Raul Machado | Universidade do Minho (original) (raw)

Papers by Raul Machado

Research paper thumbnail of Mesalazine and inflammatory bowel disease – From well-established therapies to progress beyond the state of the art

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

Research paper thumbnail of Antibacterial protein-based fibres: combining recombinant DNA technology with electrospinning

This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01- 0145-FEDER- 00756... more This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01- 0145-FEDER- 007569) through FCT I.P. and by ERDF through COMPETE2020 - POCI. The authors are grateful for funding from FCT (project “FunBioPlas” ERA-IB-2-6/0004/2014) and a fellowship to RM (SFRH-BPD/86470/2012). The authors also thank support from the COST Action MP1206.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of new chimeric proteins for tissue engineering

Research paper thumbnail of Omega-3- and Resveratrol-Loaded Lipid Nanosystems for Potential Use as Topical Formulations in Autoimmune, Inflammatory, and Cancerous Skin Diseases

Pharmaceutics, 2021

Resveratrol (RSV) and omega 3 (ω3), because of their biological favorable properties, have become... more Resveratrol (RSV) and omega 3 (ω3), because of their biological favorable properties, have become subjects of interest for researchers in dermocosmetic and pharmaceutical industries; however, these bioactives present technological limitations that hinder their effective delivery to the target skin layer. To overcome the stability and skin permeation limitations of free bioactives, this work proposes a combined strategy involving two different lipid nanosystems (liposomes and lipid nanoparticles) that include ω3 in their lipid matrix. Additionaly, RSV is only encapsulated in liposomes that provid an adequate amphiphilic environment. Each formulation is thoroughly characterized regarding their physical–chemical properties. Subsequently, the therapeutic performance of the lipid nanosystems is evaluated based on their protective roles against lipid peroxidation, as well as inhibition of cicloxygenase (COX) and nitric oxid (NO) production in the RWA264.7 cell line. Finally, the lipid nan...

Research paper thumbnail of Recombinant elastin‐like polymers : from the design towards application

Universidade do Minho-Repositório Institucional> Escola de Engenharia da Universidade do M... more Universidade do Minho-Repositório Institucional> Escola de Engenharia da Universidade do Minho| School of Engineering of the University of Minho> Centro de Engenharia Biológica| Centre of Biological Engineering> CEB-Resumos em Livros de actas/Abstracts ...

Research paper thumbnail of Creation of antimicrobial biopolymers by the use of recombinant DNA technology

This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569)... more This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569) funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through the COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI). By the Spanish Minister of Economy and Competitiveness (MAT2012-38043-C02-01) and Junta de Castilla y Leon-JCyL (VA152A12-2 and VA155A12-2), Spain. AC and RM, acknowledge FCT for SFRH/BD/75882/2011 and SFRH/BPD/86470/2012 grants, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrospun fibres of an elastin-like polymer functionalized with an antimicrobial domain

This work was supported by FEDER through POFC – COMPETE and by Portuguese funds from FCT through ... more This work was supported by FEDER through POFC – COMPETE and by Portuguese funds from FCT through the project PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014. By the Spanish Minister of Economy and Competitiveness (MAT2012-38043-C02-01) and Junta de Castilla y Leon-JCyL (VA152A12-2 and VA155A12-2), Spain. AC, VS and RM, acknowledge FCT for SFRH/BD/75882/2011, SFRH/BPD/63148/2009 and SFRH-BPD/86470/2012 grants, respectively. The authors also thank support from the COST Action MP1206 “Electrospun Nano-fibres for bio inspired composite materials and innovative industrial applications”.

Research paper thumbnail of Local delivery of doxorubicin nanocrystals from electrospun nanofibers

This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the fram... more This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2013. Marlene Lucio acknowledges the exploratory project funded by FCT with the reference IF/00498/2012.

Research paper thumbnail of Physical and chemical optimization of a synthetic medium for Pichia pastoris growth

Research paper thumbnail of Development of an ex vivo assay for the characterization of a new elastin-like polymer with antimicrobial properties

Acknowledgments: This work was financially supported Portuguese funding from FEDER through POFC – ... more Acknowledgments: This work was financially supported Portuguese funding from FEDER through POFC – COMPETE and PEst project C/ BIA/UI4050/2011 (Portugal). AC and RM acknowledge FCT for SFRH/BD/75882/2011 and SFRH/BPD/86470/2012 grants, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of A molecular biology platform for the production of cytokines and cytokine-functionalized materials

This work was supported by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through the COMPET... more This work was supported by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through the COMPETE2020 - programa operacional competitividade e internacionalizacao (POCI) with the strategic program UID/BIA/04050/2019 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569). We also acknowledge support from FCT I.P. within the project FUN2CYT with reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030568. Anabela Goncalves holds a FCT scholarship, reference SFRH/BD/146807/2019.

Research paper thumbnail of Antimicrobial Electrospun Membranes of Selp/Ag Composites

This work was supported by FCT/MEC through Portuguese funds (PIDDAC) - PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014, P... more This work was supported by FCT/MEC through Portuguese funds (PIDDAC) - PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014, PEST-C/FIS/UI607/2011, Matepro - NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000037. RM, AC and VS, acknowledge FCT for SFRH-BPD/86470/2012, SFRH/BD/75882/2011 and SFRH/BPD/63148/2009 grants, respectively. The authors also thank support from the COST Action MP1206 “Electrospun Nano-fibres for bio inspired composite materials and innovative industrial applications”.

Research paper thumbnail of Production and purification of recombinant antimicrobial peptides by exploiting the termoresponsiveness of the elastin-like polymer based on the VPAVG sequence

da Costa A. (1) ,Machado R. (1) ,Matamá T. (2) ,Rodriguez-Cabello J.C. (3,4) ,Cavaco-Paulo A. (2)... more da Costa A. (1) ,Machado R. (1) ,Matamá T. (2) ,Rodriguez-Cabello J.C. (3,4) ,Cavaco-Paulo A. (2) and Casal M. (1) (1) CBMA–Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga (2) Textile Engineering Dept., University of Minho, Guimarães (3) BIOFORGE Research Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain (4) CIBER BBNValladolid, Spain, presenting author ́s email: andrecosta@bio.uminho.pt

Research paper thumbnail of Antibacterial and antifungal activity of a new solvent-cast film based on a functionalized elastin-like polymer

CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Dept. Biology, University of Minho, Braga, ... more CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Dept. Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Dept. Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Bioforge (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), Centro I+D, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain

Research paper thumbnail of Response surface optimization of the culture medium for production of elastin-like polymers by Escherichia coli

Research paper thumbnail of Elastin-like protein production kinetics at different environmental conditions in Escherichia coli

This study was supported by ELASTM program POCI 2010 (project POCI/CTM/57177/2004) suported by FE... more This study was supported by ELASTM program POCI 2010 (project POCI/CTM/57177/2004) suported by FEDER and FCT.

Research paper thumbnail of Creating new functional biomaterials: construction and production of Bone Morphogenetic 2-ELP hybrid proteins

Azevedo SilvaJ.(1),Machado R.(1),Reis R.L.(2,3),Rodríguez-Cabello J.C.(4,5)and Casal M.(1)(1)CBMA... more Azevedo SilvaJ.(1),Machado R.(1),Reis R.L.(2,3),Rodríguez-Cabello J.C.(4,5)and Casal M.(1)(1)CBMA–Centre of Molecular and EnvironmentalBiology, DepartmentofBiology, University of Minho, Braga (2)3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães (3)IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, , Guimarães (4)BIOFORGE Research Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain (5)CIBER BBN, Valladolid, Spain.

Research paper thumbnail of Genetically engineered Silk-Elastin-Like Proteins as a versatile platform for the development of new biomaterials

This work is supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569) ... more This work is supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569) funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI) and by the project EcoAgriFood (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000009), supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). It is also supported by FCT within the ERA-NET IB, project FunBioPlas with grant number ERA-IB-15-089 and FCT reference ERA-IB-2-6/0004/2014. AMPereira acknowledges DP_AEM and FCT for the PD/BD/113811/2015 grant.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrospun silk-elastin fibres functionalized with silver nanoparticles as antibacterial wound dressings

This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01- 0145-FEDER- 00756... more This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01- 0145-FEDER- 007569) through FCT I.P. and by ERDF through COMPETE2020 - POCI. The authors are grateful for funding from FCT (project “FunBioPlas” ERA-IB-2-6/0004/2014) and a fellowship to RM (SFRH-BPD/86470/2012). The authors also thank support from the COST Action MP1206.

Research paper thumbnail of Avobenzone-loaded and omega-3-enriched lipid formulations for production of UV blocking sunscreen gels and textiles

Journal of Molecular Liquids

Abstract Given the growing harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation there is an urgent need ... more Abstract Given the growing harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation there is an urgent need to develop effective strategies to prevent skin damages. Therefore, hydrogel or cotton and wool fabrics were impregnated with avobenzone (AVO)-loaded and omega-3 (ω3)-enriched lipid formulations (liposomes – LIP, nanostructured lipid carriers – NLC and solid lipid nanoparticles – SLN) to obtain UV blocking sunscreen gel or functional textiles. To evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of AVO and the sun blocking performance of the formulations incorporated in hydrogels or textiles, in silico and in vitro studies were conducted. In silico studies indicated that AVO can permeate the epithelium, and lipid formulations could be a promising strategy for incorporating and retaining AVO. Furthermore, all lipid formulations showed an entrapment efficiency of AVO of ca. 100 % and a loading capacity between 7 and 12 %. The presence of AVO was confirmed by ATR-FTIR and SEM analysis. In vitro release profiles showed that the UV filter was almost totally retained within the lipid formulations (release of only 4.2 ± 2.5 % at 6 h) with similar results obtained for textiles. After assessing the cytotoxicity, cationic formulations loaded with AVO showed to be cytotoxic in a human keratinocyte cell line (NCTC 2544 cells) as opposed to AVO-loaded anionic formulations after 24 h. Photodegradation studies demonstrated that lipid formulations have photoprotective properties by stabilizing AVO but the photoprotective role could not be attributed to ω3 despite its antioxidant effect evaluated by ATR-FTIR. Overall, it is possible to conclude that SLN and NLC were more effective as UV protectors than LIP, and that each formulation can have different applications. Negatively charged NLC and SLN can be used for UV protection in contact with the skin either in sunscreen gel or clothing, while positively charged NLC and SLN should be reserved as UV protectors of tissues not in contact with skin (e.g., umbrellas, curtains, etc.).

Research paper thumbnail of Mesalazine and inflammatory bowel disease – From well-established therapies to progress beyond the state of the art

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

Research paper thumbnail of Antibacterial protein-based fibres: combining recombinant DNA technology with electrospinning

This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01- 0145-FEDER- 00756... more This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01- 0145-FEDER- 007569) through FCT I.P. and by ERDF through COMPETE2020 - POCI. The authors are grateful for funding from FCT (project “FunBioPlas” ERA-IB-2-6/0004/2014) and a fellowship to RM (SFRH-BPD/86470/2012). The authors also thank support from the COST Action MP1206.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of new chimeric proteins for tissue engineering

Research paper thumbnail of Omega-3- and Resveratrol-Loaded Lipid Nanosystems for Potential Use as Topical Formulations in Autoimmune, Inflammatory, and Cancerous Skin Diseases

Pharmaceutics, 2021

Resveratrol (RSV) and omega 3 (ω3), because of their biological favorable properties, have become... more Resveratrol (RSV) and omega 3 (ω3), because of their biological favorable properties, have become subjects of interest for researchers in dermocosmetic and pharmaceutical industries; however, these bioactives present technological limitations that hinder their effective delivery to the target skin layer. To overcome the stability and skin permeation limitations of free bioactives, this work proposes a combined strategy involving two different lipid nanosystems (liposomes and lipid nanoparticles) that include ω3 in their lipid matrix. Additionaly, RSV is only encapsulated in liposomes that provid an adequate amphiphilic environment. Each formulation is thoroughly characterized regarding their physical–chemical properties. Subsequently, the therapeutic performance of the lipid nanosystems is evaluated based on their protective roles against lipid peroxidation, as well as inhibition of cicloxygenase (COX) and nitric oxid (NO) production in the RWA264.7 cell line. Finally, the lipid nan...

Research paper thumbnail of Recombinant elastin‐like polymers : from the design towards application

Universidade do Minho-Repositório Institucional> Escola de Engenharia da Universidade do M... more Universidade do Minho-Repositório Institucional> Escola de Engenharia da Universidade do Minho| School of Engineering of the University of Minho> Centro de Engenharia Biológica| Centre of Biological Engineering> CEB-Resumos em Livros de actas/Abstracts ...

Research paper thumbnail of Creation of antimicrobial biopolymers by the use of recombinant DNA technology

This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569)... more This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569) funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through the COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI). By the Spanish Minister of Economy and Competitiveness (MAT2012-38043-C02-01) and Junta de Castilla y Leon-JCyL (VA152A12-2 and VA155A12-2), Spain. AC and RM, acknowledge FCT for SFRH/BD/75882/2011 and SFRH/BPD/86470/2012 grants, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrospun fibres of an elastin-like polymer functionalized with an antimicrobial domain

This work was supported by FEDER through POFC – COMPETE and by Portuguese funds from FCT through ... more This work was supported by FEDER through POFC – COMPETE and by Portuguese funds from FCT through the project PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014. By the Spanish Minister of Economy and Competitiveness (MAT2012-38043-C02-01) and Junta de Castilla y Leon-JCyL (VA152A12-2 and VA155A12-2), Spain. AC, VS and RM, acknowledge FCT for SFRH/BD/75882/2011, SFRH/BPD/63148/2009 and SFRH-BPD/86470/2012 grants, respectively. The authors also thank support from the COST Action MP1206 “Electrospun Nano-fibres for bio inspired composite materials and innovative industrial applications”.

Research paper thumbnail of Local delivery of doxorubicin nanocrystals from electrospun nanofibers

This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the fram... more This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2013. Marlene Lucio acknowledges the exploratory project funded by FCT with the reference IF/00498/2012.

Research paper thumbnail of Physical and chemical optimization of a synthetic medium for Pichia pastoris growth

Research paper thumbnail of Development of an ex vivo assay for the characterization of a new elastin-like polymer with antimicrobial properties

Acknowledgments: This work was financially supported Portuguese funding from FEDER through POFC – ... more Acknowledgments: This work was financially supported Portuguese funding from FEDER through POFC – COMPETE and PEst project C/ BIA/UI4050/2011 (Portugal). AC and RM acknowledge FCT for SFRH/BD/75882/2011 and SFRH/BPD/86470/2012 grants, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of A molecular biology platform for the production of cytokines and cytokine-functionalized materials

This work was supported by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through the COMPET... more This work was supported by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through the COMPETE2020 - programa operacional competitividade e internacionalizacao (POCI) with the strategic program UID/BIA/04050/2019 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569). We also acknowledge support from FCT I.P. within the project FUN2CYT with reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030568. Anabela Goncalves holds a FCT scholarship, reference SFRH/BD/146807/2019.

Research paper thumbnail of Antimicrobial Electrospun Membranes of Selp/Ag Composites

This work was supported by FCT/MEC through Portuguese funds (PIDDAC) - PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014, P... more This work was supported by FCT/MEC through Portuguese funds (PIDDAC) - PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014, PEST-C/FIS/UI607/2011, Matepro - NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000037. RM, AC and VS, acknowledge FCT for SFRH-BPD/86470/2012, SFRH/BD/75882/2011 and SFRH/BPD/63148/2009 grants, respectively. The authors also thank support from the COST Action MP1206 “Electrospun Nano-fibres for bio inspired composite materials and innovative industrial applications”.

Research paper thumbnail of Production and purification of recombinant antimicrobial peptides by exploiting the termoresponsiveness of the elastin-like polymer based on the VPAVG sequence

da Costa A. (1) ,Machado R. (1) ,Matamá T. (2) ,Rodriguez-Cabello J.C. (3,4) ,Cavaco-Paulo A. (2)... more da Costa A. (1) ,Machado R. (1) ,Matamá T. (2) ,Rodriguez-Cabello J.C. (3,4) ,Cavaco-Paulo A. (2) and Casal M. (1) (1) CBMA–Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga (2) Textile Engineering Dept., University of Minho, Guimarães (3) BIOFORGE Research Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain (4) CIBER BBNValladolid, Spain, presenting author ́s email: andrecosta@bio.uminho.pt

Research paper thumbnail of Antibacterial and antifungal activity of a new solvent-cast film based on a functionalized elastin-like polymer

CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Dept. Biology, University of Minho, Braga, ... more CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Dept. Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Dept. Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Bioforge (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), Centro I+D, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 47011 Valladolid, Spain

Research paper thumbnail of Response surface optimization of the culture medium for production of elastin-like polymers by Escherichia coli

Research paper thumbnail of Elastin-like protein production kinetics at different environmental conditions in Escherichia coli

This study was supported by ELASTM program POCI 2010 (project POCI/CTM/57177/2004) suported by FE... more This study was supported by ELASTM program POCI 2010 (project POCI/CTM/57177/2004) suported by FEDER and FCT.

Research paper thumbnail of Creating new functional biomaterials: construction and production of Bone Morphogenetic 2-ELP hybrid proteins

Azevedo SilvaJ.(1),Machado R.(1),Reis R.L.(2,3),Rodríguez-Cabello J.C.(4,5)and Casal M.(1)(1)CBMA... more Azevedo SilvaJ.(1),Machado R.(1),Reis R.L.(2,3),Rodríguez-Cabello J.C.(4,5)and Casal M.(1)(1)CBMA–Centre of Molecular and EnvironmentalBiology, DepartmentofBiology, University of Minho, Braga (2)3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães (3)IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, , Guimarães (4)BIOFORGE Research Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain (5)CIBER BBN, Valladolid, Spain.

Research paper thumbnail of Genetically engineered Silk-Elastin-Like Proteins as a versatile platform for the development of new biomaterials

This work is supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569) ... more This work is supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569) funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI) and by the project EcoAgriFood (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000009), supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). It is also supported by FCT within the ERA-NET IB, project FunBioPlas with grant number ERA-IB-15-089 and FCT reference ERA-IB-2-6/0004/2014. AMPereira acknowledges DP_AEM and FCT for the PD/BD/113811/2015 grant.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrospun silk-elastin fibres functionalized with silver nanoparticles as antibacterial wound dressings

This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01- 0145-FEDER- 00756... more This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01- 0145-FEDER- 007569) through FCT I.P. and by ERDF through COMPETE2020 - POCI. The authors are grateful for funding from FCT (project “FunBioPlas” ERA-IB-2-6/0004/2014) and a fellowship to RM (SFRH-BPD/86470/2012). The authors also thank support from the COST Action MP1206.

Research paper thumbnail of Avobenzone-loaded and omega-3-enriched lipid formulations for production of UV blocking sunscreen gels and textiles

Journal of Molecular Liquids

Abstract Given the growing harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation there is an urgent need ... more Abstract Given the growing harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation there is an urgent need to develop effective strategies to prevent skin damages. Therefore, hydrogel or cotton and wool fabrics were impregnated with avobenzone (AVO)-loaded and omega-3 (ω3)-enriched lipid formulations (liposomes – LIP, nanostructured lipid carriers – NLC and solid lipid nanoparticles – SLN) to obtain UV blocking sunscreen gel or functional textiles. To evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of AVO and the sun blocking performance of the formulations incorporated in hydrogels or textiles, in silico and in vitro studies were conducted. In silico studies indicated that AVO can permeate the epithelium, and lipid formulations could be a promising strategy for incorporating and retaining AVO. Furthermore, all lipid formulations showed an entrapment efficiency of AVO of ca. 100 % and a loading capacity between 7 and 12 %. The presence of AVO was confirmed by ATR-FTIR and SEM analysis. In vitro release profiles showed that the UV filter was almost totally retained within the lipid formulations (release of only 4.2 ± 2.5 % at 6 h) with similar results obtained for textiles. After assessing the cytotoxicity, cationic formulations loaded with AVO showed to be cytotoxic in a human keratinocyte cell line (NCTC 2544 cells) as opposed to AVO-loaded anionic formulations after 24 h. Photodegradation studies demonstrated that lipid formulations have photoprotective properties by stabilizing AVO but the photoprotective role could not be attributed to ω3 despite its antioxidant effect evaluated by ATR-FTIR. Overall, it is possible to conclude that SLN and NLC were more effective as UV protectors than LIP, and that each formulation can have different applications. Negatively charged NLC and SLN can be used for UV protection in contact with the skin either in sunscreen gel or clothing, while positively charged NLC and SLN should be reserved as UV protectors of tissues not in contact with skin (e.g., umbrellas, curtains, etc.).