RUZAINI AHMAD | Universiti Malaysia Sabah (original) (raw)

Papers by RUZAINI AHMAD

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Anchovy by-Products as an Ingredient in the Diets Developed for Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Juveniles

Malaysian applied biology, Sep 29, 2023

INTRODUCTION Around 20 million tons of fish processing and aquaculture by-products were value-add... more INTRODUCTION Around 20 million tons of fish processing and aquaculture by-products were value-added to be fishmeal (FM) and fish oil to feed the aquaculture species, livestock farming, and other animal food (Gabriella, 2016). Fishery by-products are defined as a variety of fish species or by-catch products with no or low commercial value and undersized or damaged commercial species. The by-products are usually removed from the edible part of the body, thus reducing the weight of the valuable part and causing low profitability for the seller. This causes significant economic loss and environmental impacts on the aquatic ecosystem by releasing organic wastes that change the community structure and biodiversity of the benthic assemblages (Fodelianakis et al., 2015; Coppola et al., 2021; Mozumder et al., 2022). Several studies have included fishery by-products as the alternative dietary protein to FM, requiring other protein sources to complement better fish growth and utilization performance (

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Anchovy By-Products as An Ingredient in The Diets Developed For Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp

MALAYSIAN APPLIED BIOLOGY, 2023

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of anchovy by-product ... more The main objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of anchovy by-product meal (ABPM) as a protein source in the diet of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Five formulated feeds were produced to
contain different percentages of ABPM and soybean meal (SBM): Diet contained 100% SBM with the addition of 1% methionine; Diet contained 25% SBM and 75% ABP25 (ABP25). Diet 3 contained 50% SBM and 50%
ABP (ABP50); Diet 4 contained 25% SBM and 75% ABP (ABP75), and Diet 5 contained 100% ABP (ABP100). A commercial tilapia feed was used as a control diet (CF). Fish were fed close to apparent satiation, twice a day to
triplicate groups of the tilapia fingerlings (1.07 ± 0.28 g) for 10 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) improved with the increase of ABP inclusion in the diets. Among the ABP-based diets, the highest growth performance and feed utilization were obtained by fish fed with ABP100 (SGR: 3.1%/day; FCR: 1.9) while the least was ABP0 (SGR: 1.5%/day; FCR: 2.6). Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerasomatic index (VSI) of ABP meal-based diets were slightly higher compared to ABP0 and CF (0.5 to 1.5 & 7 to 12.8 respectively). There was no significant difference in fish survival rate and condition factor among all treatment groups. Protein apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) showed an increasing pattern with increasing ABP meal in the diet and no significant difference in crude lipid ADC among all treatments. Whole-body moisture and crude lipid were not affected by the inclusion of ABPM in the diet, while crude protein and ash parallelly increased with the increase in the inclusion level of ABPM in the diet. Findings from this study indicated that ABPM is a good protein source and could replace SBM as the dietary protein ingredient for better growth performance and feed utilization.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Anchovy By-Products as An Ingredient in The Diets Developed For Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp

Malaysian Applied Biology, 2023

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of anchovy by-product ... more The main objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of anchovy by-product meal (ABPM) as a protein source in the diet of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Five formulated feeds were produced to
contain different percentages of ABPM and soybean meal (SBM): Diet contained 100% SBM with the addition of 1% methionine; Diet contained 25% SBM and 75% ABP25 (ABP25). Diet 3 contained 50% SBM and 50%
ABP (ABP50); Diet 4 contained 25% SBM and 75% ABP (ABP75), and Diet 5 contained 100% ABP (ABP100). A commercial tilapia feed was used as a control diet (CF). Fish were fed close to apparent satiation, twice a day to
triplicate groups of the tilapia fingerlings (1.07 ± 0.28 g) for 10 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) improved with the increase of ABP inclusion in the diets. Among the ABP-based diets, the highest growth performance and feed utilization were obtained by fish fed with ABP100 (SGR: 3.1%/day; FCR: 1.9) while the least was ABP0 (SGR: 1.5%/day; FCR: 2.6). Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerasomatic index (VSI) of ABP meal-based diets were slightly higher compared to ABP0 and CF (0.5 to 1.5 & 7 to 12.8 respectively). There was no significant difference in fish survival rate and condition factor among all treatment groups. Protein apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) showed an increasing pattern with increasing ABP meal in the diet and no significant difference in crude lipid ADC among all treatments. Whole-body moisture and crude lipid were not affected by the inclusion of ABPM in the diet, while crude protein and ash parallelly increased with the increase in the inclusion level of ABPM in the diet. Findings from this study indicated that ABPM is a good protein source and could replace SBM as the dietary protein ingredient for better growth performance and feed utilization.

Research paper thumbnail of Experimental infection of Vibrio harveyi in different water salinity in Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, tiger grouper

This experiment was done in order to examine the effect of V. harveyi to E. fuscoguttatus through... more This experiment was done in order to examine the effect of V. harveyi to E. fuscoguttatus through experimental infection. V. harveyi were inserted in five different water salinities which were 10 ppt, 15ppt, 20 ppt, 25 ppt and 30 ppt. The parameters that examined were mortality rate of the fish species, bacteria colony formation in the organ and bacteria colony formation in the water that inserted with the bacteria. The bacteria colony formations were calculated by incubating a sample of the bacteria from the water and organ thus counting the bacteria colony formed after 12 hours. Besides, the external and internal signs of the infection were also observed. The internal clinical signs were observed by histology process. The pathogenicity of the bacteria determined as the colony formation of the bacteria increased. This experiment shows that there is a significant difference in 30 ppt water salinity in terms of bacterial growth in the water and organ. There was no significant differe...

Research paper thumbnail of Mengkaji Potensi Ekstrak Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans) sebagai Anestetik kepada Benih Ikan Siakap (Later calcarifer)

Prosiding Festival Agro Makanan dan Bioteknologi 2018 (eISBN: 978-967-0778-39-6) , 2018

Penggunaan bahan kimia yang berleluasa sebagai bahan pelali benih ikan menyumbang kepada masalah ... more Penggunaan bahan kimia yang berleluasa sebagai bahan pelali benih ikan menyumbang kepada masalah kesihatan pada ikan, pengendali dan pelanggan. Masalah ini juga menyebabkan kerugian kepada penternak semasa proses penghantaran benih ikan hidup dan semasa pengendalian harian. Benih ikan siakap (Lates calcarifer) merupakan spesis yang mempunyai nilai komersil yang tinggi tetapi kurang toleransi kepada stress persekitaran dan pengendalian. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji potensi alternatif daripada sumber tumbuhan iaitu ekstrak biji pala sebagai bahan pelali semasa pengendalian dan penghantaran benih melalui kaedah pembungkusan tertutup. Benih ikan siakap yang diuji bersaiz 3.5 ± 0.5 cm dan berat 5.2 ± 0.4gm. Ujian stress semasa pengendalian menggunakan kepekatan ekstrak biji pala yang berbeza iaitu 0 (kontrol), 300, 400 dan 500ppm diuji dengan tiga replikat. Ujian stress melalui pembungkusan kaedah tertutup mendapati bahawa kepekatan ekstrak 400ppm menunjukkan kadar hidup yang paling tinggi iaitu 95% diikuti 300 dan 500ppm. Ujian stress melalui pengendalian menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan (P<0.05) pada masa pengsan di antara kepekatan pelali yang berbeza (300,400 dan 500ppm). Terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan (P<0.05) di antara masa pemulihan benih dan kepekatan ekstrak. Berdasarkan ujian yang dijalankan, ekstrak biji pala berpotensi sebagai bahan anestetik yang selamat kepada benih ikan siakap, pengendali dan pelanggan seterusnya dapat mengelakkan penggunaan bahan kimia dalam bidang akuakultur.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Growth & Survival Rate of Javanese Barb, Puntius gonionotus Fed with Different Concentration of Feed Enriched with Garlic (Allium sativum) Juice

Prosiding Festival Agro Makanan dan Bioteknologi 2016 (ISBN: 978-967-0778-15-0) , 2016

This study was conducted to examine the effects on the growth and survival rate of juvenile Jav... more This study was conducted to examine the effects on the growth and survival rate of juvenile Java Barb (Puntius gonionotus) that fed with marine pellet enriched with different concentrations of garlic juice (Allium sativum). There were four (4) replicate of aquarium that consists of 30 tails of Java Barb in each aquarium. There were three (3) different types of garlic juice concentration that enriched in the marine pellet which are 10g/ml, 20g/ml, 30g/ml and 0 g/ml as the control tank. The fish aquariums were daily maintained and fed twice daily until satiation. Data were calculated in every seven (7) days for 60 days. The results shows that seed that fed with highest concentration of garlic juice results highest growth and survival rate.

Research paper thumbnail of Experimental Infection of Vibrio harveyi to Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) in Different Water Salinities

Prosiding Festival Agro Makanan dan Bioteknologi 2017 (ISBN 978-967-12029-8-2) , 2017

Vibrio harveyi is a gram negative bacteria that causes vibriosis in marine fish and contributed t... more Vibrio harveyi is a gram negative bacteria that causes vibriosis in marine fish and contributed to huge losses in aquaculture industry. In this study, salinity of rearing water of tiger grouper was manipulated to examine its effect on mortality of E. fuscoguttatus upon experimentally infected with V. harveyi. The grouper specimens (10 fish individuals in each tank) were cultured in tanks with different salinities (10 ppt, 15 ppt, 20 ppt, 25 ppt and 30 ppt). Then, each fish was experimentally infected by immersion in 1.17 x 107 cfu/ml of V. harveyi in respective salinity. The fish condition in each tank was observed for 10 days. Water sample and internal organ of dead fish were taken every day for bacterial enumeration. It was found that the bacterial growth was significantly higher in 30 ppt. Whereas the bacterial growth in 25 ppt, 20 ppt, 15 ppt and 10 ppt was not significantly different each other. The bacteria growth increased as the water salinity increases. Fish cultured in 15 ppt recorded the lowest mortality rate at 62.5%. Furthermore, it was also noticed that the fish started to show full clinical signs on the fourth day of experiment compared to fish cultured in other salinities which started to show clinical signs on the second day after the immersion. All fish in the treatment tanks exhibited lethargic condition, uncoordinated swimming behavior and loss of appetite. Lesions, necrosis, hemorrhages, shrunken of blood vessel and thickening of muscle were also observed to occur in infected fish. In a nut shell, it is recommended to culture E. fuscoguttatus in 15ppt water salinity to maximize survival and profit in the aquaculture industry.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Anchovy by-Products as an Ingredient in the Diets Developed for Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Juveniles

Malaysian applied biology, Sep 29, 2023

INTRODUCTION Around 20 million tons of fish processing and aquaculture by-products were value-add... more INTRODUCTION Around 20 million tons of fish processing and aquaculture by-products were value-added to be fishmeal (FM) and fish oil to feed the aquaculture species, livestock farming, and other animal food (Gabriella, 2016). Fishery by-products are defined as a variety of fish species or by-catch products with no or low commercial value and undersized or damaged commercial species. The by-products are usually removed from the edible part of the body, thus reducing the weight of the valuable part and causing low profitability for the seller. This causes significant economic loss and environmental impacts on the aquatic ecosystem by releasing organic wastes that change the community structure and biodiversity of the benthic assemblages (Fodelianakis et al., 2015; Coppola et al., 2021; Mozumder et al., 2022). Several studies have included fishery by-products as the alternative dietary protein to FM, requiring other protein sources to complement better fish growth and utilization performance (

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Anchovy By-Products as An Ingredient in The Diets Developed For Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp

MALAYSIAN APPLIED BIOLOGY, 2023

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of anchovy by-product ... more The main objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of anchovy by-product meal (ABPM) as a protein source in the diet of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Five formulated feeds were produced to
contain different percentages of ABPM and soybean meal (SBM): Diet contained 100% SBM with the addition of 1% methionine; Diet contained 25% SBM and 75% ABP25 (ABP25). Diet 3 contained 50% SBM and 50%
ABP (ABP50); Diet 4 contained 25% SBM and 75% ABP (ABP75), and Diet 5 contained 100% ABP (ABP100). A commercial tilapia feed was used as a control diet (CF). Fish were fed close to apparent satiation, twice a day to
triplicate groups of the tilapia fingerlings (1.07 ± 0.28 g) for 10 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) improved with the increase of ABP inclusion in the diets. Among the ABP-based diets, the highest growth performance and feed utilization were obtained by fish fed with ABP100 (SGR: 3.1%/day; FCR: 1.9) while the least was ABP0 (SGR: 1.5%/day; FCR: 2.6). Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerasomatic index (VSI) of ABP meal-based diets were slightly higher compared to ABP0 and CF (0.5 to 1.5 & 7 to 12.8 respectively). There was no significant difference in fish survival rate and condition factor among all treatment groups. Protein apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) showed an increasing pattern with increasing ABP meal in the diet and no significant difference in crude lipid ADC among all treatments. Whole-body moisture and crude lipid were not affected by the inclusion of ABPM in the diet, while crude protein and ash parallelly increased with the increase in the inclusion level of ABPM in the diet. Findings from this study indicated that ABPM is a good protein source and could replace SBM as the dietary protein ingredient for better growth performance and feed utilization.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Anchovy By-Products as An Ingredient in The Diets Developed For Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp

Malaysian Applied Biology, 2023

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of anchovy by-product ... more The main objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of anchovy by-product meal (ABPM) as a protein source in the diet of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Five formulated feeds were produced to
contain different percentages of ABPM and soybean meal (SBM): Diet contained 100% SBM with the addition of 1% methionine; Diet contained 25% SBM and 75% ABP25 (ABP25). Diet 3 contained 50% SBM and 50%
ABP (ABP50); Diet 4 contained 25% SBM and 75% ABP (ABP75), and Diet 5 contained 100% ABP (ABP100). A commercial tilapia feed was used as a control diet (CF). Fish were fed close to apparent satiation, twice a day to
triplicate groups of the tilapia fingerlings (1.07 ± 0.28 g) for 10 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) improved with the increase of ABP inclusion in the diets. Among the ABP-based diets, the highest growth performance and feed utilization were obtained by fish fed with ABP100 (SGR: 3.1%/day; FCR: 1.9) while the least was ABP0 (SGR: 1.5%/day; FCR: 2.6). Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerasomatic index (VSI) of ABP meal-based diets were slightly higher compared to ABP0 and CF (0.5 to 1.5 & 7 to 12.8 respectively). There was no significant difference in fish survival rate and condition factor among all treatment groups. Protein apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) showed an increasing pattern with increasing ABP meal in the diet and no significant difference in crude lipid ADC among all treatments. Whole-body moisture and crude lipid were not affected by the inclusion of ABPM in the diet, while crude protein and ash parallelly increased with the increase in the inclusion level of ABPM in the diet. Findings from this study indicated that ABPM is a good protein source and could replace SBM as the dietary protein ingredient for better growth performance and feed utilization.

Research paper thumbnail of Experimental infection of Vibrio harveyi in different water salinity in Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, tiger grouper

This experiment was done in order to examine the effect of V. harveyi to E. fuscoguttatus through... more This experiment was done in order to examine the effect of V. harveyi to E. fuscoguttatus through experimental infection. V. harveyi were inserted in five different water salinities which were 10 ppt, 15ppt, 20 ppt, 25 ppt and 30 ppt. The parameters that examined were mortality rate of the fish species, bacteria colony formation in the organ and bacteria colony formation in the water that inserted with the bacteria. The bacteria colony formations were calculated by incubating a sample of the bacteria from the water and organ thus counting the bacteria colony formed after 12 hours. Besides, the external and internal signs of the infection were also observed. The internal clinical signs were observed by histology process. The pathogenicity of the bacteria determined as the colony formation of the bacteria increased. This experiment shows that there is a significant difference in 30 ppt water salinity in terms of bacterial growth in the water and organ. There was no significant differe...

Research paper thumbnail of Mengkaji Potensi Ekstrak Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans) sebagai Anestetik kepada Benih Ikan Siakap (Later calcarifer)

Prosiding Festival Agro Makanan dan Bioteknologi 2018 (eISBN: 978-967-0778-39-6) , 2018

Penggunaan bahan kimia yang berleluasa sebagai bahan pelali benih ikan menyumbang kepada masalah ... more Penggunaan bahan kimia yang berleluasa sebagai bahan pelali benih ikan menyumbang kepada masalah kesihatan pada ikan, pengendali dan pelanggan. Masalah ini juga menyebabkan kerugian kepada penternak semasa proses penghantaran benih ikan hidup dan semasa pengendalian harian. Benih ikan siakap (Lates calcarifer) merupakan spesis yang mempunyai nilai komersil yang tinggi tetapi kurang toleransi kepada stress persekitaran dan pengendalian. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji potensi alternatif daripada sumber tumbuhan iaitu ekstrak biji pala sebagai bahan pelali semasa pengendalian dan penghantaran benih melalui kaedah pembungkusan tertutup. Benih ikan siakap yang diuji bersaiz 3.5 ± 0.5 cm dan berat 5.2 ± 0.4gm. Ujian stress semasa pengendalian menggunakan kepekatan ekstrak biji pala yang berbeza iaitu 0 (kontrol), 300, 400 dan 500ppm diuji dengan tiga replikat. Ujian stress melalui pembungkusan kaedah tertutup mendapati bahawa kepekatan ekstrak 400ppm menunjukkan kadar hidup yang paling tinggi iaitu 95% diikuti 300 dan 500ppm. Ujian stress melalui pengendalian menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan (P<0.05) pada masa pengsan di antara kepekatan pelali yang berbeza (300,400 dan 500ppm). Terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan (P<0.05) di antara masa pemulihan benih dan kepekatan ekstrak. Berdasarkan ujian yang dijalankan, ekstrak biji pala berpotensi sebagai bahan anestetik yang selamat kepada benih ikan siakap, pengendali dan pelanggan seterusnya dapat mengelakkan penggunaan bahan kimia dalam bidang akuakultur.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Growth & Survival Rate of Javanese Barb, Puntius gonionotus Fed with Different Concentration of Feed Enriched with Garlic (Allium sativum) Juice

Prosiding Festival Agro Makanan dan Bioteknologi 2016 (ISBN: 978-967-0778-15-0) , 2016

This study was conducted to examine the effects on the growth and survival rate of juvenile Jav... more This study was conducted to examine the effects on the growth and survival rate of juvenile Java Barb (Puntius gonionotus) that fed with marine pellet enriched with different concentrations of garlic juice (Allium sativum). There were four (4) replicate of aquarium that consists of 30 tails of Java Barb in each aquarium. There were three (3) different types of garlic juice concentration that enriched in the marine pellet which are 10g/ml, 20g/ml, 30g/ml and 0 g/ml as the control tank. The fish aquariums were daily maintained and fed twice daily until satiation. Data were calculated in every seven (7) days for 60 days. The results shows that seed that fed with highest concentration of garlic juice results highest growth and survival rate.

Research paper thumbnail of Experimental Infection of Vibrio harveyi to Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) in Different Water Salinities

Prosiding Festival Agro Makanan dan Bioteknologi 2017 (ISBN 978-967-12029-8-2) , 2017

Vibrio harveyi is a gram negative bacteria that causes vibriosis in marine fish and contributed t... more Vibrio harveyi is a gram negative bacteria that causes vibriosis in marine fish and contributed to huge losses in aquaculture industry. In this study, salinity of rearing water of tiger grouper was manipulated to examine its effect on mortality of E. fuscoguttatus upon experimentally infected with V. harveyi. The grouper specimens (10 fish individuals in each tank) were cultured in tanks with different salinities (10 ppt, 15 ppt, 20 ppt, 25 ppt and 30 ppt). Then, each fish was experimentally infected by immersion in 1.17 x 107 cfu/ml of V. harveyi in respective salinity. The fish condition in each tank was observed for 10 days. Water sample and internal organ of dead fish were taken every day for bacterial enumeration. It was found that the bacterial growth was significantly higher in 30 ppt. Whereas the bacterial growth in 25 ppt, 20 ppt, 15 ppt and 10 ppt was not significantly different each other. The bacteria growth increased as the water salinity increases. Fish cultured in 15 ppt recorded the lowest mortality rate at 62.5%. Furthermore, it was also noticed that the fish started to show full clinical signs on the fourth day of experiment compared to fish cultured in other salinities which started to show clinical signs on the second day after the immersion. All fish in the treatment tanks exhibited lethargic condition, uncoordinated swimming behavior and loss of appetite. Lesions, necrosis, hemorrhages, shrunken of blood vessel and thickening of muscle were also observed to occur in infected fish. In a nut shell, it is recommended to culture E. fuscoguttatus in 15ppt water salinity to maximize survival and profit in the aquaculture industry.