Howard Y Chisengah | UNZA (original) (raw)
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Papers by Howard Y Chisengah
The American Historical Review, 1962
The European Union is a unified trade and monetary body of 28 member countries. It eliminates all... more The European Union is a unified trade and monetary body of 28 member countries. It eliminates all border controls between members. That allows the free flow of goods and people, except for random spot checks for crime and drugs. In other words European Union is a union of 28 member countries which share political and economic relations. COLD WAR The Cold War was a twentieth-century conflict between the United States of America (U.S.), the Soviet Union (USSR), and their respective allies over political, economic, and military issues, often described as a struggle between capitalism and communism. In Europe, this meant the US-led West and NATO on one side and Soviet-led East and the Warsaw Pact on the other. The Cold War lasted from 1945 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
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The European Union is a unified trade and monetary body of 28 member countries. It eliminates all... more The European Union is a unified trade and monetary body of 28 member countries. It eliminates all border controls between members. That allows the free flow of goods and people, except for random spot checks for crime and drugs. In other words European Union is a union of 28 member countries which share political and economic relations. COLD WAR The Cold War was a twentieth-century conflict between the United States of America (U.S.), the Soviet Union (USSR), and their respective allies over political, economic, and military issues, often described as a struggle between capitalism and communism. In Europe, this meant the US-led West and NATO on one side and Soviet-led East and the Warsaw Pact on the other. The Cold War lasted from 1945 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
Policy making process cannot be understood simply in terms of how decisions are made. Policy invo... more Policy making process cannot be understood simply in terms of how decisions are made. Policy involves not only collections of decisions, in the sense of a number of related decisions concerning a particular policy area, but also different kinds of decisions. In any modern political system where political and administrative powers are not concentrated in only one authority, the process of making public policies can be a relatively complex one. It is an exercise that comprises a number of stages, each of which is vital for the overall success of the venture. However, the five stages of analysing public policy making process include, problem identification, policy formulation, policy adoption, implementation and evaluation. While this essay is organised into two main sections. The first section define key concepts related to the question. The last and concluding section, seeks to critically analyse the five stages in public policy making process that any government may take to create a body of knowledge that can help to resolve a problem. Public policy has been conceptualised in various ways by different scholars and authors. Geurts (2014:6) defines the term public policy as ''a choice that government makes in response to a political issue or a public problem''. This choice is based on values and norms. Policies are aimed at bridging the gap between these values and norms and a situation. The term 'public policy' used in this context always refers to the decisions and actions of government and the intentions that determine those decisions and actions. Policy guides decisions and actions towards those decisions and actions that are most likely to achieve a desired outcome (Anderson, 2011:100). The first stage in public policy making process is problem identification. Ezeani (2006:303) defines problem identification as ''the process of forming a list of issues to be addressed by government or getting the government to consider action on the problem''. In problem identification stage, a body of knowledge normally set the agenda by checking the problems which have emerged and gain a lot of public attention and require government intervention. In this stage a body of knowledge should know what and why are prevailing problems surrounding certain issues. They also need to analyse social and political context and check whether current policy is effective for being applied to certain issue as well as get the general idea that will be involved in this policy. However, when a problem ascends it is always valuable to involve a body of knowledge in identifying and understanding the gap between the actual situation and the desired situation. This helps to ensure that all policy makers understand that a problem exists and
The origins of the Second World War are linked closely to the end of the First World War. The bas... more The origins of the Second World War are linked closely to the end of the First World War. The basic origins of world war two were nationalistic tensions, unresolved issues and other resentments resulting from the world war one. However, the culmination of events that led to war was the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany which was provoked by additional events before the invasion which contributed to the commencing of world war two. The major origins of world war two include the unfairness of the treaty of Versailles, System of alliances, Arms Race, the drawbacks of the League of Nations, the worldwide economic depression that includes the Manchurian crisis and the ruling of Hitler of Nazi Germany alongside with Hitler's plans, the Munich agreement and Chamberlain's appeasement policy. Therefore, this academic writing endeavour's to critically analyse the origins of the Second World War. A clear road map shall be shown, key terms shall be defined and finally a conclusion of the paper shall be presented.
The American Historical Review, 1962
The European Union is a unified trade and monetary body of 28 member countries. It eliminates all... more The European Union is a unified trade and monetary body of 28 member countries. It eliminates all border controls between members. That allows the free flow of goods and people, except for random spot checks for crime and drugs. In other words European Union is a union of 28 member countries which share political and economic relations. COLD WAR The Cold War was a twentieth-century conflict between the United States of America (U.S.), the Soviet Union (USSR), and their respective allies over political, economic, and military issues, often described as a struggle between capitalism and communism. In Europe, this meant the US-led West and NATO on one side and Soviet-led East and the Warsaw Pact on the other. The Cold War lasted from 1945 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
The European Union is a unified trade and monetary body of 28 member countries. It eliminates all... more The European Union is a unified trade and monetary body of 28 member countries. It eliminates all border controls between members. That allows the free flow of goods and people, except for random spot checks for crime and drugs. In other words European Union is a union of 28 member countries which share political and economic relations. COLD WAR The Cold War was a twentieth-century conflict between the United States of America (U.S.), the Soviet Union (USSR), and their respective allies over political, economic, and military issues, often described as a struggle between capitalism and communism. In Europe, this meant the US-led West and NATO on one side and Soviet-led East and the Warsaw Pact on the other. The Cold War lasted from 1945 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
Policy making process cannot be understood simply in terms of how decisions are made. Policy invo... more Policy making process cannot be understood simply in terms of how decisions are made. Policy involves not only collections of decisions, in the sense of a number of related decisions concerning a particular policy area, but also different kinds of decisions. In any modern political system where political and administrative powers are not concentrated in only one authority, the process of making public policies can be a relatively complex one. It is an exercise that comprises a number of stages, each of which is vital for the overall success of the venture. However, the five stages of analysing public policy making process include, problem identification, policy formulation, policy adoption, implementation and evaluation. While this essay is organised into two main sections. The first section define key concepts related to the question. The last and concluding section, seeks to critically analyse the five stages in public policy making process that any government may take to create a body of knowledge that can help to resolve a problem. Public policy has been conceptualised in various ways by different scholars and authors. Geurts (2014:6) defines the term public policy as ''a choice that government makes in response to a political issue or a public problem''. This choice is based on values and norms. Policies are aimed at bridging the gap between these values and norms and a situation. The term 'public policy' used in this context always refers to the decisions and actions of government and the intentions that determine those decisions and actions. Policy guides decisions and actions towards those decisions and actions that are most likely to achieve a desired outcome (Anderson, 2011:100). The first stage in public policy making process is problem identification. Ezeani (2006:303) defines problem identification as ''the process of forming a list of issues to be addressed by government or getting the government to consider action on the problem''. In problem identification stage, a body of knowledge normally set the agenda by checking the problems which have emerged and gain a lot of public attention and require government intervention. In this stage a body of knowledge should know what and why are prevailing problems surrounding certain issues. They also need to analyse social and political context and check whether current policy is effective for being applied to certain issue as well as get the general idea that will be involved in this policy. However, when a problem ascends it is always valuable to involve a body of knowledge in identifying and understanding the gap between the actual situation and the desired situation. This helps to ensure that all policy makers understand that a problem exists and
The origins of the Second World War are linked closely to the end of the First World War. The bas... more The origins of the Second World War are linked closely to the end of the First World War. The basic origins of world war two were nationalistic tensions, unresolved issues and other resentments resulting from the world war one. However, the culmination of events that led to war was the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany which was provoked by additional events before the invasion which contributed to the commencing of world war two. The major origins of world war two include the unfairness of the treaty of Versailles, System of alliances, Arms Race, the drawbacks of the League of Nations, the worldwide economic depression that includes the Manchurian crisis and the ruling of Hitler of Nazi Germany alongside with Hitler's plans, the Munich agreement and Chamberlain's appeasement policy. Therefore, this academic writing endeavour's to critically analyse the origins of the Second World War. A clear road map shall be shown, key terms shall be defined and finally a conclusion of the paper shall be presented.