Khalid MOUNA | Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco (original) (raw)

Drafts by Khalid MOUNA

Bouhouth, 2023

C’est à partir de l’analyse du Hirak politique au Maroc que ce papier tente de présenter un nouve... more C’est à partir de l’analyse du Hirak politique au Maroc que ce papier tente de présenter un nouveau regard sur la recherche en sciences sociales. Le Hirak est un concept sociologique qui marque le « ras-le-bol » social, politique et économique. Le mot Hirak prend ici la dimension d’un mouvement qui cible à faire bouger les lignes politiques. Il signifie également une manifestation active contre le sommeil et l’immobilisme politique et économique. L’importance de ce terme se constate à travers sa reprise par d’autres mouvements en Algérie et en Tunisie, il est devenu le symbole d’une expression politique de la marge.

LEs Cahiers D'EMAM, 2022

Since the outbreak of the Hirak in 2016, land issues have emerged as a new framework for social m... more Since the outbreak of the Hirak in 2016, land issues have emerged as a new framework for social mobilization, and this goes far beyond the city of Al Hoceima, the starting point of the Hirak. The land issue, in connection with the territory, is posed with acuteness in the territories of cannabis production, whether in Tlata de Ketama or in the commune of Raya Suahal. Thus, activists blocked the departure of a military helicopter in 2017 as a sign of protest against the annexation of agricultural lands used by cultivators of cannabis. With the legalization of cannabis, the land issue arises as a condition for legal production of therapeutic and industrial cannabis. This paper seeks to explore the triangular relationship between cannabis, territory and land in the central Rif: it analyzes the aspects of this triangulation which engage the success of the legalization of cannabis for both therapeutic and industrial purposes.

Enjeux locaux et régionaux de l’enseignement religieux, 2021

Since 2002, religious teaching in Morocco has undergone major transformation and pedagogical rest... more Since 2002, religious teaching in Morocco has undergone major transformation and pedagogical restructuring led by the Ministry of Endowments (Habous) and Islamic Affairs. In certain regions such as the north of the country and the Sous, this teaching appears much more rooted than in other regions. Thus, among the Jbala of the Western Rif, the fuqhā occupy a symbolic place and the memorization of the Koran is part of a local identity and socio-cultural framework. Based on ethnographic work, this article describes the processes of Koran memorization among the Jbala and shows how the Jbala are convinced that they are heirs to a tradition of memorization of the Koran. Beyond a socio-cultural dimension, the ta’līm al ‘atîq (traditional teaching) offers balance to a society that has devoted itself to the accumulation of wealth from the cannabis economy.

This publication reflects only the views of the author(s); the European Commission and Research E... more This publication reflects only the views of the author(s); the European Commission and Research Executive Agency are not responsible for any information it contains. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union or the European Institute of the Mediterranean (IEMed).

Connekt H2020, 2022

politique et cannabis au Maroc, policy and cannabis in Morocco

radicalisme , 2021

The report sets out valuable data, figures and information regarding violent extremism in the... more The report sets out valuable data, figures and information regarding violent extremism in their specific contexts, and provide a brief overview of the main policies, strategies and initiatives regarding Prevention/Countering Violent Extremism in the country. Moreover, it also identifies the most relevant stakeholders in the field, both as source and target of such past and current visions and actions.

Since the 1980s, the landscape of illegal drug use has changed in Morocco. This has come about th... more Since the 1980s, the landscape of illegal drug use has changed in Morocco. This has come about through the introduction of new drugs and new modes of consumption. Morocco's geographical position has actively contributed to facilitating the transit of cocaine from the Sahel; heroin arriving through the two enclaves of Sebta and Melilla; and psychotropic drugs from Europe or those transiting through Algeria. The 2000s were marked by the "democratization" of certain drugs with the massive arrival in Morocco of cocaine and heroin, which had until then been reserved for a wealthy clientele. Thus "kahla/heroin", introduced in the north at a price of around 20 dirhams (2 Euros) per gram, generated a considerable number of injecting drug users, with all the attendant public health problems (HIV). Using the city of Tangier as a working space, this article attempts to understand the process of heroin addiction, and tries to answer the following questions: how do people become junkies? How it feels to break the social link ?How do they experience the user-sick position?

European Foreign Affairs Review Volume 25, Special Issue (2020) pp. 67 – 86, 2020

The process of democratization in Morocco has confronted political and economic challenges. Civil... more The process of democratization in Morocco has confronted political and economic challenges. Civil society has recently become very active in Moroccan society, operating in all sectors and starting from the paradigm of human rights. However, this civil society faces two major difficulties. The first is intrinsic to its existence, because it lacks resources and professionalism; whereas the second difficulty lies in the nature of power and its centralization, as central power is obsessed by co-optation of political actors and actors from civil society. Thus political actors and social activists must start from consensus as a prerequisite and avoid anything that could challenge the political system. This leaves little room for a genuine democratic process and is the context that the EU enters as an external player. Its presence is perceived as ambivalent, even neocolonial; its practices are not seen as supportive of the local fight for democracy, but as a source to use by emerging players, which is evidence of the competition for resources among the different actors in Morocco’s political system.

Journal des anthropologues, 2011

This paper examines gender relations in the cannabis production area. This is an ethnographic wor... more This paper examines gender relations in the cannabis production area. This is an ethnographic work that starts from a case study and goes up in generality.

Fuori Luogo / n. 4, dicembre , 2018

The transformation of Morocco from a country of emigration to a country of immigration has change... more The transformation of Morocco from a country of emigration to a country of immigration has changed the migratory profile of the country since the 1990s. Morocco has become a country of origin, transit but also destination. In this context, migration-related issues are mostly associated with the presence of immigrants, whereby migration is framed through a securitizing approach. In the framework of this securitizing representation of migration, this paper aims to present and analyse the perspectives of stakeholders operating in the field of migration in Morocco, by intersecting the viewpoints of governmental and para-governmental stakeholders, CSOs and migrants. The analysis of these diverse perspectives allows us to better understand the place of migration in North-South (EU-Morocco) relations.

The process of democratization in Morocco has confronted political and economic challenges. Civil... more The process of democratization in Morocco has confronted political and economic challenges. Civil society has recently become very active in Moroccan society, operating in all sectors and starting from the paradigm of human rights. However, this civil society faces two major difficulties. The first is intrinsic to its existence, because it lacks resources and professionalism; whereas the second difficulty lies in the nature of power and its centralization, as central power is obsessed by co-optation of political actors and actors from civil society. Thus political actors and social activists must start from consensus as a prerequisite and avoid anything that could challenge the political system. This leaves little room for a genuine democratic process. This is the context that the EU enters as an external player. How is it perceived by grassroots actors, and what role could it play to become a true partner towards democracy?

Préface La Fondation Heinrich Böll Afrique du Nord Rabat, en partenariat avec le Rabat Social Stu... more Préface La Fondation Heinrich Böll Afrique du Nord Rabat, en partenariat avec le Rabat Social Studies Institute et l'Université Moulay Ismail de Meknès, a entamé ce projet afin d'enrichir le débat sur la migration et les réfugié(e)s au Maroc et promouvoir la culture de l'inclusion, le respect, l'intégration et la coexistence ainsi que des perspectives sur la migration et les réfugié(e)s basées sur les droits humains. « Migration : intégration, identité et mobilité », ces études, centré(e)s sur le Maroc en tant que pays de transition, ont été faites initialement par des chercheur/ses en Master et Doctorat, Marocain(e)s et migrant(e)s. Elles ont des effets réels sur les politiques et les pratiques. Elles soulignent par ailleurs la précarité que certain(e)s migrant(e)s et réfugié(e)s vivent au Maroc, surtout dans les domaines de l'éducation, de l'intégration économique et de l'accès au logement. Les trois chapitres observent de près la vie des migrant(e)s au Maroc, avec un oeil sur des détails et des études qualitatives et quantitatives sur les migrant(e)s. Ils montrent également la complexité de l'intégration par la société marocaine et l'accès aux droits humains les plus basiques.

Le Maroc a connu depuis 2011 une mobilisation sociale qui a provoqué un changement politique ; ce... more Le Maroc a connu depuis 2011 une mobilisation sociale qui a provoqué un changement politique ; cette mobilisation se poursuit aujourd’hui à travers les différentes formes de Hirak : Rif, Jrada, boycott. Ces nouvelles mobilisations sont riches en enseignements sur le changement produit au sein de la société marocaine, mais elles nous poussent aussi à réfléchir sur les modalités permettant de penser la pratique des sciences sociales au Maroc. Ce papier tente d’ouvrir le débat sur ce sujet.

his article focuses on a fieldwork study we conducted on the Rif society, more precisely on the q... more his article focuses on a fieldwork study we conducted on the Rif society, more precisely on the question of power. As the culture of kif and its derivatives has emerged and developed, the socio-economic connections have been deeply changed. So have the values of honour and baraka, which were traditionally the foundation of power, symbolically built on lands and women, forbidden domains. What are the social consequences of this internationalisation of the kif economy ? How is the new power in the actual Rif ? This is what this article deals with, by analysing the new social hierarchy in general and the baznass group in particular, a new social class trying to rule a society where the symbolic basis has been chased by the material one.

Keywords: Mouna, Rif, Power, Economy, Cannabis

Bouhouth, 2023

LEs Cahiers D'EMAM, 2022

Enjeux locaux et régionaux de l’enseignement religieux, 2021

Connekt H2020, 2022

politique et cannabis au Maroc, policy and cannabis in Morocco

radicalisme , 2021

European Foreign Affairs Review Volume 25, Special Issue (2020) pp. 67 – 86, 2020

Journal des anthropologues, 2011

Fuori Luogo / n. 4, dicembre , 2018

The process of democratization in Morocco has confronted political and economic challenges. Civil... more The process of democratization in Morocco has confronted political and economic challenges. Civil society has recently become very active in Moroccan society, operating in all sectors and starting from the paradigm of human rights. However, this civil society faces two major difficulties. The first is intrinsic to its existence, because it lacks resources and professionalism; whereas the second difficulty lies in the nature of power and its centralization, as central power is obsessed by co-optation of political actors and actors from civil society. Thus political actors and social activists must start from consensus as a prerequisite and avoid anything that could challenge the political system. This leaves little room for a genuine democratic process. This is the context that the EU enters as an external player. How is it perceived by grassroots actors, and what role could it play to become a true partner towards democracy?

Keywords: Mouna, Rif, Power, Economy, Cannabis

Khalid Mouna, Catherine Therrien, Leila Bouasria, 2017

Dans cet ouvrage collectif, des réflexions sur des expériences de terrain ethnographique se crois... more Dans cet ouvrage collectif, des réflexions sur des expériences de terrain ethnographique se croisent pour nous livrer les différents contextes de production des données et les stratégies mobilisées par les chercheurs en fonction de leur thématique et de leur positionnement sur le terrain. Les différents chercheurs qui ont contribué à ce livre proviennent de différentes disciplines et ont en commun le fait d'avoir privilégié l'approche ethnographique pour recueillir leurs données de recherche.

Cuando un movimiento de protesta se mide por la represión. Una retrospectiva del Movimiento 20 de Febrero en Meknes, 2019

En 2011 el Movimiento 20 de febrero hizo un llamamiento a la ciudadanía marroquí para ocupar las... more En 2011 el Movimiento 20 de febrero hizo un llamamiento a la ciudadanía marroquí para ocupar las calles y reclamar cambios políticos. Centenares de miles de personas se manifestaron durante meses, en el contexto de la Primavera Árabe que modificó la fisonomía de toda la región. Desde entonces ha crecido el interés por desentrañar las causas de las tensiones políticas y de las formas de protesta y rebelión en el Magreb. La presente obra ofrece una nueva perspectiva planteando la necesidad de ir más allá de la historia reciente de Marruecos y de mostrar la evolución de la movilización social desde la época colonial hasta la actualidad. Un siglo de movilización social en Marruecos presenta una variada selección de estudios de caso analizados por especialistas de diversas disciplinas. Partiendo de unas preguntas comunes, los diferentes capítulos muestran divergencias y similitudes, cambios y continuidades para determinar los factores que conformaron la movilización, los actores sociales que la protagonizaron, la reacción de las autoridades y los efectos que todo ello tuvo sobre el régimen de poder. El trabajo permite concluir la existencia de ciclos de protesta, de factores locales específicos y de factores estructurales que conforman la acción colectiva en formas tan diversas como los levantamientos tribales, las luchas nacionalistas anticoloniales, las protestas obreras, las reivindicaciones de sectores religiosos, las revueltas de la población desheredada urbana, o las manifestaciones políticas contra las élites del país.

ce travail reviens sur le terrain du cannabis, comment enquêter dans un milieu sensible. L'auteur... more ce travail reviens sur le terrain du cannabis, comment enquêter dans un milieu sensible. L'auteur reviens sur ses premiers terrains ethnographique au sein de la population de Ketama du Rif

Le 27 janvier 2013, des manifestations éclatent dans la province d’Al Hoceïma, précisément dans l... more Le 27 janvier 2013, des manifestations éclatent dans la province d’Al Hoceïma, précisément dans le douar de Bni Gmil où a été introduite la culture du cannabis en 2007. Ces troubles interviennent à la suite de l’interdiction, annoncée par le crieur public (barah) lors du marché hebdomadaire du samedi, de cultiver le cannabis cette année. Aussitôt, la population prend d’assaut le siège de la commune et se confronte aux forces de l’ordre. Rassemblant 1 400 personnes, cette manifestation est enc..

Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos

Starting from the orality and experience of the Hirak actors, we conducted a series of semi-struc... more Starting from the orality and experience of the Hirak actors, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews and field observation, as well as the analysis of the web content of the Hirak actors, to express the relationship to the protest memory of the Rif. This memory does not present a logical sequence of events, but rather operates as a rhetorical approach to the past where the real and the imaginary move as elements that constantly shapes the "market of memory". As such, this paper seeks to capture the movements of inversion from a heroic Rif to a victimized Rif, and vice versa. We will show how the Hirak serves to renew memory, and how actors renew their action by making memory dynamic.

Anthropos

This article investigates heroin use in northern Morocco through ethnographic work, exploring the... more This article investigates heroin use in northern Morocco through ethnographic work, exploring the trajectory by mobilizing the concept of becoming in three distinct phases: becoming addicted, becoming sick, and becoming a patient. Starting from the practices and discourses of the actors, we seek to understand how individuals think about their addiction, and the place of their local culture in their self-definitions. The term “junkie” is used by the users to qualify their practice and social conditions, as a kind of auto-stigma. We also explore how heroin users pragmatically adhere to the medical approach to re-establish their link to society, defining themselves as sick, and then as a patient. “Becoming” is a vanishing line in the sense of Deleuze and Guattari, a dynamic of social exclusion that offers possibilities of resistance. This work shows the ability of this population to bend the rules, but also to reinvest the codes of society to recreate a new “becoming” [Morocco, addicti...

Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, 2023

Starting from the orality and experience of the Hirakactors, we conducted a series of semi-struct... more Starting from the orality and experience of the Hirakactors, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews and field observation, as well as the analysis of the web content of the Hirakactors, to express the relationship to the protest memory of the Rif. This memory does not present a logical sequence of events, but rather operates as a rhetorical approach to the past where the real and the imaginary move as elements that constantly shapes the "market of memory". As such, this paper seeks to capturethe movements of inversion from a heroic Rif to a victimized Rif, and vice versa. We will show how the Hirakserves to renew memory, and how actors renew their action by making memory dynamic.

anthropos, 2023

Un siglo de movilización social en Marruecos, 2019, ISBN 9788472909212, págs. 469-483, 2019

The body does not escape the social condition that builds it, bearing, there is no condition prop... more The body does not escape the social condition that builds it, bearing, there is no condition proper to the body. It is from changing body conditions that Lalla Aicha's ritual finds its meaning. Contrary to the analysis of Bourdieu who perceives the rite of legitimation or consecration as a kind of demarcation line and social oppositions, such as masculine / feminine as being the symbols of the sun and the moon, Lalla Aïcha and rituals that accompany it function as the vectors of a fusion but also an ambivalence. The knowledge of the body passes through the myth and rite that are granted to Lalla Aicha that allows to attribute an identity to a body socially and religiously suspicious. The myths around Aicha play a dynamic and liberating role of the body. The strength of myths lies in the ability to be incorporated into the creation of a collective memory that reflects a group's point of view about itself, but also the way this group perceives the outside world. This contribution aims to analyze the course of suspicious bodies, bodies in search of sexual identity; it is based on an approach that focuses more on the experience and experience of actors in relation to the visible world and the invisible world.

Les Cahiers d’EMAM

Drivers of radicalisation and violent extremism in the light of community dynamics in MENA and the Balkans, 2022

North Africa in the Process of Change: Political, Legal, Social and Economic Transformations

The Moroccan political system is based on a diversity of actors: the urban bourgeoisie, peasantry... more The Moroccan political system is based on a diversity of actors: the urban bourgeoisie, peasantry, the state workers, etc. But, among its components, there are also unemployed graduates. This paper will show how they have been divided into several groups since the late 1990s, each group defined by its interests and degrees. Beyond these specificities, all these groups share the same aim: they want access to employment, more specifically to civil service positions. This article analyzes these two aspects through the use of public space during protest movements by unemployed graduates.

Encyclopédie des historiographies : Afriques, Amériques, Asies, 2020

André Sylvie Université de Polynésie Française, Papeete Argyriadis Kali IRD, URMIS, Paris Arthus ... more André Sylvie Université de Polynésie Française, Papeete Argyriadis Kali IRD, URMIS, Paris Arthus Weibert Université d’État d’Haïti Bardy Yannick Université de Lille Basu Raj Sekhar University of Calcutta Baumgartner Lesage Heidy Service de la culture et du patrimoine, Tahiti Beaujard Philippe CNRS, Institut des Mondes Africains, Paris Béligand Nadine Université de Lyon 2 Bernand Carmen Université Paris Nanterre Bertho Elara CNRS, LAM, Bordeaux Bhattacharya France Inalco, Paris Bhaumik Suda..

Le Maroc est probablement l’un des pays d’Afrique du Nord et du Moyen Orient les plus étudiés par... more Le Maroc est probablement l’un des pays d’Afrique du Nord et du Moyen Orient les plus étudiés par les sciences sociales et humaines. Motivée par la diversité objective du pays, cette faveur n’en demeure pas moins ambiguë, en ce qu’elle a contribué à consacrer l’antinomie tradition/modernité. À rebours de ce cliché, Le Maroc au présent expose plusieurs facettes des tensions qui traversent la société marocaine et montre qu’elles ne sont ni figées ni subies par les gens. En multipliant les approches en sciences humaines et sociales, cet ouvrage examine, notamment à partir d’observations de terrain, les transformations qui se sont produites ce dernier quart de siècle, à tous les niveaux. Pour donner à connaître, du plus près possible, le Maroc d’aujourd’hui, l’ouvrage propose une variété de regards croisés, souvent personnalisés, sur les processus sociaux, dans leurs expressions les plus variées. En cela, Le Maroc au présent se veut beaucoup plus un ouvrage d’exploration qu’un simple livre de synthèse. De par la pluralité disciplinaire des contributeurs et la diversité des terrains explorés, il est un état de la recherche sur le Maroc contemporain, fait à partir du Maroc

European Foreign Affairs Review

Alternatives Rurales, Jun 1, 2015

The Journal of North African Studies, 2018

La crise du coronavirus, de par sa fulgurance et son ampleur, a fait entrer le Maroc, comme l’ens... more La crise du coronavirus, de par sa fulgurance et son ampleur, a fait entrer le Maroc, comme l’ensemble
des pays d’Afrique du Nord, dans une situation historiquement inédite, demandant de nouvelles
politiques économiques et sociales, et avant cela, l’adoption de nouveaux outils de réflexion et
d’analyse. Les problématiques relatives à la migration internationale en général, et à celle des
compétences en particulier, n’échappent pas à cette règle. Il est donc plus que nécessaire de ne pas
passer sous silence cette réalité lorsqu’on aborde le paradigme des compétences et plus précisément
celui de la diaspora scientifique.

How does the body build itself as a form of social boundary? This is the central question that th... more How does the body build itself as a form of social boundary? This is the central question that this work seeks to study. From the rites of inversion in a ritual ceremony organized every year in the region of Meknès in Morocco, we could observe from our perspective how the body becomes a social issue. A body charged with symbols, which continues to act upon the forms of social exclusion. The purpose of this work is to grasp the empirical character of symbolic body practices, and to account for the variety of forms of its social and cultural uses.

FLSH, 2021

repenser la pratique de l'anthropologue au Maroc comme cadre de penser et de d'action

Cycle of on-line seminars "Migration, borders and solidarities along the routes to Europe. Highli... more Cycle of on-line seminars "Migration, borders and solidarities along the routes to Europe. Highlights from Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, Belgium, French Guyana, Mayotte" – September 30, 2020, 6 and October 13, 2020 (EN)

Assuming the turbulent dimension of migrations and the dynamism of migrant trajectories as starting points, our recent research lines focuses on unauthorized movements as a variable social construction that can be originally explored from the perspective of solidarity networks supporting migrants in transit. Since the beginning of the “migration crisis” in 2015, the term “solidarity” has been widely employed in Europe by local and transnational networks supporting migrants. While becoming increasingly important and prominent actors in contemporary Europe, these solidarity networks are still understudied and have only recently been addressed in migration studies.

The aim is to observe these phenomena on the wider scale of “Europe at large” conceived as the combination of EU countries where restrictive internal border policies reappeared, Mediterranean countries on the fringes of the EU exposed to the externalization of its borders, Outermost Regions of the EU in South America and in the Indian Ocean, that are at the centre of understudied migratory systems and where new border policies are being tested. From Visual Sociology Research Group, Centro Studi Medì and Urmis (Unité de Recherches Migrations et Sociétés), co-organisers of the cycle of on-line seminars, with our international partners (Association for Migration Research, Université de Liège, Université de Sousse, Université de Meknès, Université de Guyane, Centre Universitaire de Mayotte), we will discuss about these central topics through a cycle of on-line seminars in French, presenting our on-going researches and debating innovative research lines in contemporary migration and border studies.

IURS, 2018

corps et rituel