FarRukh Ijaz - University of Management and Technology (original) (raw)

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Papers by FarRukh Ijaz

Income smoothing refers to the use of accounting techniques to level out net income fluctuations ... more Income smoothing refers to the use of accounting techniques to level out net income fluctuations from one period to the next. Companies indulge in this practice to manipulate the earnings over the period in order to lower the level of uncertainty. The companies with constant earnings attract more investors as they are willing to pay more prices for company's stock. This study examine the presence of artificial income smoothing in 64 Shari'ah compliant companies listed in the financial market of Pakistan for the period 2008-2015. The study also takes into consideration the concept of income smoothing from an Islamic perspective. To achieve the study's objectives, Eckel's index model is used. The study found that 34 percent of the companies are non-smoothers and 66 percent of the companies are smoothers in pooled sample. Among high market capitalized 32 companies, 37.5 percent of the companies are non-smoothers and 62.5 percent are smoothing companies. In 32 low market capitalized companies, 31 percent companies are non-smoothing and 69 percent companies are practicing income smoothing.

Halal is becoming a universal sign for quality assurance and standard of living. The world market... more Halal is becoming a universal sign for quality assurance and standard of living. The world market for halal goods and services is rising into influential energy pitch of world commerce and finance. Halal products and Islamic Financial Services (IFS) have market share of one trillion USD annually. The aim of this study was to survey the potential and expectations of halal food producers, distributors and consultants anticipate in promoting Pakistan halal food industry as potential halal food hub. The study explored the halal food producer's awareness, perception, religious beliefs and the market strategies government adopted to fortify the Pakistan halal food industry. Shariah compliance standards were also analyzed. The study found that Pakistani food producers and distributers perceived that most of Muslim consumers prefer halal food items, and a proper advertising and marketing strategy of Pakistan halal food could be a competitive advantage in this regard. Some policy actions are needed to be established as governance of halal is unsystematic in Pakistan. This study will be of great significance to the policy makers, marketers and food manufacturers in Pakistan.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of service quality being provided ... more Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of service quality being provided by the Islamic and Conventional banks on customer’s judgments towards their satisfaction level on different parameters of Islamic banks in the region of Lahore, Pakistan.

Design/Methodology/Approach – A questionnaire was formulated to obtained data from the 300 respondents using a convenience sampling technique. T-tests, correlation, ANOVA and regression analysis used to test the extent of the relationship among service quality (SQL) and customer satisfaction (CS) for the both banking sectors of Pakistan.

Findings – The consequences depicts that there is a strong positive association among SQL and CS in the banking segment. Further results illustrate that the extent of affiliation among SQL and CS is larger in Islamic banks as contrasted to conventional banks.

Originality/Value/Implications – In Pakistan, there are fewer studies that raised the issue of SQL and CS in Islamic and Conventional banks within in a single study. Also, as Islamic banking is a new phenomenon which is getting an increasing market share in terms of market size and deposits, so this comparison is also of great importance. This study has a number of inferences for bankers, policy makers and academicians.

The essential factor for the financial growth of a country is a stable banking system. Over the p... more The essential factor for the financial growth of a country is a stable banking system. Over the past few years, Islamic banking industry of Pakistan has grown substantially; however, it faces many challenges regarding its financial stability. This study examines the impact of working capital and financial structure on Pakistan banking sector profitability. The study used generalize least square (GLS) estimation analysis on 5 Islamic banks over the period 2006 to 2014 and 15 conventional banks from 2008 to 2014. Return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and net income (NI) are used as dependent variables. Working capital and proportion of funds provided by bank creditors are used as independent variables. Bank size, deposit ratio, gross domestic product (GDP) and inflation (CPI) are used as control variables to control heterogeneity and co-linearity among variables. Study found an increase in working capital results decrease in the profitability of Islamic and conventional banks. However, financial leverage has statistically significant positive impact on profitability of Islamic banks and vice versa for conventional banks.

Halal has become a universal sign for quality assurance and standard of living. The world market ... more Halal has become a universal sign for quality assurance and standard of living. The world market for halal goods and services is rising into influential energy in the pitch of world commerce and finance. Halal products industry have market share of over US$ 3 trillion annually, and rapid growth is expected in forthcoming years. The aim of this study is to survey the potential and expectations of Pakistani halal food producers, financial institutions, government, NGO " s and advisory services anticipate in promoting Pakistan halal food industry as potential halal food hub. The study suggest that Pakistan have abundant opportunities to unlock new business potentials by catering to the financial assistance, government support and NGOs services to the halal economy stakeholders. This study also explores upon the growth determinants and prospects of the Pakistan halal industry that Islamic finance institutions, government and NGOs offer to hold up businesses in the world halal industry.

The present study is an effort to gather research aspects for religious education in Pakistan. Re... more The present study is an effort to gather research aspects for religious education in Pakistan. Religious education, most commonly known as madrasa education, has a profound history titled as Nizamiyah. Historical changes in the Muslim regions have influenced this mode of education as well. It has been argued by some researchers that positivity of faith based education has diminished due to the changes in international political and economical scenario. Terrorism was found to be a strongly associated variable with madrasa education and researchers have reasoned it with poverty, strong mentoring system and mis-conceptualizations of some religious beliefs. This study has found that while madrasas are perceived very negatively, research shows that there are positive influences regarding availability of education and women empowerment. The negativity is attributed largely to media misrepresentation and political interests.

The financial sector plays an important role in the economic and fiscal development of a country.... more The financial sector plays an important role in the economic and fiscal development of a country. A well-built and vigorous banking system is a precondition for the sustainable financial growth of a country. Over the past few years, Islamic banking industry of Pakistan has been facing many problems and challenges to maintain the financial stability. To overcome this issue, it is vital to classify the factors that mostly impact the overall profitability of Islamic banks in Pakistan. Two models were used alternatively for ROA and ROE as dependent variable. A set of internal factors were considered as independent variables including: bank's size, gearing ratio, operational efficiency, asset management and capital adequacy ratio for the time period 2006-2013. The results indicate that different measures of profitability depend upon different bank specific factors. The study found that profitability of Islamic banks depends on the leverage ratio, operating efficiency, asset management and bank size. Further research can be extended to explore the above findings and to include some other internal factors such as general bank charges, doubtful loans or reserves ratios, and external factor such as GDP, exchange rate and CPI as well.

This study is being coxed on performance measurement of Islamic Banking sector of Pakistan. The s... more This study is being coxed on performance measurement of Islamic Banking sector of Pakistan. The study has intended to show that Islamic banking sector of Pakistan may work at its optimal level if the altogether separate banking regulatory framework is introduced parallel to the conventional. The secondary data based study has been conducted to measure the performance of the Islamic banks while considering various performance based parameters. The parameters have included productive, operational, allocative, distributive, and stabilization efficiency of Islamic Banks. The study only takes the data of those Islamic banks for the performance measurement, which are working as full-fledged Islamic banks in Pakistan. This research may help the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and policy makers to redesign their Islamic Banking priorities and take initiative to address those particular areas where its attention is actually needed to attract and sustain the level of Islamic Baking in the country. Most of the operational issues of Islamic banking leading to its sustainability and growth are brought under discussion. First comprehensive study is conducted on operational issues of Islamic Banking, uncovering the real exposure of future direction.

The financial sector plays a vital role in the expansion and growth of an economy. The essential ... more The financial sector plays a vital role in the expansion and growth of an economy. The essential factor for the financial growth of a country is a stable banking system. Over the past few years, Islamic banking industry of Pakistan has grown substantially, however, it faces many challenges regarding its financial stability. This study tries to assess factors that affect the profitability of Islamic banking industry over the period of 2007 to 2014. Return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and earnings per share (EPS) are used as dependent variables. Bank's size, gearing ratio, non-performing loans (NPL) ratio, operational efficiency, asset composition, asset management, capital adequacy ratio, deposit ratio, gross domestic product (GDP), and consumer price index (CPI) are used as independent variables. Findings of the study indicate that measures of Islamic banking profitability are significantly affected by bank-specific factors such as gearing ratio, asset management, deposit ratio, and NPL ratio and external factor such as CPI.

Financial performance principally reflects business sector outcomes and results that shows overal... more Financial performance principally reflects business sector outcomes and results that shows overall financial health of the sector over a specific period of time. It indicates that how well an entity is utilizing its resources to maximize the shareholders wealth and profitability. Although a complete evaluation of a firm's financial performance take into account many other different kind of measures but most common performance measurement used in the field of finance and statistical inference is financial ratios. This paper provides a comprehensive study of the financial performance literature with respect to the cement industry of Pakistan. The literature cover studies from the Iran, India and Pakistan but some international evidences are also presented. The financial ratios used for the measurement of financial performance of the cement sector are profitability ratios, asset utilization ratios, leverage ratios, liquidity ratios and cash conversion cycle from the period 2006-2014. Return on Investment (ROI) is taken as predicted variable and five ratio parameters are taken as predictor variables. The research study found that all parameters have positive relationship with the dependent variable except the leverage ratios which has insignificant relationship. This result is also supported by Selvam et al. (2004), whereas Chandrasekaran (1989) and Dhanalakshmi (1994) identified that the external finances is the key significant factor in determining investment in cement industry. To overcome the limitations of the future study, the considered numbers of years need to be increased and other models like MVA, CAPM, and EVA required being tested for the research to analysis other factors that may affect the financial performance.

Investment framework is one of the most significant components that impact the com-pany's value. ... more Investment framework is one of the most significant components that impact the com-pany's value. Reliable funding choices for a company generally lead to a capital structure that increases the firm's value (Abor, 2006). Early studies provide contradictory reviews about a company's capital structure decisions. This paper investigates the partial adjustment model for a company's target capital structure. The study also explores how companies operating in different sectors of Pakistani market adjust towards the target capital structure levels. The study also recognizes that an unanticipated share price change also have an effect on the target capital structure. The results indicate that companies do have target leverage and that their adjustment speed varies from sector to sector of the Pakistani market. A typical sector closes more than 50% of the gap between its actual and its target debt ratios within one year.

Conference Presentations by FarRukh Ijaz

The main advantage of firm market value reference is that it provides some indications about the ... more The main advantage of firm market value reference is that it provides some indications about the relevant data required by the investors. An income statement shows the financial operation of an entity over a period of time, which investors assumed to be the primary criteria for evaluating the financial position. The present paper provides a comprehensive study of the value relevance literature. This study investigates which income levels and components have an impact on the market value. Statistical population of cement companies listed at Karachi Stock Exchange over the time period of 2006-2011 is taken as a whole and also divided into large, medium and small categories as well on the basis of their market size to check individual relationship among income components and market value. Linear multiple regression, one sample test and coorelation analysis applied for data analysis. The results indicate that market value has strong relation with the income components except the net income variable which has insignificant relation. However, small and medium firms have no statistical impact on the value relevance of income components. These results were consistent with previous studies of Kallunki et al. (1998) and Hadi (2006), who found positive impact large firms have on the market value of a firm. Market value relevance with respect to income components of companies varies according to their size, which means the firm size is an important aspect in value relevance of financial figures data. Large firm’s investors have different source of information and resources available with them compared to those of medium or small firm’s investors.