Mary-Margaret Murphy | University of Montana (original) (raw)
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Papers by Mary-Margaret Murphy
3D Data Acquisition for Bioarchaeology, Forensic Anthropology, and Archaeology, 2019
This chapter is a brief introduction to the virtual environment for working with three-dimensiona... more This chapter is a brief introduction to the virtual environment for working with three-dimensional data. The chapter will introduce terminology, software and file formats, various alignment methods, surface scanner data collection, a discussion of source of error on data collection on surface scan, and processing of the mesh model. Software topics include open source software and commercial software for model processing and data management. Because the methods of data capture and model processing varies between technologies and different equipment, this chapter also discusses how to capture surface data in cross-compatible formats, data management, processing mesh data, cleaning data, and decimation of the data for open source software and commercial software. To tie this together for research design, this chapter also suggests “workflow” for surface scan data collection for the beginners, as well as model processing protocols.
This project tests the validity of the use of models generated with 3-D technology for the purpos... more This project tests the validity of the use of models generated with 3-D technology for the purposes of advancing craniometric methods in anthropology. The literature describing this technology as it is being incorporated and applied is focused on the classification of crania within population structure and evolutionary development. 3-D modeling methods create data that are static over time-as long as the collection and processing has a statistically insignificant impact on deviation from the original "true" sample. This thesis is interested in the questions of data collection given variations between processing and metadata of 3-D models and uses data from crania recovered from cave burials discovered on Kume Island, Okinawa Japan. The collection has been captured in surface scans and by 3-D coordinate digitizer at different times by different researchers. Adapting 3-D scanning and 3-D medical imaging technology into anthropology is highly advantageous in terms of the quality and quantity of data that can be collected and shared. Models generated from surface imaging are an excellent tool for research that serves to transmit the information encoded in the skull. Recent surface imaging technology is very user friendly from a novice perspective. However, there are different capture and processing specifications between equipment and software, which have the potential to create error due to variation caused by the data capture processes. A review of recent research working to capitalize on 3-D models belies the variation in standards of imaging and model processing. These projects tend to be preferential to data that are collected from samples with a low error rate. Error could be due to deviation of symmetry or damage. However, recovered human crania in historic and archaeological contexts are unlikely to have low rates of damage. In spite of the potential variations introduced by the applications of process parameters, there was no convincing degree of non-correspondence in correlation tests to two comparison approaches. The ultimate goal is to develop guidelines for data collection and processing that are capable of capitalizing 3-D data from any of the available technologies and processing output that is computationally efficient as well as statistically correspondent. A great measure of gratitude is due my thesis committee. Their patience and encouragement has made it possible for me to see this thesis through. After facing many practical and personal challenges, their guidance has served to keep me moving in a forward direction. Dr. Anna Prentiss accepted the challenge of steering my thesis work and committee, giving me the grounding and support I needed. Dr. Randall Skelton gave me some of the most incisive editing suggestions and thoughtful considerations for the development of the thesis study. Dr. Bret Tobalske has generously made time to join this committee and consider the research which is both inclusive and exclusive of his own body of study. (Conclusions) will consider the methods as applied in the third, fourth, and fifth chapters and the types of craniometric data represented by the sample and models. This will be the opportunity for considerations about methodology for applied 3-D research. These considerations will review aspects of data collection best practices, baselines, and meta-data reporting that the results of this analysis would indicate as most appropriate for application to further extend this research.
3D Data Acquisition for Bioarchaeology, Forensic Anthropology, and Archaeology, 2019
This chapter goes into the practical considerations and functional practice of taking digital 3D ... more This chapter goes into the practical considerations and functional practice of taking digital 3D landmark coordinate data using Stratovan Checkpoint software on mesh models of a 3D sample. Selection of landmarks is discussed with a focus on the type of craniometric data as used in the chapter examples. Following the collection of landmark coordinate data, this chapter outlines some of the considerations for preparing the data sample for statistical analyses.
3D Data Acquisition for Bioarchaeology, Forensic Anthropology, and Archaeology, 2019
This chapter will outline validity testing of the use of mixed data, where a sample is comprised ... more This chapter will outline validity testing of the use of mixed data, where a sample is comprised of 3D data collected using more than one methodology. It examines intraobserver error between landmark data acquisition using a Microscribe and landmark data acquisition using the program Stratovan Checkpoint (Stratovan Corporation, Davis, CA) on 3D mesh models. This chapter discusses whether these two types of landmark data can be combined together, and it concludes that landmark data have a sufficiently low “margin of error” under a well-designed experiment. It also discusses the observation that semilandmark data have a significant interobserver error on the “difficult to capture” curve of crania collected using Microscribe. This chapter demonstrates that the difficulty of visualization and collection using Microscribe is markedly higher and when compared with the virtual data collection method, virtual data collection results in a truer, more accurate set of data for analysis.
Lithic Technology, 2015
Abstract Excavations at the stratified rockshelter, Rio Ibáñez 6 west (RI-6 west), located in wes... more Abstract Excavations at the stratified rockshelter, Rio Ibáñez 6 west (RI-6 west), located in west-central Patagonia, uncovered a previously unrecognized lithic industry featuring the production of a range of tools from coarse volcanic rock actually derived from the wall of the shelter. Tool forms from this material at RI-6 west include a variety of bifaces, projectile points, picks, knives, and wedges. This paper will present a description of the industry with a focus on production techniques and tool functions. Conclusions are drawn with a focus on relationships between patterns of lithic technology and those associated with food procurement and processing activities. The study suggests that tools were produced to function as situational and transported personal gear. An implication is that many factors affect decisions to use coarse stone for tool production and use.
3D Data Acquisition for Bioarchaeology, Forensic Anthropology, and Archaeology, 2019
This chapter is a brief introduction to the virtual environment for working with three-dimensiona... more This chapter is a brief introduction to the virtual environment for working with three-dimensional data. The chapter will introduce terminology, software and file formats, various alignment methods, surface scanner data collection, a discussion of source of error on data collection on surface scan, and processing of the mesh model. Software topics include open source software and commercial software for model processing and data management. Because the methods of data capture and model processing varies between technologies and different equipment, this chapter also discusses how to capture surface data in cross-compatible formats, data management, processing mesh data, cleaning data, and decimation of the data for open source software and commercial software. To tie this together for research design, this chapter also suggests “workflow” for surface scan data collection for the beginners, as well as model processing protocols.
This project tests the validity of the use of models generated with 3-D technology for the purpos... more This project tests the validity of the use of models generated with 3-D technology for the purposes of advancing craniometric methods in anthropology. The literature describing this technology as it is being incorporated and applied is focused on the classification of crania within population structure and evolutionary development. 3-D modeling methods create data that are static over time-as long as the collection and processing has a statistically insignificant impact on deviation from the original "true" sample. This thesis is interested in the questions of data collection given variations between processing and metadata of 3-D models and uses data from crania recovered from cave burials discovered on Kume Island, Okinawa Japan. The collection has been captured in surface scans and by 3-D coordinate digitizer at different times by different researchers. Adapting 3-D scanning and 3-D medical imaging technology into anthropology is highly advantageous in terms of the quality and quantity of data that can be collected and shared. Models generated from surface imaging are an excellent tool for research that serves to transmit the information encoded in the skull. Recent surface imaging technology is very user friendly from a novice perspective. However, there are different capture and processing specifications between equipment and software, which have the potential to create error due to variation caused by the data capture processes. A review of recent research working to capitalize on 3-D models belies the variation in standards of imaging and model processing. These projects tend to be preferential to data that are collected from samples with a low error rate. Error could be due to deviation of symmetry or damage. However, recovered human crania in historic and archaeological contexts are unlikely to have low rates of damage. In spite of the potential variations introduced by the applications of process parameters, there was no convincing degree of non-correspondence in correlation tests to two comparison approaches. The ultimate goal is to develop guidelines for data collection and processing that are capable of capitalizing 3-D data from any of the available technologies and processing output that is computationally efficient as well as statistically correspondent. A great measure of gratitude is due my thesis committee. Their patience and encouragement has made it possible for me to see this thesis through. After facing many practical and personal challenges, their guidance has served to keep me moving in a forward direction. Dr. Anna Prentiss accepted the challenge of steering my thesis work and committee, giving me the grounding and support I needed. Dr. Randall Skelton gave me some of the most incisive editing suggestions and thoughtful considerations for the development of the thesis study. Dr. Bret Tobalske has generously made time to join this committee and consider the research which is both inclusive and exclusive of his own body of study. (Conclusions) will consider the methods as applied in the third, fourth, and fifth chapters and the types of craniometric data represented by the sample and models. This will be the opportunity for considerations about methodology for applied 3-D research. These considerations will review aspects of data collection best practices, baselines, and meta-data reporting that the results of this analysis would indicate as most appropriate for application to further extend this research.
3D Data Acquisition for Bioarchaeology, Forensic Anthropology, and Archaeology, 2019
This chapter goes into the practical considerations and functional practice of taking digital 3D ... more This chapter goes into the practical considerations and functional practice of taking digital 3D landmark coordinate data using Stratovan Checkpoint software on mesh models of a 3D sample. Selection of landmarks is discussed with a focus on the type of craniometric data as used in the chapter examples. Following the collection of landmark coordinate data, this chapter outlines some of the considerations for preparing the data sample for statistical analyses.
3D Data Acquisition for Bioarchaeology, Forensic Anthropology, and Archaeology, 2019
This chapter will outline validity testing of the use of mixed data, where a sample is comprised ... more This chapter will outline validity testing of the use of mixed data, where a sample is comprised of 3D data collected using more than one methodology. It examines intraobserver error between landmark data acquisition using a Microscribe and landmark data acquisition using the program Stratovan Checkpoint (Stratovan Corporation, Davis, CA) on 3D mesh models. This chapter discusses whether these two types of landmark data can be combined together, and it concludes that landmark data have a sufficiently low “margin of error” under a well-designed experiment. It also discusses the observation that semilandmark data have a significant interobserver error on the “difficult to capture” curve of crania collected using Microscribe. This chapter demonstrates that the difficulty of visualization and collection using Microscribe is markedly higher and when compared with the virtual data collection method, virtual data collection results in a truer, more accurate set of data for analysis.
Lithic Technology, 2015
Abstract Excavations at the stratified rockshelter, Rio Ibáñez 6 west (RI-6 west), located in wes... more Abstract Excavations at the stratified rockshelter, Rio Ibáñez 6 west (RI-6 west), located in west-central Patagonia, uncovered a previously unrecognized lithic industry featuring the production of a range of tools from coarse volcanic rock actually derived from the wall of the shelter. Tool forms from this material at RI-6 west include a variety of bifaces, projectile points, picks, knives, and wedges. This paper will present a description of the industry with a focus on production techniques and tool functions. Conclusions are drawn with a focus on relationships between patterns of lithic technology and those associated with food procurement and processing activities. The study suggests that tools were produced to function as situational and transported personal gear. An implication is that many factors affect decisions to use coarse stone for tool production and use.