theoretical considerations to practical problems. Here, the costs (structures) of different language planning measures are important. As an illustration, it is shown that the very common ‘percentage rule' for implementing policy measures can lead to undesired results.

The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning, 2024

This chapter explains the concepts of indicator, indicator system, and information system. It cla... more This chapter explains the concepts of indicator, indicator system, and information system. It clarifies why indicators are central in the implementation and monitoring of language policy. It presents the methodology to decompose a complex concept into more constitutive dimensions and then into quantifiable indicators. It discusses the most important properties of a good indicator and indicator system. It presents some existing experiences in the use of indicators in LPP from different countries. Finally, this chapter shows how to apply indicators to the study of language policies promoting linguistic vitality of minority languages, and policies aimed at reducing linguistic unease.

As a step towards a systematic comparative evaluation of the fairness of different language polic... more As a step towards a systematic comparative evaluation of the fairness of different language policies, a rationale is presented for the design of an index of linguistic justice based on public policy analysis. The approach taken is to define a 'minimum threshold of linguistic justice' with respect to government language policy in three domains: law and order, public administration, and essential services. A hypothetical situation of pure equality and freedom in the choice of language used by all members of society in communicating with the state is used as a theoretical benchmark to study the distributive effects of policy alternatives. Departures from this standard incur lower scores. Indicators are chosen to assess effective access to three kinds of language rights: toleration (the lack of state interference in private language choices), accommodation (accessibility of public services in different languages), and compensation (symbolic and practical recognition of languages outside the dominant one). In order to take account of the cost-benefit trade-offs involved in providing language-related goods to language groups of varying sizes, a method is adopted for weighting scores with respect to compensation rights so that lack of recognition for larger groups incurs greater penalties, while factoring in the particular characteristics of each language-related good. A trial set of ten indicators illustrates the compromises entailed in balancing theoretical rigour with empirical feasibility.

Labour Economics, 2022

This article explores the relationship between foreign language skills and individuals' labor inc... more This article explores the relationship between foreign language skills and individuals' labor income in Germany, focusing on the English language. Using the 2012 and 2016 waves of the German SocioEconomic Panel's Innovation Sample (SOEP-IS), we find that native speakers of German with English language skills earn a wage premium of 13 percent, on average. Incremental improvements in the level of skills, e.g., from basic to independent user, increase wages by 11 percent, on average. We address endogeneity issues by using novel data that combine comprehensive information about individuals' characteristics with fine-grained self-assessments of language skills based on descriptors derived from the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Any remaining sources of endogeneity in the level of language proficiency are addressed by an instrumental variable approach that exploits exogenous variation in individuals' exposure to foreign language acquisition in school. We also show that wage differentials cannot be explained by the value of foreign language skills as a general ability signal, but they are driven by the productive value of such skills. Finally, by examining language skills instead of the use of such skills in the workplace, we identify individual returns to foreign languages for the general population. As education policy is the main determinant of English language acquisition (not only in Germany), this information is highly relevant for policy-makers.

Advances in Interdisciplinary Language Policy

The effect of a given language policy can be very different in the short, medium and long run. W... more The effect of a given language policy can be very different in the short, medium
and long run. We illustrate this, looking at the effects of language planning on
inclusion of different mobility patterns. The choice is between different status
and acquisition planning measures. This choice gives rise to different degrees
of inclusion (in the form of bilingualism) given the costs of the policy and the
linguistic environment. In a mobility/inclusion trade-off, a higher level of inclusion
can be reached for a given amount of migration through a well-designed
language policy. Different scenarios require different policy measures in the
cost-effectiveness analysis. The effects of status and acquisition planning are
modelled in a dynamic setting, where language learning depends on compulsory
measures as well as voluntary decisions by the individuals involved based
on their individual cost-benefit calculations (or those of their parents). The
effects on inclusion are simulated in various scenarios when language skills are
transferred from one generation to the next. The scenarios include migration
of majority-language speakers into a region with a strong minority language
(Spanish-speakers migrating into the Basque Country) and migration of speakers
of a ‘foreign’ language into a country with enclaves of speakers of this language
(Spanish-speakers in the USA).

Actes de la Vuitena Jornada de la Càtedra Pompeu Fabra, “Compromís de la uni-versitat amb la llengua catalana: reptes i oportunitats. Barcelona: Universidad Pompeu Fabra, 2023

L'istruzione universitaria è un investimento considerevole di tempo e denaro per gli studenti e l... more L'istruzione universitaria è un investimento considerevole di tempo e denaro per gli studenti e le loro famiglie, e le classifiche promettono di fornire loro informazioni sulla qualità delle università per orientare le loro scelte. I governi e le università europee hanno ormai interiorizzato in modo acritico gli indicatori utilizzati nelle classifiche commerciali come QS e Times Higher Education e hanno messo in atto misure per migliorare la loro posizione nelle classifiche. Questa presentazione mostra che gli indicatori attualmente utilizzati in queste classifiche hanno creato una forte struttura di incentivi che si traduce in una promozione artificiale del monolinguismo nell'insegnamento e nella ricerca a favore dell'inglese. L’articolo fornisce alcuni suggerimenti per modificare gli indicatori utilizzati al fine di promuovere il multilinguismo. In questa prospettiva, una classifica (e gli indicatori che ne fanno parte) diventa uno strumento di politica linguistica. Stimolando uno spirito di emulazione tra le università, il suo utilizzo può portare a un'evoluzione delle pratiche più favorevoli al multilinguismo.

Translation and Public Policy: Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Case Studies, 2017

The purpose of this chapter is to contribute to the development of the study of language policy f... more The purpose of this chapter is to contribute to the development of the study of language policy from a comparative perspective by addressing one of most important issues in comparative public policy, i.e. evaluation.

Autorità per le minoranze linguistiche - Provincia Autonoma di Trento, 2021

Indicatori e risultati. Principi e linee guida per lo sviluppo di un sistema informativo utile al... more Indicatori e risultati. Principi e linee guida per lo sviluppo di un sistema informativo utile alla programmazione e alla valutazione della politica linguistica a sostegno delle minoranze tradizionali nella Provincia Autonoma di Trento (cimbri, ladini e mòcheni)

La lingua come fattore di integrazione sociale e politica, 2016

Questo rapporto fornisce una raccolta e una illustrazione ragionata dei principali atti e orienta... more Questo rapporto fornisce una raccolta e una illustrazione ragionata dei principali atti e orientamenti dell’Unione europea (UE) in materia di lingue nella società e nell’economia, di multilinguismo nelle istituzioni europee e di lingue regionali o minoritarie

The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 2018

For many political scientists today, multilingualism is not an important issue. It is assumed tha... more For many political scientists today, multilingualism is not an important issue. It is assumed that the spread and disappearance of languages is a 'natural' phenomenon, similar to the changing seasons or to market price formation. It is a fatalistic vision that ignores the important role played by both language politics - that is, the balances and conflicts of interest between groups with differentiated access to different linguistic codes - and language policy - that is, the deliberate measures taken by States and other organizations to manage linguistic diversity in a certain territory. Languages do not spread on their own: they are spread, promoted or imposed through their use in education systems, in the media, in legal systems, and in public and private administrative systems. It is inevitable that this will be the case. While the State can be neutral with respect to religious beliefs, it must necessarily use one language and therefore must privilege at least one language over the others. In addition, the micro-incentives incorporated into language policies in law or in fact generate situations of balance that can be assessed as more or less ‘just’ - both in the sense of transfers of resources between groups involved and in their impact on the production of collective goods. It is precisely these political mechanisms and their effects that political and economic research has not yet been able to fully disentangle. The case of the European Union is interesting in this respect. The EU's language policy, enshrined in Regulation 1/1958, is based on the principle of equal languages. Although this principle is respected in official acts, it is not always applied in other areas in which preference is given to the use of only one language, English, or three major languages, namely English, French and German. The reason usually cited is linked to the costs of translation and interpretation services, but, after a careful analysis of the data, it appears to be based on a narrow view of the concept of cost and on a partial evaluation of the economic, social and cultural effects. This article shows that only a minority of European citizens know English, and those who do know it usually know it at elementary or intermediate level. It also suggests that extending the use of English could have a negative impact on the collective good of cultural and intellectual diversity, which the EU has reaffirmed as its distinctive identity, as it reduces the contribution that different national cultural stocks can contribute to a supranational debate. The European case shows that the advent of the global language also has disadvantages that must be taken into account. Reality of the facts shows that today English is mainly the vehicular language of the cosmopolitan elites most organically inserted in the web of economic interests and power relations of the global political-economic system built on the basis of the Anglo-American alliance after the Second World War and which became irresistible after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The privileged status acquired by English generates inequalities at different territorial levels and, in the EU, a dangerous increase in the distances between the population and the EU institutions which risks favouring the growth of the so-called populist movements.

he Economics of Language Policy. Cambridge (MA)/London: MIT Press, 2016

The Economics of Language Policy: Introduction to the book

The MIME vademecum: Mobility and inclusion in multilingual Europe, 2018

How to use this book 1. Read the introduction to get an overview of the MIME project 2. Check the... more How to use this book 1. Read the introduction to get an overview of the MIME project 2. Check the "Key Results" to access our main conclusions and findings 3. Wander through the 72 entries in accordance with your own interests and needs PDF disclaimer This is the PDF version of the paperback book by the same name. Very effort has been made in order to facilitate reading on a screen or a mobile device. Therefore, page order remains the same but some changes might appear in text distribution at the end or at the beginning of a column. This Vademecum is a practical tool resulting from the MIME project on Mobility and Inclusion in Multilingual Europe funded by the European Commission. Using a novel approach combining eleven different disciplines, this Vademecum offers an innovative and integrated response to language policy challenges usually considered separately. It is intended for people whose professional or political activities lead them to consider matters of multilingualism, take a stand on those issues and, directly or indirectly, shape language policy decisions at local, national or supra-national level. Backcover text of paperback edition 1. it reviews the essential features of the MIME project. This helps to approach the rest of the Vademecum with a deeper understanding of the challenges of linguistic diversity; 2. it presents the structure of the Vademecum, explaining what this volume offers (but also, no less importantly, what it is not intended to provide); 3. it contains practical indications on how to use this Vademecum. The MIME Vademecum: an Introduction MIME is a research project on multilingualism (2014-2018) financed by the European Commission under FP7 This Vademecum offers a set of tools and research results François Grin MIME Project coordinator ß How can Europeans balance the requirements of mobility in a modern, integrated, technologically advanced society with the need to maintain and take advantage of Europe's linguistic and cultural diversity? ß What does this challenge imply in terms of communication practices, language use and language rights, language teaching and learning? ß How does this translate into policies regarding national languages, minority languages, and immigrant or heritage languages? MIME offers an innovative approach to language policy selection and design with (i) a policy analysis angle, (ii) an interdisciplinary perspective combining eleven different disciplines, (iii) a diversity management framework that integrates language questions usually considered separately Introduction ß the protection and promotion of regional and minority languages in Europe; ß the presence and visibility, in an EU member state, of the official languages of other member states (as a result of intra-European mobility); ß the challenges of effective second and foreign language learning in education systems, which raises, in particular, the issue of the special role of major languages, including one or more lingua francas; ß the language issues surrounding the presence of other (often extra-European) languages accompanying migration flows; ß the problem of efficient and fair communication in multilingual organisations-not least the European institutions themselves; ß a number of specific questions connected to the management of multilingualism, such as the linguistic dimensions of consumer protection or the specific language needs of retirees settling in another EU member state. We need to rethink language planning in response to profound changes due to globalisation and technological development The interconnections between the micro level (individuals), the meso level (organisations) and the macro level (state and society) must be taken into account ß on the one hand, Europe means becoming a strongly integrated union whose citizens can freely move between member states for work, study, leisure or retirement. This is what we call mobility, a notion which denotes a broader range of processes than physical migration and captures the growing multiplicity of motivations and modalities associated with the geographical, or sometimes virtual movement of people. Mobility requires easy communication among people with different linguistic backgrounds. This can be achieved by appropriately combining multiple communication strategies involving language learning as well as various ways of using languages. Mobility, however, challenges the association traditionally made between a particular language and a particular geographical area; ß on the other hand, the "multilingual challenge" raises issues of inclusion, in which languages play a fundamental role. The range of languages spoken in Europe is crucial to the definition of its diversity, which is recognised as a core value of the Union. This diversity is manifested in the linguistic specificity of different parts of the EU, whose member states have different official languages (sometimes more than one, with various internal arrangements, at national and/or sub-national level, to deal with this diversity). Inclusion, then, refers to a sense of belonging to, Europe as a social and political project requires both mobility and inclusion, but having more of one often means having less of the other, and vice-versa The tension between mobility and inclusion is particularly acute in the area of language ß if its citizens can easily move between member states and not be confined to one state where they happen to have been born or to have studied. This requires support for arrangements and institutions that facilitate mobility for work, study, leisure, and retirement. Such support may concern the legal provision of language rights, the design of school syllabuses, the regulation of multilingualism in the packaging of consumer goods, the conditions under which access to public services is guaranteed, etc.; ß and if, while taking full advantage of the educational, professional and other opportunities offered by mobility, citizens are included in the local community in which they settle, for a short or extended period. This requires support for the vitality of diverse communities, big or small, which differ from each other and manifest their uniqueness, in particular, through their specific linguistic features. Cohesion, therefore, also implies paying attention to the concerns of those who choose not to move or have no particular reason to do so, but who may find themselves in the role of a host society. Their sense of MIME's core mission is to identify language policies that can improve compatibility between mobility and inclusion in areas such as language rights, language use in the public sphere, language education, and communication in specific settings Social cohesion, at the European level, requires a balanced combination of mobility and inclusion, also in terms of language use, language rights and language skills Multilingualism is of crucial importance at a time when the EU as a social and political project needs to rethink the conditions of its appeal to citizens MIME is not about a specific facet of multilingualism, but about managing multilingualism in an integrated fashion, as a feature that cuts across different situations This volume provides concepts, models, principles, references, and examples of successful practice This Vademecum is a tool for users to identify priorities for their own policy plans, suited to their own contexts ß language policy analysis (questions 1 to 13) ß minorities, majorities, and language rights (questions 14 to 25) ß linguistic diversity, mobility, and integration (questions 26 to 40) ß language education, teaching, and learning (questions 41 to 53) ß translation, language technologies, and alternative strategies (questions 54 to 64) ß special topics (questions 65 to 72) Within each group, the Vademecum entries have been chosen in such a way as to offer an ample coverage of practical questions, and the entries of this Vademecum can be used as stepping stones in order to approach other questions. The general principles and findings also apply to language policy issues not addressed in this Vademecum This book is neither an encyclopaedia nor a textbook, but it offers an extensive, hands-on coverage of the linguistic environment that language policies are intended to influence The 72 entries allow quick, effective and targeted access to essential language policy issues The MIME project generates a wide range of research results providing orientations for the selection and design of language policies in Europe. Let us begin by highlighting four major conclusions, from which general policy orientations may be derived.

The MIME vademecum: Mobility and inclusion in multilingual Europe

The MIME vademecum: Mobility and inclusion in multilingual Europe, 2018

La Crusca per voi, 2008

I sistemi di valutazione della ricerca in Italia favoriscono strutturalmente la tendenza al monol... more I sistemi di valutazione della ricerca in Italia favoriscono strutturalmente la tendenza al monolinguismo inglese nella ricerca e nell'insegnamento

Lingua, politica, cultura: Serta gratulatoria in honorem Renato Corsetti, 2016

Il multilinguismo reca diversi benefici economici agli individui e all’economia nel suo insieme. ... more Il multilinguismo reca diversi benefici economici agli individui e all’economia nel suo insieme. Le competenze linguistiche possono generare sostanziali differenziali salariali in favore di coloro che sviluppano repertori linguistici multilingui, ed esse contribuiscono alla creazione di valore aggiunto nell’economia (e quindi al PIL). Allo stesso tempo le dinamiche linguistiche e le politiche linguistiche sollevano anche delle questioni economiche di equità di cui è necessario tenere conto. L’egemonia di una o di alcune lingue sulle altre, infatti, può generare notevoli trasferimenti di risorse fra paesi e in taluni casi distorcere la concorrenza fra imprese.

The MIME Vademecum: Mobility and inclusion in multilingual Europe, 2018

Sustainability, 2022

This article analyses how the number of speakers of the Friulian language changes over time in th... more This article analyses how the number of speakers of the Friulian language changes over time in the territory where this language is traditionally spoken, that is, the provinces of Udine, Pordenone, and Gorizia, located in the north-east of Italy in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The aim of this research is twofold. First, it illustrates how the number of speakers of Friulian evolved over the past 40 years. To this end, we provide an overview of the findings of empirical studies on the Friulian language from 1977, 1998, and 2014. We complement these findings with population figures, birth and death rates, as well as data on migration and language transmission in order to provide a better understanding of the current situation in the three provinces. Second, these data are used to set up a mathematical language dynamic (or language competition) model. With the help of this empirically informed model, we derive projections for the future of the Friulian language in the three provinces. The results show that the number of Friulian speakers will decrease from 600,000 in 2014 to about 530,000 in 2050 (−11%), and that the number of regular Friulian speakers will decreases from 420,000 to 320,000 (−23%). By 2050, about 30% of the population will speak Friulian regularly and about 50% will speak Friulian regularly or occasionally. Only in the province of Udine will Friulian speakers still be in a clear majority. The analysis suggests that a stronger commitment to language policy protecting and promoting Friulian is needed in order to counteract these trends.

Current Issues in Language Planning, 2024

The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning, 2024

Labour Economics, 2022

Advances in Interdisciplinary Language Policy

Actes de la Vuitena Jornada de la Càtedra Pompeu Fabra, “Compromís de la uni-versitat amb la llengua catalana: reptes i oportunitats. Barcelona: Universidad Pompeu Fabra, 2023

Translation and Public Policy: Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Case Studies, 2017

Autorità per le minoranze linguistiche - Provincia Autonoma di Trento, 2021

La lingua come fattore di integrazione sociale e politica, 2016

The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 2018

he Economics of Language Policy. Cambridge (MA)/London: MIT Press, 2016

The Economics of Language Policy: Introduction to the book

The MIME vademecum: Mobility and inclusion in multilingual Europe, 2018

The MIME vademecum: Mobility and inclusion in multilingual Europe

The MIME vademecum: Mobility and inclusion in multilingual Europe, 2018

La Crusca per voi, 2008

Lingua, politica, cultura: Serta gratulatoria in honorem Renato Corsetti, 2016

The MIME Vademecum: Mobility and inclusion in multilingual Europe, 2018

Sustainability, 2022

Building on existing analytical frameworks, this book provides a new methodology allowing differe... more Building on existing analytical frameworks, this book provides a new methodology allowing different language policies in international multilingual organisations (or “language regimes”) to be compared and evaluated on the basis of criteria such as efficiency and fairness. It explains step-by-step how to organise the evaluation of language regimes and how to design and interpret indicators for such evaluation. The second part of this book applies the theoretical framework to the evaluation of the language policy of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) division of the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) and the European Patent Office (EPO). Results show that an increase in linguistic diversity of the language regimes of patent organisations can both improve the efficiency of the patent system and lead to a more balanced distribution of costs among countries. This book is a resource for scholars in language policy and planning and for policy-makers in the international and European patent system.

The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning is a comprehensive and authoritative surve... more The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning is a comprehensive and authoritative survey, including original contributions from leading senior scholars and rising stars to provide a basis for future research in language policy and planning in international, national, regional, and local contexts.

The Handbook approaches language policy as public policy that can be studied through the policy cycle framework. It offers a systematic and research-informed view of actual processes and methods of design, implementation, and evaluation.

With a substantial introduction, 38 chapters and an extensive bibliography, this Handbook is an indispensable resource for all decision makers, students, and researchers of language policy and planning within linguistics and cognate disciplines such as public policy, economics, political science, sociology, and education.

This book advances the growing area of language policy and planning (LPP) by examining the episte... more This book advances the growing area of language policy and planning (LPP) by examining the epistemological and theoretical foundations that engendered and sustain the field, drawing on insights and approaches from anthropology, linguistics, economics, political science, and education to create an accessible and inter-disciplinary overview of LPP as a coherent discipline. Throughout the book, the authors address LPP from different perspectives, exploring the interface between planning in theory and its practical problems in implementation. This volume will be of interest to students and scholars with an interest in LPP in particular, and educational, social, and public policy more broadly.

This study assesses the EU’s approach to multilingualism in its communications policy. A mixed me... more This study assesses the EU’s approach to multilingualism in its communications policy. A mixed methods approach is employed, including literature review, legal and policy analysis, quantitative analysis of EU websites, interviews with EU experts and survey data analysis.
Authors Carlos Mendez, Michele Gazzola, Laure Clement-Wilz, Vasiliki Triga, Fernando Mendez, Costas Djouvas, Antonis Charamboulos, e John Bachtler

Overview In an era of globalization, issues of language diversity have economic and political i... more Overview

In an era of globalization, issues of language diversity have economic and political implications. Transnational labor mobility, trade, social inclusion of migrants, democracy in multilingual countries, and companies’ international competitiveness all have a linguistic dimension; yet economists in general do not include language as a variable in their research. This volume demonstrates that the application of rigorous economic theories and research methods to issues of language policy yields valuable insights.

The contributors offer both theoretical and empirical analyses of such topics as the impact of language diversity on economic outcomes, the distributive effects of policy regarding official languages, the individual welfare consequences of bilingualism, and the link between language and national identity. Their research is based on data from countries including Canada, India, Kazakhstan, and Indonesia and from the regions of Central America, Europe, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Theoretical models are explained intuitively for the nonspecialist. The relationships among linguistic variables, inequality, and the economy are approached from different perspectives, including economics, sociolinguistics, and political science. For this reason, the book offers a substantive contribution to interdisciplinary work on languages in society and language policy, proposing a common framework for a shared research area.

Contributors
Alisher Aldashev, Katalin Buzási, Ramon Caminal, Alexander M. Danzer, Maxime Leblanc Desgagné, Peter H. Egger, Ainhoa Aparicio Fenoll, Michele Gazzola, Victor Ginsburgh, Gilles Grenier, François Grin, Zoe Kuehn, Andrea Lassmann, Stephen May, Serge Nadeau, Suzanne Romaine, Selma K. Sonntag, Stefan Sperlich, José-Ramón Uriarte, François Vaillancourt, Shlomo Weber, Bengt-Arne Wickström, Lauren Zentz