Jutta Ellermann | University of Minnesota (original) (raw)
Papers by Jutta Ellermann
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume, Dec 19, 2018
A pediatric focused 24-channel prototype pTx 7T knee coil consisting of an 8 channel stripline tr... more A pediatric focused 24-channel prototype pTx 7T knee coil consisting of an 8 channel stripline transceiver and a 16-channel close fitting receiver array is described. Initial comparison with an adult size knee coil indicates peripheral SNR gains and more modest - yet notable- gains for central SNR due to the favorable filling factor and form fitting receivers of the pediatric knee coil prototype.
This study examined seven clinically asymptomatic siblings of patients with Osteochondritis Disse... more This study examined seven clinically asymptomatic siblings of patients with Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) utilizing 3T MRI, including quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping to evaluate morphological integrity of the epiphyseal cartilage, integrity of secondary physis and trabecular bone quality in the distal femoral condyles of bilateral knees. A high prevalence (86%) of morphological MRI abnormalities that can be seen in early OCD and increased diffusivity (high quantitative ADC values) in trabecular bone were detected. The high prevalence of early signs of OCD in clinically asymptomatic siblings of OCD patients supports evidence of a genetic predisposition for the disease.
PLOS ONE, Jul 13, 2015
<p>Comparison of QSM post-processed, plain GRE, SWI and QSM-WI datasets from a 1-month-old ... more <p>Comparison of QSM post-processed, plain GRE, SWI and QSM-WI datasets from a 1-month-old human specimen scanned at 7.0 T (TE = 29.06 ms and bandwidth = 60 Hz/pixel) in 3 mm-thick mIPs with QSM contrast inverted to match SWI and GRE. The first pane shows the axial plane, perpendicular to <i>B</i><sub>0</sub>. All four techniques demonstrated closely similar results. In the planes parallel to <i>B</i><sub>0</sub> (second pane), GRE and QSM demonstrated a closely similar visual appearance; however, the splitting artifact along <i>B</i><sub>0</sub> was evident in the SWI post-processed data. QSM-WI demonstrated both corrected artifacts and improved visualization of the cartilage canals.</p
American Journal of Sports Medicine, Nov 24, 2021
Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) occurs most commonly in the knees of young individual... more Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) occurs most commonly in the knees of young individuals. This condition is known to cause pain and discomfort in the knee and can lead to disability and early knee osteoarthritis. The cause is not well understood, and treatment plans are not well delineated. The Research in Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee (ROCK) group established a multicenter, prospective cohort to better understand this disease. Purpose: To provide a baseline report of the ROCK multicenter prospective cohort and present a descriptive analysis of baseline data for patient characteristics, lesion characteristics, and clinical findings of the first 1000 cases enrolled into the prospective cohort. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients were recruited from centers throughout the United States. Baseline data were obtained for patient characteristics, sports participation, patient-reported measures of functional capabilities and limitations, physical examination, diagnostic imaging results, and initial treatment plan. Descriptive statistics were completed for all outcomes of interest. Results: As of November 2020, a total of 27 orthopaedic surgeons from 17 institutions had enrolled 1004 knees with OCD, representing 903 patients (68.9% males; median age, 13.1 years; range, 6.3-25.4 years), into the prospective cohort. Lesions were located on the medial femoral condyle (66.2%), lateral femoral condyle (18.1%), trochlea (9.5%), patella (6.0%), and tibial plateau (0.2%). Most cases involved multisport athletes (68.1%), with the most common primary sport being basketball for males (27.3% of cases) and soccer for females (27.6% of cases). The median Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee (Pedi-IKCD) score was 59.9 (IQR, 45.6-73.9), and the median Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (Pedi-FABS) score was 21.0 (IQR, 5.0-28.0). Initial treatments were surgical intervention (55.4%) and activity restriction (44.0%). When surgery was performed, surgeons deemed the lesion to be stable at intraoperative assessment in 48.1% of cases. Conclusion: The multicenter ROCK group has been able to enroll the largest knee OCD cohort to date. This information is being used to further understand the pathology of OCD, including its cause, associated comorbidities, and initial presentation and symptoms. The cohort having been established is now being followed longitudinally to better define and elucidate the best treatment algorithms based on these presenting signs and symptoms.
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Oct 2, 2019
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Nov 1, 2014
Investigative Radiology
Background Detection of rotator cuff tears, a common cause of shoulder disability, can be time-co... more Background Detection of rotator cuff tears, a common cause of shoulder disability, can be time-consuming and subject to reader variability. Deep learning (DL) has the potential to increase radiologist accuracy and consistency. Purpose The aim of this study was to develop a prototype DL model for detection and classification of rotator cuff tears on shoulder magnetic resonance imaging into no tear, partial-thickness tear, or full-thickness tear. Materials and Methods This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant, institutional review board–approved study included a total of 11,925 noncontrast shoulder magnetic resonance imaging scans from 2 institutions, with 11,405 for development and 520 dedicated for final testing. A DL ensemble algorithm was developed that used 4 series as input from each examination: fluid-sensitive sequences in 3 planes and a sagittal oblique T1-weighted sequence. Radiology reports served as ground truth for training with categories of no t...
Although T2 mapping allows noninvasive evaluation of meniscus degeneration, its application at 7T... more Although T2 mapping allows noninvasive evaluation of meniscus degeneration, its application at 7T requires spin echo sequences with relatively long repetition times to meet the specific absorption rate (SAR) limits which can restrict the resolution of maps. This 7T study evaluates the potential of T2* mapping for the assessment of meniscal degeneration in six patients with arthroscopically verified posterior root tears of the medial meniscus and in healthy volunteers. Increased T2* in degenerated meniscus regions suggest T2* mapping is sensitive to meniscus degeneration. T2* mapping is a promising biomarker of early meniscal degeneration which is less SAR-demanding than T2 mapping.
The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks, Nov 16, 2016
In vivo cartilage imaging of the musculoskeletal system using clinical 3 T magnetic resonance ima... more In vivo cartilage imaging of the musculoskeletal system using clinical 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems is limited by low spatial resolution, low signal-to-noise ratio, and/or long acquisition times. Ultrahigh-field (≥7 T) whole-body MRI systems have great potential to overcome these limitations and become the new standard for clinical muskuloskeletal imaging of articular cartilage. However, a number of technical challenges must first be addressed, including transmit B1 field inhomogeneities, radiofrequency heating, errors due to B0 inhomogeneities, gradients, motion, and extended examination times. In this chapter, we provide an overview of technical solutions to address these challenges and their potential benefit for articular cartilage imaging with particular attention to joints within the torso (hip and shoulder). We also highlight a number of emerging applications for articular and epiphyseal cartilage imaging that may significantly benefit from ultrahigh-field systems and the latest technical developments. Given the rapid development of MRI technology at ultrahigh field strengths and the broad potential of these systems to improve musculoskeletal imaging capabilities of cartilage, ultrahigh-field whole-body MRI is certain to play a significant role in the advancement of our understanding of articular cartilage abnormalities and the investigation of therapeutic interventions.
Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 1992
Ischemic injury induced during preservation and reperfusion contributes to post-operative failure... more Ischemic injury induced during preservation and reperfusion contributes to post-operative failure in liver transplantation. Hepatic injury and recovery from preservation was studied in an isolated rat liver model reperfused with oxygenated erythrocytes. In order to correlate morphological and functional findings, 31-P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy were used to investigate metabolic and ultrastructural changes during 6 hours of reperfusion. Following cold preservation, EM&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s showed a primary sinusoidal cell injury, whereas the hepatocytes were well maintained. During reperfusion, hepatocytes displayed further damage. The simultaneous presence of vacuolarly degenerated mitochondria and mitochondria of increased activity was noted. 31-P NMP spectra demonstrated initially a partial ATP-recovery. The maximum level of 60% of the control ATP-value could not be further increased. EM and 31-P NMR indicate that the progressive injury to the liver is due to microcirculatory malfunction induced by an endothelial cell damage, followed by injured hepatocytes themselves, and the consequent intracellular energy crisis that is produced.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Apr 1, 2020
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Sep 1, 2020
PubMed, Nov 1, 1994
With the advent of ultrafast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), it is now possible to produce imag... more With the advent of ultrafast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), it is now possible to produce images with high temporal resolution. This gives the opportunity to record the passage of the paramagnetic contrast material Gadolinium-DTPA through the tissue of the heart muscle, yielding information on regional myocardial perfusion. We assessed the accuracy of MRI to detect and quantify reductions in coronary flow secondary to stenosis in dogs and patients. Regional blood flow was measured in dogs by left atrial injection of microspheres labeled with different radioactive isotopes. Signal intensity (SI) curves were generated in regions of interest over the myocardium and the cavum of the left ventricle. A newly developed two-compartment model based on the indicator-dilution method was used for interpretation of the SI-curves. In an optimization process the free parameters of the model equation were fitted to the measured SI-curves. The following flow parameters were determined: model parameter Q*, time to peak intensity (T), maximum signal intensity (SImax) and mean transit time (MTT) as calculated from a gamma variate fit. Absolute blood flow values were calculated for the parameters MTT and Q* assuming that the intravascular volume represents 10% of the total myocardial tissue volume. Measurements were performed on a 1.5 T Magnetom SP (Siemens AG, Erlangen) using a Turbo Flash sequence (TR = 6.5 ms, TE = 3 ms, TI = 100 ms, Flip Winkel = 9 degrees). Endsystolic images (voxel size = 1.8, 2.7, 15 mm3) were taken with an 18-cm Helmholtz surface coil in the short-axis view. A Gd-DTPA bolus (0.05 mmol/kg) was injected into the left atrium of 3 anesthetized closed-chest dogs. From the myocardial SI-curves the different parameters of myocardial perfusion were compared with flow assessed by microsphere injection over a wide range of myocardial blood flows (from 0.04 ml/min/g to 7.6 ml/min/g). A third-order polynominal fit showed a good correlation for the parameter Q* and MTT, whereas T and SImax were found to have a poor correlation. The linear regression analysis for a limited range of < 2 ml/min/g showed a superior estimation of myocardial perfusion for the parameter Q* than MTT. Blood flow > 2 ml/min/g was significantly underestimated by the MRT-measurements, but the parameter Q* showed the smallest amount of the divergent changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, Dec 1, 2017
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Aug 8, 2022
Following their success in numerous imaging and computer vision applications, deep-learning (DL) ... more Following their success in numerous imaging and computer vision applications, deep-learning (DL) techniques have emerged as one of the most prominent strategies for accelerated MRI reconstruction. These methods have been shown to outperform conventional regularized methods based on compressed sensing (CS). However, in most comparisons, CS is implemented with two or three hand-tuned parameters, while DL methods enjoy a plethora of advanced data science tools. In this work, we revisitℓ1-wavelet CS reconstruction using these modern tools. Using ideas such as algorithm unrolling and advanced optimization methods over large databases that DL algorithms utilize, along with conventional insights from wavelet representations and CS theory, we show thatℓ1-wavelet CS can be fine-tuned to a level close to DL reconstruction for accelerated MRI. The optimizedℓ1-wavelet CS method uses only 128 parameters compared to >500,000 for DL, employs a convex reconstruction at inference time, and performs within <1% of a DL approach that has been used in multiple studies in terms of quantitative quality metrics.
Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, Apr 1, 1992
Increased autophagocytosis in hepatocytes was found in response to conditions of ischaemia/hypoxi... more Increased autophagocytosis in hepatocytes was found in response to conditions of ischaemia/hypoxia. Initial stages proved to be recordable. These were found to become manifest through the formation of phospholipid membrane structures, approximately 5 nm in width, coalescing in circular formations with vesicular extensions. They may further develop to form multilayer myelin structures. Enveloped cytoplasmic regions and organelles were unchanged, at the beginning, and subsequently coalesced typically into autophagolysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. Verification will be necessary to find out if these initial stages occur only in response to hypoxia or constitute a phenomenon of general validity.
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume, Dec 19, 2018
A pediatric focused 24-channel prototype pTx 7T knee coil consisting of an 8 channel stripline tr... more A pediatric focused 24-channel prototype pTx 7T knee coil consisting of an 8 channel stripline transceiver and a 16-channel close fitting receiver array is described. Initial comparison with an adult size knee coil indicates peripheral SNR gains and more modest - yet notable- gains for central SNR due to the favorable filling factor and form fitting receivers of the pediatric knee coil prototype.
This study examined seven clinically asymptomatic siblings of patients with Osteochondritis Disse... more This study examined seven clinically asymptomatic siblings of patients with Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) utilizing 3T MRI, including quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping to evaluate morphological integrity of the epiphyseal cartilage, integrity of secondary physis and trabecular bone quality in the distal femoral condyles of bilateral knees. A high prevalence (86%) of morphological MRI abnormalities that can be seen in early OCD and increased diffusivity (high quantitative ADC values) in trabecular bone were detected. The high prevalence of early signs of OCD in clinically asymptomatic siblings of OCD patients supports evidence of a genetic predisposition for the disease.
PLOS ONE, Jul 13, 2015
<p>Comparison of QSM post-processed, plain GRE, SWI and QSM-WI datasets from a 1-month-old ... more <p>Comparison of QSM post-processed, plain GRE, SWI and QSM-WI datasets from a 1-month-old human specimen scanned at 7.0 T (TE = 29.06 ms and bandwidth = 60 Hz/pixel) in 3 mm-thick mIPs with QSM contrast inverted to match SWI and GRE. The first pane shows the axial plane, perpendicular to <i>B</i><sub>0</sub>. All four techniques demonstrated closely similar results. In the planes parallel to <i>B</i><sub>0</sub> (second pane), GRE and QSM demonstrated a closely similar visual appearance; however, the splitting artifact along <i>B</i><sub>0</sub> was evident in the SWI post-processed data. QSM-WI demonstrated both corrected artifacts and improved visualization of the cartilage canals.</p
American Journal of Sports Medicine, Nov 24, 2021
Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) occurs most commonly in the knees of young individual... more Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) occurs most commonly in the knees of young individuals. This condition is known to cause pain and discomfort in the knee and can lead to disability and early knee osteoarthritis. The cause is not well understood, and treatment plans are not well delineated. The Research in Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee (ROCK) group established a multicenter, prospective cohort to better understand this disease. Purpose: To provide a baseline report of the ROCK multicenter prospective cohort and present a descriptive analysis of baseline data for patient characteristics, lesion characteristics, and clinical findings of the first 1000 cases enrolled into the prospective cohort. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients were recruited from centers throughout the United States. Baseline data were obtained for patient characteristics, sports participation, patient-reported measures of functional capabilities and limitations, physical examination, diagnostic imaging results, and initial treatment plan. Descriptive statistics were completed for all outcomes of interest. Results: As of November 2020, a total of 27 orthopaedic surgeons from 17 institutions had enrolled 1004 knees with OCD, representing 903 patients (68.9% males; median age, 13.1 years; range, 6.3-25.4 years), into the prospective cohort. Lesions were located on the medial femoral condyle (66.2%), lateral femoral condyle (18.1%), trochlea (9.5%), patella (6.0%), and tibial plateau (0.2%). Most cases involved multisport athletes (68.1%), with the most common primary sport being basketball for males (27.3% of cases) and soccer for females (27.6% of cases). The median Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee (Pedi-IKCD) score was 59.9 (IQR, 45.6-73.9), and the median Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (Pedi-FABS) score was 21.0 (IQR, 5.0-28.0). Initial treatments were surgical intervention (55.4%) and activity restriction (44.0%). When surgery was performed, surgeons deemed the lesion to be stable at intraoperative assessment in 48.1% of cases. Conclusion: The multicenter ROCK group has been able to enroll the largest knee OCD cohort to date. This information is being used to further understand the pathology of OCD, including its cause, associated comorbidities, and initial presentation and symptoms. The cohort having been established is now being followed longitudinally to better define and elucidate the best treatment algorithms based on these presenting signs and symptoms.
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Oct 2, 2019
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Nov 1, 2014
Investigative Radiology
Background Detection of rotator cuff tears, a common cause of shoulder disability, can be time-co... more Background Detection of rotator cuff tears, a common cause of shoulder disability, can be time-consuming and subject to reader variability. Deep learning (DL) has the potential to increase radiologist accuracy and consistency. Purpose The aim of this study was to develop a prototype DL model for detection and classification of rotator cuff tears on shoulder magnetic resonance imaging into no tear, partial-thickness tear, or full-thickness tear. Materials and Methods This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant, institutional review board–approved study included a total of 11,925 noncontrast shoulder magnetic resonance imaging scans from 2 institutions, with 11,405 for development and 520 dedicated for final testing. A DL ensemble algorithm was developed that used 4 series as input from each examination: fluid-sensitive sequences in 3 planes and a sagittal oblique T1-weighted sequence. Radiology reports served as ground truth for training with categories of no t...
Although T2 mapping allows noninvasive evaluation of meniscus degeneration, its application at 7T... more Although T2 mapping allows noninvasive evaluation of meniscus degeneration, its application at 7T requires spin echo sequences with relatively long repetition times to meet the specific absorption rate (SAR) limits which can restrict the resolution of maps. This 7T study evaluates the potential of T2* mapping for the assessment of meniscal degeneration in six patients with arthroscopically verified posterior root tears of the medial meniscus and in healthy volunteers. Increased T2* in degenerated meniscus regions suggest T2* mapping is sensitive to meniscus degeneration. T2* mapping is a promising biomarker of early meniscal degeneration which is less SAR-demanding than T2 mapping.
The Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks, Nov 16, 2016
In vivo cartilage imaging of the musculoskeletal system using clinical 3 T magnetic resonance ima... more In vivo cartilage imaging of the musculoskeletal system using clinical 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems is limited by low spatial resolution, low signal-to-noise ratio, and/or long acquisition times. Ultrahigh-field (≥7 T) whole-body MRI systems have great potential to overcome these limitations and become the new standard for clinical muskuloskeletal imaging of articular cartilage. However, a number of technical challenges must first be addressed, including transmit B1 field inhomogeneities, radiofrequency heating, errors due to B0 inhomogeneities, gradients, motion, and extended examination times. In this chapter, we provide an overview of technical solutions to address these challenges and their potential benefit for articular cartilage imaging with particular attention to joints within the torso (hip and shoulder). We also highlight a number of emerging applications for articular and epiphyseal cartilage imaging that may significantly benefit from ultrahigh-field systems and the latest technical developments. Given the rapid development of MRI technology at ultrahigh field strengths and the broad potential of these systems to improve musculoskeletal imaging capabilities of cartilage, ultrahigh-field whole-body MRI is certain to play a significant role in the advancement of our understanding of articular cartilage abnormalities and the investigation of therapeutic interventions.
Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 1992
Ischemic injury induced during preservation and reperfusion contributes to post-operative failure... more Ischemic injury induced during preservation and reperfusion contributes to post-operative failure in liver transplantation. Hepatic injury and recovery from preservation was studied in an isolated rat liver model reperfused with oxygenated erythrocytes. In order to correlate morphological and functional findings, 31-P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy were used to investigate metabolic and ultrastructural changes during 6 hours of reperfusion. Following cold preservation, EM&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s showed a primary sinusoidal cell injury, whereas the hepatocytes were well maintained. During reperfusion, hepatocytes displayed further damage. The simultaneous presence of vacuolarly degenerated mitochondria and mitochondria of increased activity was noted. 31-P NMP spectra demonstrated initially a partial ATP-recovery. The maximum level of 60% of the control ATP-value could not be further increased. EM and 31-P NMR indicate that the progressive injury to the liver is due to microcirculatory malfunction induced by an endothelial cell damage, followed by injured hepatocytes themselves, and the consequent intracellular energy crisis that is produced.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Apr 1, 2020
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Sep 1, 2020
PubMed, Nov 1, 1994
With the advent of ultrafast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), it is now possible to produce imag... more With the advent of ultrafast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), it is now possible to produce images with high temporal resolution. This gives the opportunity to record the passage of the paramagnetic contrast material Gadolinium-DTPA through the tissue of the heart muscle, yielding information on regional myocardial perfusion. We assessed the accuracy of MRI to detect and quantify reductions in coronary flow secondary to stenosis in dogs and patients. Regional blood flow was measured in dogs by left atrial injection of microspheres labeled with different radioactive isotopes. Signal intensity (SI) curves were generated in regions of interest over the myocardium and the cavum of the left ventricle. A newly developed two-compartment model based on the indicator-dilution method was used for interpretation of the SI-curves. In an optimization process the free parameters of the model equation were fitted to the measured SI-curves. The following flow parameters were determined: model parameter Q*, time to peak intensity (T), maximum signal intensity (SImax) and mean transit time (MTT) as calculated from a gamma variate fit. Absolute blood flow values were calculated for the parameters MTT and Q* assuming that the intravascular volume represents 10% of the total myocardial tissue volume. Measurements were performed on a 1.5 T Magnetom SP (Siemens AG, Erlangen) using a Turbo Flash sequence (TR = 6.5 ms, TE = 3 ms, TI = 100 ms, Flip Winkel = 9 degrees). Endsystolic images (voxel size = 1.8, 2.7, 15 mm3) were taken with an 18-cm Helmholtz surface coil in the short-axis view. A Gd-DTPA bolus (0.05 mmol/kg) was injected into the left atrium of 3 anesthetized closed-chest dogs. From the myocardial SI-curves the different parameters of myocardial perfusion were compared with flow assessed by microsphere injection over a wide range of myocardial blood flows (from 0.04 ml/min/g to 7.6 ml/min/g). A third-order polynominal fit showed a good correlation for the parameter Q* and MTT, whereas T and SImax were found to have a poor correlation. The linear regression analysis for a limited range of < 2 ml/min/g showed a superior estimation of myocardial perfusion for the parameter Q* than MTT. Blood flow > 2 ml/min/g was significantly underestimated by the MRT-measurements, but the parameter Q* showed the smallest amount of the divergent changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, Dec 1, 2017
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Aug 8, 2022
Following their success in numerous imaging and computer vision applications, deep-learning (DL) ... more Following their success in numerous imaging and computer vision applications, deep-learning (DL) techniques have emerged as one of the most prominent strategies for accelerated MRI reconstruction. These methods have been shown to outperform conventional regularized methods based on compressed sensing (CS). However, in most comparisons, CS is implemented with two or three hand-tuned parameters, while DL methods enjoy a plethora of advanced data science tools. In this work, we revisitℓ1-wavelet CS reconstruction using these modern tools. Using ideas such as algorithm unrolling and advanced optimization methods over large databases that DL algorithms utilize, along with conventional insights from wavelet representations and CS theory, we show thatℓ1-wavelet CS can be fine-tuned to a level close to DL reconstruction for accelerated MRI. The optimizedℓ1-wavelet CS method uses only 128 parameters compared to >500,000 for DL, employs a convex reconstruction at inference time, and performs within <1% of a DL approach that has been used in multiple studies in terms of quantitative quality metrics.
Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, Apr 1, 1992
Increased autophagocytosis in hepatocytes was found in response to conditions of ischaemia/hypoxi... more Increased autophagocytosis in hepatocytes was found in response to conditions of ischaemia/hypoxia. Initial stages proved to be recordable. These were found to become manifest through the formation of phospholipid membrane structures, approximately 5 nm in width, coalescing in circular formations with vesicular extensions. They may further develop to form multilayer myelin structures. Enveloped cytoplasmic regions and organelles were unchanged, at the beginning, and subsequently coalesced typically into autophagolysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. Verification will be necessary to find out if these initial stages occur only in response to hypoxia or constitute a phenomenon of general validity.