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It is more than a century since the discovery by J. J. Thomson of the electron. The electron is s... more It is more than a century since the discovery by J. J. Thomson of the electron. The electron is still thought to be a structureless point particle, and one of the elementary particles of Nature. Other particles that were subsequently discovered and at firstthought to be elementary, like the proton and the neutron, have since been found to have a complex structure. What then are the ultimate constituents of matter? How are they categorised? How do they interact with each other? What, indeed, should we ask of a mathematical theory of elementary particles? Since the discovery of the electron, and more particularly in the last sixty years, there has been an immense amount of experimental and theoretical effort to determine answers to these questions. The present Standard
The laws of physics dictate that metallic materials (materials with low thermal emittance) get ho... more The laws of physics dictate that metallic materials (materials with low thermal emittance) get hot under the sun. This is a fact and it is not subject to arguments (and does not change no matter who says what). As it is seen in the attached , for a material with a solar absorptance of 0.75, the steady state temperature of the surface can vary from 368 K (for thermal emittance of 0.10) to 346 K (for thermal emittance of 0.90). For reference comparison, the temperature of a non-metallic black surface with 0.95 absorptivity is only 355K; 13 K cooler than a metallic surface with solar absorptance of 0.75 and thermal emittance of 0.10! In fact, the solar reflectance of such a metallic surface has to be at least 0.40 for the surface to have the same temperature as the hot black surface. [Of course this is known to everybody and there is even a play on the topic by Tennessee Williams.]
It is more than a century since the discovery by J. J. Thomson of the electron. The electron is s... more It is more than a century since the discovery by J. J. Thomson of the electron. The electron is still thought to be a structureless point particle, and one of the elementary particles of Nature. Other particles that were subsequently discovered and at firstthought to be elementary, like the proton and the neutron, have since been found to have a complex structure. What then are the ultimate constituents of matter? How are they categorised? How do they interact with each other? What, indeed, should we ask of a mathematical theory of elementary particles? Since the discovery of the electron, and more particularly in the last sixty years, there has been an immense amount of experimental and theoretical effort to determine answers to these questions. The present Standard
It is more than a century since the discovery by J. J. Thomson of the electron. The electron is s... more It is more than a century since the discovery by J. J. Thomson of the electron. The electron is still thought to be a structureless point particle, and one of the elementary particles of Nature. Other particles that were subsequently discovered and at firstthought to be elementary, like the proton and the neutron, have since been found to have a complex structure. What then are the ultimate constituents of matter? How are they categorised? How do they interact with each other? What, indeed, should we ask of a mathematical theory of elementary particles? Since the discovery of the electron, and more particularly in the last sixty years, there has been an immense amount of experimental and theoretical effort to determine answers to these questions. The present Standard
The laws of physics dictate that metallic materials (materials with low thermal emittance) get ho... more The laws of physics dictate that metallic materials (materials with low thermal emittance) get hot under the sun. This is a fact and it is not subject to arguments (and does not change no matter who says what). As it is seen in the attached , for a material with a solar absorptance of 0.75, the steady state temperature of the surface can vary from 368 K (for thermal emittance of 0.10) to 346 K (for thermal emittance of 0.90). For reference comparison, the temperature of a non-metallic black surface with 0.95 absorptivity is only 355K; 13 K cooler than a metallic surface with solar absorptance of 0.75 and thermal emittance of 0.10! In fact, the solar reflectance of such a metallic surface has to be at least 0.40 for the surface to have the same temperature as the hot black surface. [Of course this is known to everybody and there is even a play on the topic by Tennessee Williams.]
It is more than a century since the discovery by J. J. Thomson of the electron. The electron is s... more It is more than a century since the discovery by J. J. Thomson of the electron. The electron is still thought to be a structureless point particle, and one of the elementary particles of Nature. Other particles that were subsequently discovered and at firstthought to be elementary, like the proton and the neutron, have since been found to have a complex structure. What then are the ultimate constituents of matter? How are they categorised? How do they interact with each other? What, indeed, should we ask of a mathematical theory of elementary particles? Since the discovery of the electron, and more particularly in the last sixty years, there has been an immense amount of experimental and theoretical effort to determine answers to these questions. The present Standard