Carlos R Grandini, FBSE | Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (original) (raw)
Papers by Carlos R Grandini, FBSE
International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering, 2014
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1994
... Anelastic relaxation due to O---H pairs in Nb---Zr alloys. ... The internal friction measurem... more ... Anelastic relaxation due to O---H pairs in Nb---Zr alloys. ... The internal friction measurements provide a correlation between the me-tallurgical effects due the presence of hydrogen atoms and the physical mechanisms that cause these effects [7-13]. ...
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1994
ABSTRACT
Le Journal de Physique IV, 1996
It is well known that the interstitial elements present in solid solution in metals interact with... more It is well known that the interstitial elements present in solid solution in metals interact with the matrix by a relaxation process known as stress induced ordering. Traditionally this relaxation process is observed in the internal friction measurements. It is a common practice that researchers present the results of the frequency together with internal friction without giving any analysis. In this work we apply an expression which relates the variation of frequency with temperature and analyse the experimental results cited in the literature of the relaxation process due to the stress induced ordering of oxygen and nitrogen present in niobium and tantalum.
Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1990
Mechanical multiple relaxation data has been obtained by internal friction and frequency measurem... more Mechanical multiple relaxation data has been obtained by internal friction and frequency measurements in the temperature range of 300-600 K for Nb-Zr~9 single crystal alloys, using a torsion pendulum of the inverted K6-type operating at a frequency of oscillation of about 3.5 Hz. The experimental relaxation spectra were resolved into four constituent peaks of Debye type corresponding to the matrix-interstitial interactions, Nb49, Nb4)-O, N~ and to the substitutional-interstitial interaction, Zr~). These results and the estimated relaxation rate parameters of the processes point to the existence of more than one matrix-interstitial interaction in these alloys.
... AGRADECIMENTOS Os autores agradecem a Vigodent pelo fornecimento da resina Fill Magic e os ..... more ... AGRADECIMENTOS Os autores agradecem a Vigodent pelo fornecimento da resina Fill Magic e os ... American Journal Orthodontics, Sain Louis, v.71, n.2, p.173-189, 1977. 5. SEIXAS, MMD Estudo de propriedades físicas de materiais ortodônticos. 2005, 68p. ...
Physical Review B, 1998
The anelastic spectrum ͑dynamic Young's modulus and elastic energy absorption͒ of La 2 CuO 4ϩ␦ ha... more The anelastic spectrum ͑dynamic Young's modulus and elastic energy absorption͒ of La 2 CuO 4ϩ␦ has been measured between 1 and 700 K with 0Ͻ␦Ͻ0.02. The spectrum of stoichiometric La 2 CuO 4 in the lowtemperature orthorhombic ͑LTO͒ phase is dominated by two intense relaxation processes which cause softenings of 16% around 150 K and 9% below 30 K at f ϳ1 kHz. The relaxation at 150 K is attributed to the presence of a fraction of the CuO 6 octahedra which are able to change their tilted configuration by thermal activation between orientations which are nearly energetically equivalent, possibly within the twin boundaries. The relaxation below 30 K is governed by tunneling, and involves a considerable fraction of the lattice atoms. It is proposed that the double-well potentials for the low-temperature relaxation are created by the tendency of the LTO phase to form low-temperature tetragonal ͑LTT͒ domains, which however are not stabilized like when La is partially substituted with Ba. On doping with excess O, the relaxation rates of these processes are initially enhanced by hole doping, while their intensities are depressed by lattice disorder; an explanation of this behavior is provided. Excess O also causes two additional relaxation processes. The one appearing at lower values of ␦ is attributed to the hopping of single interstitial O 2Ϫ ions, with a hopping rate equal to Ϫ1 ϭ2ϫ10 Ϫ14 exp(Ϫ5600/T) s. The second process is slower and can be due to O pairs or other complexes containing excess O. ͓S0163-1829͑98͒03210-X͔
Il Nuovo Cimento D, 1998
The anelastic relaxation (elastic energy loss and Young modulus) of nearly stoichiometric La2CuO ... more The anelastic relaxation (elastic energy loss and Young modulus) of nearly stoichiometric La2CuO 4+ with LTO structure was measured. Extraordinarily intense effects are present below room temperature in the elastic dynamic susceptibility, indicating relaxational dynamics of a relevant fraction of the lattice. The involved degrees of freedom are identified as rotations of the CuO6 octahedra. Two distinct processes are found at frequencies around 1 kHz: one is observed around 150 K and is characterized by a mean activation energy of 2800 K; the second one occurs below 30 K and is governed by atomic tunnelling. Two explanations are proposed for the faster process: i) formation of fluctuating LTT domains on a scale of few atomic cells; ii) the LTO phase is a dynamical Jahn-Teller phase with all the octahedra tunneling between two LTT-like tilts. In both cases there would be important implications regarding the mechanisms giving rise to charge nanophase separation and strong electron-phonon coupling.
Journal of Materials Science, 2014
ABSTRACT Titanium alloys display low density, high mechanical strength and good corrosion resista... more ABSTRACT Titanium alloys display low density, high mechanical strength and good corrosion resistance, being ideal structural materials for aerospace engineering. In this paper, the effects of nitrogen on the anelastic properties of the bcc alloy Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al were investigated. The results show an asymmetric thermally activated relaxation structure in the high-temperature region. This relaxation structure was decomposed, and relaxation processes due to stress-induced ordering of nitrogen atoms around the metallic matrix and substitutional solutes were identified.
Selected Topics in Superconductivity, 2002
ABSTRACT The vibrational dynamics in nearly stoichiometric La2CuO4+δ is studied by means of anela... more ABSTRACT The vibrational dynamics in nearly stoichiometric La2CuO4+δ is studied by means of anelastic and 139La NQR relaxation. After lowering δ to values of the order of 0.001, a relaxational peak remains in both the anelastic and NQR spectra with a mean relaxation time τ=1.7×10−12 exp[(2800 K)/T]s. Such a process is attributed to the motion of CuO6 octahedra in doublewell potentials whose cooperative character increases the effective energy barrier to the observed value. It is speculated that the freezing of the motion of the octahedra may correspond to the locking of the stripes.
Superconductor Science and Technology, 2006
... 17 1201 [5] Aloysius RP, Guruswamy P and Syamaprasad U 2005 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 18 L23 [... more ... 17 1201 [5] Aloysius RP, Guruswamy P and Syamaprasad U 2005 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 18 L23 [6] Celebi S, Malik AI, Inanir F and Halim SA 2004 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 17 1121 [7] Gimenez JMA, Almeida LH, Grandini CR, Souza FL and Santos DI 2003 Mater. Sci. ...
Physica C: Superconductivity, 1998
. Anelastic spectra elastic energy absorption as a function of temperature are reported which pro... more . Anelastic spectra elastic energy absorption as a function of temperature are reported which provide evidence that excess O in La CuO starts forming two different types of defects already at very low concentrations, where no phase separation 2 4 qd or changes in the type of O intercalation are believed to occur. The absorption peak with the lowest activation enthalpy, Hrk s 5600 K, is visible at lowest values of d and is attributed to the hopping of single interstitial O 2y ions. The second B process, with a slightly slower dynamics, appears at higher values of d and soon becomes preponderant over the former process. The latter process is proposed to be due to stable pairs of O atoms and is put in connection with the formation of partially covalent bonds between interstitial and apical oxygen; such bonds would reduce the doping efficiency of excess O at increasing d. The geometry of the interstitial O defect is discussed. q
Physica C: Superconductivity, 1997
An intense peak of the elastic energy loss versus temperature is found in La2CuO4 at 150 K (in th... more An intense peak of the elastic energy loss versus temperature is found in La2CuO4 at 150 K (in the LTO phase), at a vibration frequency of-280 Hz. From the dependence of the dissipation curve on frequency it is deduced that the relaxation rate has an activation enthalpy of 0.23 eV. The peak is ascribed to a thermally activated dynamics of the tilts of the CuO6 octahedra which form the La2CuO4 lattice, a fraction of which are supposed to be able to switch between energetically equivalent configurations. The peak is suppressed by interstitial O; this is explained by supposing that each interstitial atom can block several octahedra into a configuration that can accommodate the distortion due to its presence. Increasing the content of excess O, two new thermally activated processes develop, attributed to the hopping of interstitial O atoms which are isolated and which are paired or otherwise aggregated. The activation enthalpy for the diffusion of O at low values of ~5 is 0.48 eV.
Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2014
New titanium alloys have been developed with the aim of utilizing materials with better propertie... more New titanium alloys have been developed with the aim of utilizing materials with better properties for application as biomaterials, and Ti-Zr system alloys are among the more promising of these. In this paper, the influence of zirconium concentrations on the structure, microstructure, and selected mechanical properties of Ti-Zr alloys is analyzed. After melting and swaging, the samples were characterized through chemical analysis, density measurements, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness, and elasticity modulus. In-vitro cytotoxicity tests were performed on cultured osteogenic cells. The results showed the formation essentially of the α′ phase (with hcp structure) and microhardness values greater than cp-Ti. The elasticity modulus of the alloys was sensitive to the zirconium concentrations while remaining within the range of values of conventional titanium alloys. The alloys presented no cytotoxic effects on osteoblastic cells in the studied conditions.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2004
Measurements of internal friction as a function of temperature were carried out in samples of nio... more Measurements of internal friction as a function of temperature were carried out in samples of niobium containing different amounts of interstitial solutes (oxygen and nitrogen) and one sample of niobium containing initially only nitrogen as interstitial solute. The experimental spectra of internal friction as a function of temperature were obtained with a torsion pendulum of the inverted Kê-type and resolved, using the method of successive subtraction, into a series of constituent Debye peaks corresponding to different interactions. For each relaxation process it was possible to obtain the height (Q −1 max ) and temperature (T p ) of the peak, the activation energy (E) and the relaxation time (t 0 ). The height, shape and temperature of these peaks depend on the concentration of interstitial elements. The observed peaks were associated with matrix-interstitial (Nb-O, Nb-N) and interstitial-interstitial (O-N) interaction processes.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2009
The discovery of the spatial uniform coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in ruthe... more The discovery of the spatial uniform coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in ruthenocuprates, RuSr 2 GdCu 2 O 8 (Ru-1212), has spurred an extraordinary development in the study of the competition between magnetism and superconductivity. However, several points of their preparation process and characterization that determine their superconductive behaviour are still obscure. The improvement of sample preparation conditions involves some thermal treatments in inert atmosphere. Anelastic spectroscopy measurements were made using an inverted torsion pendulum, operating with an oscillation frequency of 38 Hz, temperature in the 90 and 310 K range, heating rate of 1 K/min, and vacuum better than 10 −3 Pa. The results show anelastic relaxation peaks at 210 K related to the presence of interstitial oxygen atoms. The peaks decrease significantly with the oxygen loss caused by the heat treatments in vacuum, appearing again after the annealing of the sample in an oxygen atmosphere. These observed peaks are clearly related to the additional oxygen atoms, with activation energy 0.13 and 0.36 eV, and can be explained in terms by diffusional jumps of interstitial oxygen in the RuO 2 planes.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2006
Anelastic spectroscopy has been performed on a sample of superconducting oxide SmBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ ... more Anelastic spectroscopy has been performed on a sample of superconducting oxide SmBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ (SBCO) using a torsion pendulum operating with frequency around 10 Hz. A thermally activated relaxation peak is observed near 500 K with the activation enthalpy of 1.55 ± 0.03 eV and the pre-exponential factor of approximately 10 −15 s, which is attributed to the mobility of non-stoichiometric oxygen by jumps in positions O1 and O5 of the lattice.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2011
Titanium and its alloys are frequently used in the production of prostheses and dental implants d... more Titanium and its alloys are frequently used in the production of prostheses and dental implants due to their properties, such as high corrosion resistance, low elasticity modulus, and high mechanical strength/density relation. Among the Ti-based alloys, Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta (TNZT) is one that presents the smallest elasticity modulus (around 45GPa), making it an excellent alternative to be used as a biomaterial. In
International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering, 2014
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1994
... Anelastic relaxation due to O---H pairs in Nb---Zr alloys. ... The internal friction measurem... more ... Anelastic relaxation due to O---H pairs in Nb---Zr alloys. ... The internal friction measurements provide a correlation between the me-tallurgical effects due the presence of hydrogen atoms and the physical mechanisms that cause these effects [7-13]. ...
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1994
ABSTRACT
Le Journal de Physique IV, 1996
It is well known that the interstitial elements present in solid solution in metals interact with... more It is well known that the interstitial elements present in solid solution in metals interact with the matrix by a relaxation process known as stress induced ordering. Traditionally this relaxation process is observed in the internal friction measurements. It is a common practice that researchers present the results of the frequency together with internal friction without giving any analysis. In this work we apply an expression which relates the variation of frequency with temperature and analyse the experimental results cited in the literature of the relaxation process due to the stress induced ordering of oxygen and nitrogen present in niobium and tantalum.
Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1990
Mechanical multiple relaxation data has been obtained by internal friction and frequency measurem... more Mechanical multiple relaxation data has been obtained by internal friction and frequency measurements in the temperature range of 300-600 K for Nb-Zr~9 single crystal alloys, using a torsion pendulum of the inverted K6-type operating at a frequency of oscillation of about 3.5 Hz. The experimental relaxation spectra were resolved into four constituent peaks of Debye type corresponding to the matrix-interstitial interactions, Nb49, Nb4)-O, N~ and to the substitutional-interstitial interaction, Zr~). These results and the estimated relaxation rate parameters of the processes point to the existence of more than one matrix-interstitial interaction in these alloys.
... AGRADECIMENTOS Os autores agradecem a Vigodent pelo fornecimento da resina Fill Magic e os ..... more ... AGRADECIMENTOS Os autores agradecem a Vigodent pelo fornecimento da resina Fill Magic e os ... American Journal Orthodontics, Sain Louis, v.71, n.2, p.173-189, 1977. 5. SEIXAS, MMD Estudo de propriedades físicas de materiais ortodônticos. 2005, 68p. ...
Physical Review B, 1998
The anelastic spectrum ͑dynamic Young's modulus and elastic energy absorption͒ of La 2 CuO 4ϩ␦ ha... more The anelastic spectrum ͑dynamic Young's modulus and elastic energy absorption͒ of La 2 CuO 4ϩ␦ has been measured between 1 and 700 K with 0Ͻ␦Ͻ0.02. The spectrum of stoichiometric La 2 CuO 4 in the lowtemperature orthorhombic ͑LTO͒ phase is dominated by two intense relaxation processes which cause softenings of 16% around 150 K and 9% below 30 K at f ϳ1 kHz. The relaxation at 150 K is attributed to the presence of a fraction of the CuO 6 octahedra which are able to change their tilted configuration by thermal activation between orientations which are nearly energetically equivalent, possibly within the twin boundaries. The relaxation below 30 K is governed by tunneling, and involves a considerable fraction of the lattice atoms. It is proposed that the double-well potentials for the low-temperature relaxation are created by the tendency of the LTO phase to form low-temperature tetragonal ͑LTT͒ domains, which however are not stabilized like when La is partially substituted with Ba. On doping with excess O, the relaxation rates of these processes are initially enhanced by hole doping, while their intensities are depressed by lattice disorder; an explanation of this behavior is provided. Excess O also causes two additional relaxation processes. The one appearing at lower values of ␦ is attributed to the hopping of single interstitial O 2Ϫ ions, with a hopping rate equal to Ϫ1 ϭ2ϫ10 Ϫ14 exp(Ϫ5600/T) s. The second process is slower and can be due to O pairs or other complexes containing excess O. ͓S0163-1829͑98͒03210-X͔
Il Nuovo Cimento D, 1998
The anelastic relaxation (elastic energy loss and Young modulus) of nearly stoichiometric La2CuO ... more The anelastic relaxation (elastic energy loss and Young modulus) of nearly stoichiometric La2CuO 4+ with LTO structure was measured. Extraordinarily intense effects are present below room temperature in the elastic dynamic susceptibility, indicating relaxational dynamics of a relevant fraction of the lattice. The involved degrees of freedom are identified as rotations of the CuO6 octahedra. Two distinct processes are found at frequencies around 1 kHz: one is observed around 150 K and is characterized by a mean activation energy of 2800 K; the second one occurs below 30 K and is governed by atomic tunnelling. Two explanations are proposed for the faster process: i) formation of fluctuating LTT domains on a scale of few atomic cells; ii) the LTO phase is a dynamical Jahn-Teller phase with all the octahedra tunneling between two LTT-like tilts. In both cases there would be important implications regarding the mechanisms giving rise to charge nanophase separation and strong electron-phonon coupling.
Journal of Materials Science, 2014
ABSTRACT Titanium alloys display low density, high mechanical strength and good corrosion resista... more ABSTRACT Titanium alloys display low density, high mechanical strength and good corrosion resistance, being ideal structural materials for aerospace engineering. In this paper, the effects of nitrogen on the anelastic properties of the bcc alloy Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al were investigated. The results show an asymmetric thermally activated relaxation structure in the high-temperature region. This relaxation structure was decomposed, and relaxation processes due to stress-induced ordering of nitrogen atoms around the metallic matrix and substitutional solutes were identified.
Selected Topics in Superconductivity, 2002
ABSTRACT The vibrational dynamics in nearly stoichiometric La2CuO4+δ is studied by means of anela... more ABSTRACT The vibrational dynamics in nearly stoichiometric La2CuO4+δ is studied by means of anelastic and 139La NQR relaxation. After lowering δ to values of the order of 0.001, a relaxational peak remains in both the anelastic and NQR spectra with a mean relaxation time τ=1.7×10−12 exp[(2800 K)/T]s. Such a process is attributed to the motion of CuO6 octahedra in doublewell potentials whose cooperative character increases the effective energy barrier to the observed value. It is speculated that the freezing of the motion of the octahedra may correspond to the locking of the stripes.
Superconductor Science and Technology, 2006
... 17 1201 [5] Aloysius RP, Guruswamy P and Syamaprasad U 2005 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 18 L23 [... more ... 17 1201 [5] Aloysius RP, Guruswamy P and Syamaprasad U 2005 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 18 L23 [6] Celebi S, Malik AI, Inanir F and Halim SA 2004 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 17 1121 [7] Gimenez JMA, Almeida LH, Grandini CR, Souza FL and Santos DI 2003 Mater. Sci. ...
Physica C: Superconductivity, 1998
. Anelastic spectra elastic energy absorption as a function of temperature are reported which pro... more . Anelastic spectra elastic energy absorption as a function of temperature are reported which provide evidence that excess O in La CuO starts forming two different types of defects already at very low concentrations, where no phase separation 2 4 qd or changes in the type of O intercalation are believed to occur. The absorption peak with the lowest activation enthalpy, Hrk s 5600 K, is visible at lowest values of d and is attributed to the hopping of single interstitial O 2y ions. The second B process, with a slightly slower dynamics, appears at higher values of d and soon becomes preponderant over the former process. The latter process is proposed to be due to stable pairs of O atoms and is put in connection with the formation of partially covalent bonds between interstitial and apical oxygen; such bonds would reduce the doping efficiency of excess O at increasing d. The geometry of the interstitial O defect is discussed. q
Physica C: Superconductivity, 1997
An intense peak of the elastic energy loss versus temperature is found in La2CuO4 at 150 K (in th... more An intense peak of the elastic energy loss versus temperature is found in La2CuO4 at 150 K (in the LTO phase), at a vibration frequency of-280 Hz. From the dependence of the dissipation curve on frequency it is deduced that the relaxation rate has an activation enthalpy of 0.23 eV. The peak is ascribed to a thermally activated dynamics of the tilts of the CuO6 octahedra which form the La2CuO4 lattice, a fraction of which are supposed to be able to switch between energetically equivalent configurations. The peak is suppressed by interstitial O; this is explained by supposing that each interstitial atom can block several octahedra into a configuration that can accommodate the distortion due to its presence. Increasing the content of excess O, two new thermally activated processes develop, attributed to the hopping of interstitial O atoms which are isolated and which are paired or otherwise aggregated. The activation enthalpy for the diffusion of O at low values of ~5 is 0.48 eV.
Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2014
New titanium alloys have been developed with the aim of utilizing materials with better propertie... more New titanium alloys have been developed with the aim of utilizing materials with better properties for application as biomaterials, and Ti-Zr system alloys are among the more promising of these. In this paper, the influence of zirconium concentrations on the structure, microstructure, and selected mechanical properties of Ti-Zr alloys is analyzed. After melting and swaging, the samples were characterized through chemical analysis, density measurements, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness, and elasticity modulus. In-vitro cytotoxicity tests were performed on cultured osteogenic cells. The results showed the formation essentially of the α′ phase (with hcp structure) and microhardness values greater than cp-Ti. The elasticity modulus of the alloys was sensitive to the zirconium concentrations while remaining within the range of values of conventional titanium alloys. The alloys presented no cytotoxic effects on osteoblastic cells in the studied conditions.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2004
Measurements of internal friction as a function of temperature were carried out in samples of nio... more Measurements of internal friction as a function of temperature were carried out in samples of niobium containing different amounts of interstitial solutes (oxygen and nitrogen) and one sample of niobium containing initially only nitrogen as interstitial solute. The experimental spectra of internal friction as a function of temperature were obtained with a torsion pendulum of the inverted Kê-type and resolved, using the method of successive subtraction, into a series of constituent Debye peaks corresponding to different interactions. For each relaxation process it was possible to obtain the height (Q −1 max ) and temperature (T p ) of the peak, the activation energy (E) and the relaxation time (t 0 ). The height, shape and temperature of these peaks depend on the concentration of interstitial elements. The observed peaks were associated with matrix-interstitial (Nb-O, Nb-N) and interstitial-interstitial (O-N) interaction processes.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2009
The discovery of the spatial uniform coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in ruthe... more The discovery of the spatial uniform coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in ruthenocuprates, RuSr 2 GdCu 2 O 8 (Ru-1212), has spurred an extraordinary development in the study of the competition between magnetism and superconductivity. However, several points of their preparation process and characterization that determine their superconductive behaviour are still obscure. The improvement of sample preparation conditions involves some thermal treatments in inert atmosphere. Anelastic spectroscopy measurements were made using an inverted torsion pendulum, operating with an oscillation frequency of 38 Hz, temperature in the 90 and 310 K range, heating rate of 1 K/min, and vacuum better than 10 −3 Pa. The results show anelastic relaxation peaks at 210 K related to the presence of interstitial oxygen atoms. The peaks decrease significantly with the oxygen loss caused by the heat treatments in vacuum, appearing again after the annealing of the sample in an oxygen atmosphere. These observed peaks are clearly related to the additional oxygen atoms, with activation energy 0.13 and 0.36 eV, and can be explained in terms by diffusional jumps of interstitial oxygen in the RuO 2 planes.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2006
Anelastic spectroscopy has been performed on a sample of superconducting oxide SmBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ ... more Anelastic spectroscopy has been performed on a sample of superconducting oxide SmBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ (SBCO) using a torsion pendulum operating with frequency around 10 Hz. A thermally activated relaxation peak is observed near 500 K with the activation enthalpy of 1.55 ± 0.03 eV and the pre-exponential factor of approximately 10 −15 s, which is attributed to the mobility of non-stoichiometric oxygen by jumps in positions O1 and O5 of the lattice.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2011
Titanium and its alloys are frequently used in the production of prostheses and dental implants d... more Titanium and its alloys are frequently used in the production of prostheses and dental implants due to their properties, such as high corrosion resistance, low elasticity modulus, and high mechanical strength/density relation. Among the Ti-based alloys, Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta (TNZT) is one that presents the smallest elasticity modulus (around 45GPa), making it an excellent alternative to be used as a biomaterial. In