Gerald Smith | University of Michigan (original) (raw)

Papers by Gerald Smith

Environmental Science & Technology, 2007

Science, 1972

Catostomid fishes appear to have 2n(-->4n?) approximately 100 chromosomes. The Cyprinidae,... more Catostomid fishes appear to have 2n(-->4n?) approximately 100 chromosomes. The Cyprinidae, from which catostomids probably diverged before the Eocene, usually have 2n = 48 or 50 chromosomes. Preliminary cytophotometric measurements indicate an approximate doubling of DNA content of cells among catostomids.

Evolution, 2007

The mass-specific metabolic rate hypothesis of Gillooly and others predicts that DNA mutation and... more The mass-specific metabolic rate hypothesis of Gillooly and others predicts that DNA mutation and substitution rates are a function of body mass and temperature. We tested this hypothesis with sequence divergences estimated from mtDNA cytochrome b sequences of 54 taxa of cyprinid fish. Branch lengths estimated from a likelihood tree were compared with metabolic rates calculated from body mass and environmental temperatures experienced by those taxa. The problem of unknown age estimates of lineage splitting was avoided by comparing estimated amounts of metabolic activity along phyletic lines leading to pairs of modern taxa from their most recent common ancestor with sequence divergences along those same pairs of phyletic lines. There were significantly more pairs for which the phyletic line with greater genetic change also had the higher metabolic activity, when compared to the prediction of a hypothesis that body mass and temperature are not related to substitution rate.

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2006

We evaluate the use of oxygen isotope values of biogenic apatite for tracking freshwater to marin... more We evaluate the use of oxygen isotope values of biogenic apatite for tracking freshwater to marine migration in modern and fossil Pacific sockeye salmon. Oxygen isotope analyses of otoliths, vertebrae, and teeth of three anadromous modern sockeye salmon from Alaska establish a basis for the interpretation of fossil vertebrae and tooth apatite from Pleistocene sockeye salmon of the Skokomish River Valley, Washington. High resolution δ 18 O profiles in salmon otoliths provide, at a monthly resolution, a detailed record of individual history including continental rearing, migration to sea, seasonal variation in sea surface temperatures during marine life, and spawning migration before capture. Pacific salmon teeth are constantly renewed with the last set of teeth forming under the influence of freshwater. Therefore, they do not allow inference concerning sea-run versus landlocked life history in fossil salmon. Salmon vertebrae are also ambiguous indicators of life history regarding fresh versus marine water because centra are minimally ossified in the freshwater stages of life and the outermost layer of vertebral bone might be resorbed to provide nutrients during the non-feeding phase of the spawning migration. Therefore, δ 18 O values of accretionary growth rings in sea-run salmon vertebrae are dominated by the marine signal only if they are not diagenetically altered in freshwater deposits. In Pleistocene sockeye reported here, neither the teeth nor vertebral apatite present clear marine δ 18 O values due to the combined effects of tooth replacement and diagenetic alteration of bone and dentine. δ 18 O(PO 4) values of fossil vertebrae are intermediate between δ 18 O(PO 4) values of enamel and basal tooth dentin. Assuming a similar rate of isotope exchange of vertebrae and dentine with freshwater during diagenesis, these results are interpreted to reflect formation of the teeth under the influence of freshwater, and formation of the vertebrae under the influence of oceanic water. Our approach demonstrates that when appropriate knowledge of tissue formation is

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1992

A tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus), a European endangered species native to the Black and... more A tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus), a European endangered species native to the Black and Caspian seas, was recovered on 11 April 1990 from the travelling screens of the Belle River Power Plant located on the St. Clair River, Michigan. Subsequently, anglers caught three round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) in the St. Clair River near Sarnia, Ontario. Thirty-one tubenose gobies and 11 round gobies were impinged or trawled at or near the Power Plant in the fall and winter of 1990–91. Nine round gobies (29–61 mm total length) are believed to be young-of-the-year. These species were probably transported to the Great Lakes in ballast water, may have successfully colonized the St. Clair River, and will probably spread throughout the Great Lakes. They are expected to impact directly other benthic fishes, such as sculpins (Cottus spp.), darters (Etheostoma spp.), and logperch (Percina caprodes), and in turn act as prey for walleye (Stizostedion vitreum).

Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2010

Hypothesis: Geological events and their timing influence local climate, size and shape of fluvial... more Hypothesis: Geological events and their timing influence local climate, size and shape of fluvial habitats, isolating barriers, and different rates of speciation and extinction, which interact to create gradients of freshwater fish diversity at regional and continental scales. Organisms: Recent freshwater fishes of North America south to southern Mexico and Cenozoic fossil species of the families Ictaluridae, Catostomidae, Cyprinidae, Salmonidae, Centrarchidae, and Cottidae. Analytical methods: (1) Regression of species diversity in upper, middle, and lower reaches of five eastern and six western rivers against discharge and its variation, elevation, and gradient; (2) compilation of numbers of species native to quadrats of the Simpson Grid, a system of 150 × 150 mile units covering the continent; (3) estimation of the effects of nine environmental variables on species numbers in quadrats of the grid using spatial autoregression and regression trees; (4) estimation of origination and...

We studied Rhinicthys osculus and its close relatives to discover evolutionary processes that ope... more We studied Rhinicthys osculus and its close relatives to discover evolutionary processes that operated to produce this widespread, polytypic fish group in an intermountain landscape of hundreds of small, isolated drainages. This group has attracted study because of its many ambiguously distinctive populations, in which homoplastic traits are shared across local geographic barriers. The observed morphological ambiguity is clarified by phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA data from 73 locations, which show deep divergences separating several dozen hypothetically monophyletic groups. Calibration of genetic distances with fossil age estimates permits identification of three groups that originated in the late Miocene —centered in the Columbia-Snake, Colorado, and Lahontan drainage basins. These mtDNA groups contain Late Pliocene lineages within the Columbia and Snake rivers, upper Green River, Lower Colorado River, Humboldt River, Death Valley, and ancient connectives. Each of these clades acc...

Flc;. 3. Distributiorl of' ti~ssil and Recent (;/~(~.crr~~.ct~.\. and Yarrow [60-65 sc. in lat. l... more Flc;. 3. Distributiorl of' ti~ssil and Recent (;/~(~.crr~~.ct~.\. and Yarrow [60-65 sc. in lat. line]. Description (briefj of Chr~smiste.~ fecundus (Cope and Yarrow), followed by a listing of specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus. Jordan, D. S., 1878b, op. cit.:219. Recompared C. Jerundus with the specimens on which the genus Chasw~is~e.~ is based, and concluded that the species was new and here described it as Chasmzstes lion~s, sp. nov. "Cha.smistes fecundus" of' (:ope and Yarrow was referred back to the genus Cutostomus as C. jecur~dus Cope and Yarrow.

CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 2011

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), agriculture is responsible for... more According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), agriculture is responsible for 10-12% of total global anthropogenic emissions and almost a quarter of the continuing increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Not all forms of agriculture, however, have equivalent impacts on global warming. Industrial agriculture contributes significantly to global warming, representing a large majority of total agriculture-related GHG emissions. Alternatively, ecologically based methods for agricultural production, predominantly used on small-scale farms, are far less energy-consumptive and release fewer GHGs than industrial agricultural production. Besides generating fewer direct emissions, agro-ecological management techniques have the potential to sequester more GHGs than industrial agriculture. Here, we review the literature on the contributions of agriculture to climate change and show the extent of GHG contributions from the industrial agricultural system and the potential of agro-ecological smallholder agriculture to help reduce GHG emissions. These reductions are achieved in three broad areas when compared with the industrial agricultural system: (1) a decrease in materials used and fluxes involved in the release of GHGs based on agricultural crop management choices; (2) a decrease in fluxes involved in livestock production and pasture management; and (3) a reduction in the transportation of agricultural inputs, outputs and products through an increased emphasis on local food systems. Although there are a number of barriers and challenges towards adopting small-scale agroecological methods on the large scale, appropriate incentives can lead to incremental steps towards agro-ecological management that may be able to reduce and mitigate GHG emissions from the agricultural sector.

Deep Blue encourages the fair use of copyrighted material, and you are free to link to content he... more Deep Blue encourages the fair use of copyrighted material, and you are free to link to content here without asking for permission. Consult the document (s) and/or contact the copyright holder for additional rights questions and requests.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1993

Copeia, 1968

G. R. SMITH, W. L. STOKES, AND K. F. HORN The known fish fauna of the late stages (ca. 11,000-13,... more G. R. SMITH, W. L. STOKES, AND K. F. HORN
The known fish fauna of the late stages (ca. 11,000-13,000 years Before Present) of Lake Bonneville are listed and compared with the surviving faunas of Bear Lake and Utah Lake. Seven species, Salmo clarkii, Prosopium gemmiferum, Prosopium spilonotus, Gila atraria, Catostomus ardens, Cottus bairdii, and Cottus extensus from Lake Bonneville also comprise all but one of the dominant members of the highly endemic Recent fauna of Bear Lake. Evidence is presented for possible specific evolution of Cottus echinatus and partial differentiation of Prosopium gemmiferum in the past 11,000 to 13,000 years.

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, …, 2007

This article was originally published in a journal published by Elsevier, and the attached copy i... more This article was originally published in a journal published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues that you know, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator.

The publications of the Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan, consist primarily of two s... more The publications of the Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan, consist primarily of two series-the Miscellaneous Publications and the Occasional Papers. Both series were founded by Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. Bradshaw H. Swales, and Dr. W. W. Newcomb. Occasionally the Museum publishes contributions outside of these series. Beginning in 1990 these are titled Special Publications and Circulars and each are sequentially numbered. All submitted manuscripts to any of the Museum's publications receive external peer review. The Occasional Papers, begun in 1913, serve as a medium for original studies based principally upon the collections in the Museum. They are issued separately. When a sufficient number of pages has been printed to make a volume, a title page, table of contents, and an index are supplied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for the series. The Miscellaneous Publications, initiated in 1916, include monographic studies, papers on field and museum techniques, and other contributions not within the scope of the Occasional Papers, and are published separately. Each number has a title page and, when necessary, a table of contents.

Fossil fishes, Ellensburg Fm, WA, 2018

Always Welcome Inn, OR, fossil fishes, 2019

A persistent puzzle in the study of late Miocene and Pliocene hydrography of the Pacific Northwes... more A persistent puzzle in the study of late Miocene and Pliocene hydrography of the Pacific Northwest United States involves timing and location of connections among the many drainage basins containing sediments and fossils. The Keating, Imbler, and Always Welcome Inn faunas are important datum points that link the Western Snake River Plain to the interior Columbia River Basin. The sites lie in a tectonically active region with punctuated periods of volcanic activity that have periodically disrupted drainage, forcing new connections that allowed faunal interchange between hydrologic basins. Late Miocene to Pliocene fossils from the Keating (Lower Powder), Always Welcome Inn (Baker), and Imbler (Grande Ronde Valley) of northeast Oregon, the Oregon-Idaho Graben and Drewsey-Juntura Graben, Oregon, and lakes of the Western Snake River Plain reveal patterns as well as conflicting evidence. Discovery of distinctive fish groups in the middle Miocene Oregon-Idaho Graben documents the beginning of their appearance in the area following a long period of Oligocene high elevation, cold, and aridity. The pattern of fish dispersal through many regional fossil localities provides baseline evidence of where and when drainage connections might have existed through headwater connections and lake spillovers. Central to this study are 10 species of cool-and warm-water fishes recovered from the Always Welcome Inn site-two species of suckers (Catostomidae), four minnows (Cyprinidae), a char (Salmonidae), a sculpin (Cottidae), and two sunfishes (Centrarchidae). Topographic, geologic, fish, and diatom evidence suggests many possible connections first from the Oregon-Idaho Graben; then the Drewsey-Juntura Graben, Oregon, and Ellensburg Formation, Washington; later from the Western Snake River Plain, Idaho and Oregon; and the Keating, Baker, and Imbler sites, northeast Oregon; and Pasco basin, Washington, prior to the late Pliocene when the Glenns Ferry lake spilled into Hells Canyon. These drainages might have been connected in the Miocene and Pliocene when climates were wet and lake levels were high, and in times of deflation and rerouting after episodes of volcanic activity. The species and characteristics of most of the fishes in the Always Welcome Inn local fauna, 4.5 Ma, near Baker, suggest earlier dispersal along a wide zone of northwest-and north-trending faults and several large, inferred, pull-apart basins between Weiser, Idaho, on the south and Elgin, Oregon, on the north. Topography suggests an additional northward drainage connection at the site of The Summit, the pass between the Keating and Grande Ronde Valleys. The characteristics of the fish fossils in the ~3.8-3.7 Ma Imbler local fauna of the Grande Ronde Valley suggest a connection with the Columbia River drainage in the middle Pliocene or earlier. In Grande Ronde Valley, presence of planktonic diatoms with affinities to Glenns Ferry Lake diatoms just above older sediments containing the Imbler fish fossils indicate a change to deep-water lake environments and suggest possible dispersal between the Powder River arm of the Glenns Ferry Lake and the Grande Ronde Valley via Telocaset Pass (the lowest pass between the Baker and Grande Ronde Valleys). This could have occurred during a wet climate period that peaked at about 3.7 Ma, but after fish dispersal via the Oregon-Idaho and Drewsey-Juntura grabens. There is evidence that prior drainage connections existed between Keating and Baker Valleys and the Columbia River drainage in the late Miocene and Pliocene as a result of stream pathways created by tilting and faulting.

Summer Lake Fossil fish, 2019

The Paisley Fish Locality is a relatively recently discovered fossil locality in the northern Gre... more The Paisley Fish Locality is a relatively recently discovered fossil locality in the northern Great Basin in south-central Oregon. Fossils, particularly fish remains, were found in faulted lacustrine deposits of pluvial Lake Chewaucan in the Summer Lake Basin. Both invertebrate and vertebrate fossils were initially found in 1995 by Mr. Larry Hills from interbedded lake beds and tephras. Gastropods, bivalves, cyprinids, catostomids, salmonids, an anuran, avians, and a badger have been thus far recognized. The question of age was initially proposed to be Pleistocene (Negrini et al. 2001) based upon tentative identification of the Mt. St. Helens Cy tephra (~45-50 ka). Later in 2015 (Kuehn et al.), a radiometric date of 3.1 to 3.2 Ma was proposed for this tephra. That age is confirmed herein by an 40 Ar/ 39 Ar date of 3.05+0.07 Ma. Both dates indicate the fossils and sedimentary deposits were accumulated during the Pliocene Epoch. Lacustrine deposition in the northern Great Basin, and particularly in the Summer Lake Basin, began during the Pliocene as in other areas of the Great Basin. Interestingly, the cypriniform fishes in the assemblages appear to have undergone hybridization with morphological characters shared between Mylocheilus X Mylopharodon and between Catostomus X Chasmistes. The latter hybrid was known previously, but the former is a new record. The co-occurrences of these cypriniforms and the trout, Oncorhynchus lacustris, suggest a Pliocene connection of Lake Chewaucan in southern Oregon with the Western Snake River Plain in Idaho.

Evolution, 1989

Hybrid zones in fluvial fishes may be heterogeneous from drainage to drainage. The comparison of ... more Hybrid zones in fluvial fishes may be heterogeneous from drainage to drainage. The comparison of data from morphology, allozymes, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicates variability in the causes and degree of restriction of gene flow between Notropis cornutus and Notropis chrysocephalus. Allozyme marker loci show frequency-dependent introgression; i.e., the rarer species, whichever it is at a particular locality, tends to exhibit a higher proportion of introgressed alleles. Unlike allozymes, introgression of mtDNA haplotypes varies geographically. In westward-flowing Michigan drainages, N. cornutus mtDNA haplotypes are more common in F, hybrids and backcrosses, independent ofparental frequencies. In eastward-flowing Michigan drainages, N. chrysocephalus mtDNA is more common in F, hybrids and backcrosses; this pattern may be due to local ecological effects or frequency-dependent introgression. Morphological data alone are not sufficient to distinguish all classes of hybrids. The lack of concordance of morphological, allozymic, and mtDNA introgression patterns implies operation of one or two factors: 1) geographically variable patterns of selection against different hybrid and backcross combinations or 2) genetic differences between Michigan populations inhabiting eastward-and westward-flowing drainage systems accumulated during historical isolation.

Fisheries, 1989

Two unambiguous discoveries involving rainbow trout require scientific name changes. First, the r... more Two unambiguous discoveries involving rainbow trout require scientific name changes. First, the rainbow trout has been demonstrated to be the same species as the Kamchatka trout. Second, studies of osteology and biochemistry of trout and salmon show that rainbow and cutthroat trout, and their close relatives, the golden, Mexican golden, Gila, and Apache trouts, are more closely related to Pacific salmons (Oncorhynchus) than to brown trout and Atlantic salmon (Salmo). The different names required by these two discoveries will cause some confusion in communications in which the formal classification is used, so we present evidence to acquaint biologists and managers with the rationale for the changes. The species name of the rainbow trout becomes mykiss, an older Latinized indigenous name of the Kamchatka trout. The generic designation of rainbow and cutthroat trout poses a more subjective problem, involving four possibilities: Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Rhabdofario, and Parasalmo. The balance of evidence indicates to us that the generic name for Pacific trouts and salmons should be Oncorhynchus. We suggest recognition of two divergent sister lineages, (1) Atlantic trout and salmon, and (2) Pacific trouts and salmons, as the genera Salmo and Oncorhynchus, respectively. Alternative generic classifications considered include the following: (a) Enlarge Salmo to include all Atlantic and Pacific trouts and salmons. This would be well supported by morphological and biochemical characters, but would fail to emphasize the distinctions between the Pacific and Atlantic groups. (b) Use a separate generic name, Rhabdofario, for rainbow and cutthroat trout, and their inland relatives. This would be valid, but would fail to recognize the gradation between Pacific trouts and Pacific salmons. (c) Continue to assign Pacific trout to the genus Salmo, separate from Oncorhynchus. This would be stable, but at the expense of evolutionary information in the classification-rainbow and cutthroat trout are on the same branch of evolution as the Pacific salmon. To reflect these biological relationships in the classification of trouts and salmons will contribute to better understanding of their life histories and better predictions for their management.