Gunnar Johannsen | University of Kassel (original) (raw)

Papers by Gunnar Johannsen

1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Computational Cybernetics and Simulation

... and the mode of access to the controlled devices and may include Responsibility, which define... more ... and the mode of access to the controlled devices and may include Responsibility, which defines the access level, the user's capacities and the overall management of the interaction process; Operation style, which switches ... Topical report No.: D4-2, BRITE/EURAM Project 2126. ...

Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics, 1995

The characteristics of cooperative work in industrial plants and transportation systems are inves... more The characteristics of cooperative work in industrial plants and transportation systems are investigated. Expert group meetings with different human user classes in a cement plant are described. An information flow diagram is shown for this application domain. Customer-ori-ented tasks are described for the other example of the integrated transportation systems. The participative design methodology for human-machine interfaces is briefly outlined. Some features of human-machine interfaces for supporting cooperation in cement plants and for passenger support in integrated transportation systems are explained.

ZUNAECHST WIRD EIN KONZEPT FUER BELASTUNG UND BEANSPRUCHUNG BEHANDELT. ES WERDEN UNTERSCHIEDEN DI... more ZUNAECHST WIRD EIN KONZEPT FUER BELASTUNG UND BEANSPRUCHUNG BEHANDELT. ES WERDEN UNTERSCHIEDEN DIE BELASTUNGSGROESSEN AM EINGANG DES MENSCHEN, DIE LEISTUNGSGROESSEN AM AUSGANG DES MENSCHEN, DIE AUF ANDERE MENSCH-MASCHINE-SYSTEM-KOMPONENTEN WIRKEN KOENNEN, UND SCHLIESSLICH DIE BEANSPRUCHUNG IM MENSCHEN, D.H. DIE ANSTRENGUNG, DIE AUFZUBRINGEN IST, UM EINE ANGESTREBTE LEISTUNG BEI GEGEBENER BELASTUNG ZU ERZIELEN. ANSCHLIESSEND WERDEN MESSMOEGLICHKEITEN DER FREIEN KAPAZITAET DES MENSCHEN MITTELS NEBENAUFGABEN NAEHER BETRACHTET. DER EINSATZ VON NEBENAUFGABEN BRINGT VERSCHIEDENE SCHWIERIGKEITEN MIT SICH: ZUM ERSTEN SIND VERSCHIEDENE ARTEN VON HAUPT- UND NEBENTAETIGKEITEN NICHT BELIEBIG MITEINANDER KOMBINIERBAR, ZWEITENS WIRD DIE LEISTUNG IN DER HAUPTAUFGABE MEISTENS DURCH ZUSAETZLICHE NEBENTAETIGKEITEN BEEINTRAECHTIGT UND DRITTENS KANN EINE UNTERSCHIEDLICHE INTERFERENZ EINER ZUSATZAUFGABE MIT VERSCHIEDENEN HAUPTAUFGABEN AUFTRETEN. WEGEN DIESER SCHWIERIGKEITEN SIND BEI DER AUSWAHL VON NEBE...

Proceedings of the IEEE, 2004

I. ENGINEERING AND MUSIC-A TRANSDISCIPLINARY CONNECTION Many engineers can profit by understandin... more I. ENGINEERING AND MUSIC-A TRANSDISCIPLINARY CONNECTION Many engineers can profit by understanding the promising trends and exciting new technologies in the transdisciplinary domain of engineering and music. Today, we can learn from music much more than we originally thought possible for engineering applications. The important topics covered in this Special Issue are supervisory control and auditory communication for human-system interaction, cooperation, and control. Furthermore, engineers are often fascinated by the tradition-rich cultural and scientific areas of music. People such as Helmholtz, Le Caine, Bell, Dudley, and others have either been influenced or derived inspiration from results in music research. Areas such as spectral analysis, the mathematics of music, human-computer interaction, and other areas have been influenced by music. The topics of engineering and music have been interrelated since ancient times in many cultures. Making musical instruments, generating and transmitting sounds, and investigating acoustics are all based on music and engineering knowledge, creativity, and craftsmanship. The advent of electrical machines and instruments since around 1900 opened new avenues for cooperation between engineers and musicians. These can be regarded as the first landmarks for electronic music, which continued to prosper in the 1920s and 1930s [1]. An intensified development and the subsequent birth of computer music occurred in the 1950s [1]-[3]. Many laboratories and studios have been founded worldwide since then. The further developments of electronic and computer music have intensified the possibilities for collaborations among engineers, computer scientists, psychologists, musicologists, and musicians. Additional contributions have been provided by the fields of acoustics [4] and communication science [5]. All these endeavors compose the area of auditory communication in the widest sense. New technologies for human-system symbiosis are emerging in engineering and music sciences. Cooperation,

IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 1987

An application-oriented procedure for task and knowledge analyses was developed and applied in co... more An application-oriented procedure for task and knowledge analyses was developed and applied in coal-fired power plants. After introducing operator dialogs in such plants. the proposed task and knowledge analysis procedure is described. The development and structure of state-and failure-oriented questionnaires as well as results from interviews with engineers and operators are explained.

IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1982

This paper is an introduction to the IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference on Analysis, Design, and Eval... more This paper is an introduction to the IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Han-Xachine Systems. It serves as an umbrella for the survey papers and topic areas of the conference. Therefore, it is very broad in its scope and condensed in its exposition. The manmachine system is defined, its general purpose explained, and the multitude of application areas stated. The historical and scientific background of the field is briefly outlined. Human task categories in man-machine systems are described. Keywords. Man-machine systems; manual control; optimal control model; supervisory control; operations research methodologies; problem solving; humancomputer interaction; software ergonomics; human reliability; social effects of automation. DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEHS A man-machine system is defined as a functional synthesis between a biological/psychological/social system (the man or a group of people) and a technological system (the machine) characterized predominantly by the interaction and functional interdependence between these two. All kinds of technological systems regardless of degree of complexity may be part of a man-machine system, e.g., industrial plants, vehicles, manipulators, prostheses, computers or management infor~a tion systems. For the interaction with such systems, mostly psychological but also social aspects are of concern. Task categories like controlling and problem solving describe typical human activities in man-machine systems. Later on, these task categories will be explained in more detail.

IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1984

The three main task categories in man-machine systems are controlling, plannlng, and fault managi... more The three main task categories in man-machine systems are controlling, plannlng, and fault managing which are briefly explained in the paper. Their interaction is illustrated schematically with a block diagram and further outlined using Rasmussen's cognitive levels of behaviour. Two paradigms, namely car driving and aircraft piloting, exemplify the nature of the interaction in more detail, partially based on ex" _~imental results. The state-of-the-art in modelling these task categories and thei) 'nteraction is discussed with an emphasis on qualitative vs. quantitative models using control theory, artificial intelligence techniques, and fuzzy set theory. Model-based support and expert systems are mentioned as an important future application.

IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1985

A rule-based fault correction tr.s~ in a decentralized hierarchical tec~nolcgical syste~ supervls... more A rule-based fault correction tr.s~ in a decentralized hierarchical tec~nolcgical syste~ supervlsed by a hu~an operator was investigated. Different combinations of four types of failures had to be corrected by the human operator who could select the appropriate subsyste~s and their co~ponents, test and repair them, and switch temporarily to a central process co~puter. Two different display contents and formats as well as three levels of decision support were compared in experiments with four subjects. The results showed that the fault correction strategies and the syste~ performance varied largely among the subjects, Generally, the performance increased with longer decision times. Significantly more simple execution errors were made wlth the enlarged display format. The system performance increased with full decision support. Keywords, Fault management; man-machine systems; decentralized systems; rule-based behaviour; supervisory control; display systems; decision support systems; human error. I NTRODUCTI ON Many of today's advanced automation systems for industrial process plants are based on a decentralized hierarchical structure (Trauboth and Jaeschke,1984). Decomposable subsystems of the plant are controlled by dedicated microcomputers which are coordinated by a process computer. The architecture of such systems as well as related aspects of control, reliability, and human-computer interaction were described, amon9 others, by Johannsen (1981) and Sheri dan (1984).

IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1998

Adaptivity for user "personalised" support is viewed as complementary to systems for cognitive su... more Adaptivity for user "personalised" support is viewed as complementary to systems for cognitive support and is related to the following aspects of user modelling: individual user profile, user style/state diagnosis, context of work and mental workload prediction. The paper reports the results of an empirical study revealing a particular kind of contextual influences on user behaviour, namely, the freedom to choose the set of operations to be performed from a larger set of tasks, valid for all users at the basic skill level of performance. Stability of patterns was found on the level of minimal reaction times (RTs), but not on the level of mean RTs. Neural networks successfully generalised the minimal RT profiles across contexts.

at - Automatisierungstechnik, 1970

Proceedings of the IEEE, 2004

Auditory displays are described for several application domains: transportation, industrial proce... more Auditory displays are described for several application domains: transportation, industrial processes, health care, operation theaters, and service sectors. Several types of auditory displays are compared, such as warning, state, and intent displays. Also, the importance for blind people in a visualized world is considered with suitable approaches. The service robot domain has been chosen as an example for the future use of auditory displays within multimedia process supervision and control applications in industrial, transportation, and medical systems. The design of directional sounds and of additional sounds for robot states, as well as the design of more complicated robot sound tracks, are explained. Basic musical elements and robot movement sounds have been combined. Two exploratory experimental studies, one on the understandability of the directional sounds and the robot state sounds as well as another on the auditory perception of intended robot trajectories in a simulated supermarket scenario, are described. Subjective evaluations of sound characteristics such as urgency, expressiveness, and annoyance have been carried out by nonmusicians and musicians. These experimental results are briefly compared with time-frequency analyses.

A hierarchy of human activities is derived by analyzing automobile driving in general terms. A st... more A hierarchy of human activities is derived by analyzing automobile driving in general terms. A structural description leads to a block diagram and a time-sharing computer analogy. The range of applicability of existing mathematical models is considered with respect to the hierarchy of human activities in actual complex tasks. Other mathematical tools so far not often applied to man machine systems are also discussed. The mathematical descriptions at least briefly considered here include utility, estimation, control, queueing, and fuzzy set theory as well as artificial intelligence techniques. Some thoughts are given as to how these methods might be integrated and how further work might be pursued.

Integrated Systems Engineering, 1995

Integrated systems engineering is concerned with the systematic development of largescale systems... more Integrated systems engineering is concerned with the systematic development of largescale systems by means of using integrative knowledge across several disciplines. The specific knowledge of a certain application domain with its systems structures and fimctionalities has to be complemented with knowledge about different information technologies, hwnan factors issues, environmental constraints and societal contexts. All these facets and components as well as their relationships to each other are briefly reviewed in this paper. Industrial systems, transportation systems, enterprise information systems, natural resources systems, and the supplementary ways for improving societal stability are the application domains mentioned here. Also, the paper refers to the different systems engineering activities ofIFAC. Several systems engineering methodologies as well as integrated systems development and evaluation approaches are outlined. The paper emphasises the challenge and the need for better integrative design and development strategies for future systems. It is also an introductory paper to the broad theme of this Conference on Integrated Systems Engineering.

Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control, 1976

Velocity estimation is generally under-determined. To obtain a pleasing result we impose some typ... more Velocity estimation is generally under-determined. To obtain a pleasing result we impose some type of regularization criteria such as preconditioning(Harlan, 1996), limiting inversion solutions to large singular values (Rowbotham and Pratt, 1997), or characterizing the model through a small number of spline coefficients (Ji, 1997). These methods all create velocity models that can correctly model the recorded travel times, but are often geologically unrealistic. To create more geologically feasible velocity models and to speed up convergence, Michelena and Harris (1991) suggested using varying sized grid cells. Unfortunately, such a parameterization is prone to error when the wrong size blocks are chosen (Delprat-Jannaud and Lailly, 1992). Other authors have suggested locally clustering grid cells (Carrion, 1991) or characterizing the velocity model as a series of layers (Kosloff et al., 1996). These methods are also susceptible to errors when the wrong parameterization is chosen. An attractive alternative approach is to add an additional model regularization term to the objective function (van Trier, 1990). In theory, this regularization term should be the inverse model covariance matrix (Tarantola, 1987) obtained from some a priori information sources.

Methods and Applications of Intelligent Control, 1997

The degree of automation in control of dynamic technical systems has substantially been increased... more The degree of automation in control of dynamic technical systems has substantially been increased over the last decades. This is true for all kinds of technical systems such as power plants, industrial production plants, and vehicles and transportation systems. High levels of safety, performance, and efficiency have been achieved by means of the increased use of automatic control.

Proceedings of IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference - SMC

Shows that modelling human performance is no longer only a matter of analytical descriptions of h... more Shows that modelling human performance is no longer only a matter of analytical descriptions of human control and problem-solving behaviour. In addition to this important evaluative aspect, human performance models can nowadays contribute (as embedded systems) to improved man-machine interfaces as well as to decision support systems. A unified approach to multi-dimensional user performance modelling which differentiates between control and communication is outlined.<<ETX>>

INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 conference companion on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '93, 1993

A new method for participatively developing and evaluating Man-Machine Interfaces (MMI) for Super... more A new method for participatively developing and evaluating Man-Machine Interfaces (MMI) for Supervisory and Control Systems (S8ZC) of chemical distillation columns is presented. Participipation is considered important not only during the design phase, but should be built into the system by making the interface adaptable to the users requirements also during the operation phase. Better building blocks for input and output elements as well as improved models for navigation in picture hierarchies are offering enhaneed flexibility to the operator.

Proceedings of IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference - SMC

Fault diagnosis tasks of human supervisors interacting with technical dynamic systems are discuss... more Fault diagnosis tasks of human supervisors interacting with technical dynamic systems are discussed under different conceptual views, namely the task and the interaction orientations as well as the integrated automation concept. The paper presents techniques of cognitive task analyses for fault diagnosis. The relationships of these techniques to the different conceptual views are outlined. The possibilities of decision support for interactive fault diagnosis under human supervisory control are considered within the integrated automation architecture. The state-based fault diagnosis approach is further elaborated. It provides a detailed diagnosis based on information from the supervision and control system in cooperation with the human operator. The steps of the state-based diagnosis as well as the architecture of the knowledge-based system CAUSES using the state-based diagnosis approach are described. An example from the power plant domain is also presented in some more detail. A useful evaluation procedure is suggested for investigating the effectiveness of the supporting diagnostic functions.<<ETX>>

Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man–Machine Systems, 1986

This survey paper deals with the fundamental changes of user-system interactions caused by new di... more This survey paper deals with the fundamental changes of user-system interactions caused by new displays and graphics technologies. The information needs of users are explained with examples from industrial process control, train operation and transportation service, aircraft piloting, and computer-aided design. These needs are contrasted with the state-of-the-art in display and graphics technology, particularly with that of visual display units, computer graphics systems, and dialogue techniques. Further, perceptional and cognitive aspects such as readability of character sets, memorization of commands and icons, highlighting and windowing, degrees of abstraction, and information overload are discussed. All these relate to technological solutions for meeting human information needs.

1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Computational Cybernetics and Simulation

... and the mode of access to the controlled devices and may include Responsibility, which define... more ... and the mode of access to the controlled devices and may include Responsibility, which defines the access level, the user's capacities and the overall management of the interaction process; Operation style, which switches ... Topical report No.: D4-2, BRITE/EURAM Project 2126. ...

Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics, 1995

The characteristics of cooperative work in industrial plants and transportation systems are inves... more The characteristics of cooperative work in industrial plants and transportation systems are investigated. Expert group meetings with different human user classes in a cement plant are described. An information flow diagram is shown for this application domain. Customer-ori-ented tasks are described for the other example of the integrated transportation systems. The participative design methodology for human-machine interfaces is briefly outlined. Some features of human-machine interfaces for supporting cooperation in cement plants and for passenger support in integrated transportation systems are explained.

ZUNAECHST WIRD EIN KONZEPT FUER BELASTUNG UND BEANSPRUCHUNG BEHANDELT. ES WERDEN UNTERSCHIEDEN DI... more ZUNAECHST WIRD EIN KONZEPT FUER BELASTUNG UND BEANSPRUCHUNG BEHANDELT. ES WERDEN UNTERSCHIEDEN DIE BELASTUNGSGROESSEN AM EINGANG DES MENSCHEN, DIE LEISTUNGSGROESSEN AM AUSGANG DES MENSCHEN, DIE AUF ANDERE MENSCH-MASCHINE-SYSTEM-KOMPONENTEN WIRKEN KOENNEN, UND SCHLIESSLICH DIE BEANSPRUCHUNG IM MENSCHEN, D.H. DIE ANSTRENGUNG, DIE AUFZUBRINGEN IST, UM EINE ANGESTREBTE LEISTUNG BEI GEGEBENER BELASTUNG ZU ERZIELEN. ANSCHLIESSEND WERDEN MESSMOEGLICHKEITEN DER FREIEN KAPAZITAET DES MENSCHEN MITTELS NEBENAUFGABEN NAEHER BETRACHTET. DER EINSATZ VON NEBENAUFGABEN BRINGT VERSCHIEDENE SCHWIERIGKEITEN MIT SICH: ZUM ERSTEN SIND VERSCHIEDENE ARTEN VON HAUPT- UND NEBENTAETIGKEITEN NICHT BELIEBIG MITEINANDER KOMBINIERBAR, ZWEITENS WIRD DIE LEISTUNG IN DER HAUPTAUFGABE MEISTENS DURCH ZUSAETZLICHE NEBENTAETIGKEITEN BEEINTRAECHTIGT UND DRITTENS KANN EINE UNTERSCHIEDLICHE INTERFERENZ EINER ZUSATZAUFGABE MIT VERSCHIEDENEN HAUPTAUFGABEN AUFTRETEN. WEGEN DIESER SCHWIERIGKEITEN SIND BEI DER AUSWAHL VON NEBE...

Proceedings of the IEEE, 2004

I. ENGINEERING AND MUSIC-A TRANSDISCIPLINARY CONNECTION Many engineers can profit by understandin... more I. ENGINEERING AND MUSIC-A TRANSDISCIPLINARY CONNECTION Many engineers can profit by understanding the promising trends and exciting new technologies in the transdisciplinary domain of engineering and music. Today, we can learn from music much more than we originally thought possible for engineering applications. The important topics covered in this Special Issue are supervisory control and auditory communication for human-system interaction, cooperation, and control. Furthermore, engineers are often fascinated by the tradition-rich cultural and scientific areas of music. People such as Helmholtz, Le Caine, Bell, Dudley, and others have either been influenced or derived inspiration from results in music research. Areas such as spectral analysis, the mathematics of music, human-computer interaction, and other areas have been influenced by music. The topics of engineering and music have been interrelated since ancient times in many cultures. Making musical instruments, generating and transmitting sounds, and investigating acoustics are all based on music and engineering knowledge, creativity, and craftsmanship. The advent of electrical machines and instruments since around 1900 opened new avenues for cooperation between engineers and musicians. These can be regarded as the first landmarks for electronic music, which continued to prosper in the 1920s and 1930s [1]. An intensified development and the subsequent birth of computer music occurred in the 1950s [1]-[3]. Many laboratories and studios have been founded worldwide since then. The further developments of electronic and computer music have intensified the possibilities for collaborations among engineers, computer scientists, psychologists, musicologists, and musicians. Additional contributions have been provided by the fields of acoustics [4] and communication science [5]. All these endeavors compose the area of auditory communication in the widest sense. New technologies for human-system symbiosis are emerging in engineering and music sciences. Cooperation,

IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 1987

An application-oriented procedure for task and knowledge analyses was developed and applied in co... more An application-oriented procedure for task and knowledge analyses was developed and applied in coal-fired power plants. After introducing operator dialogs in such plants. the proposed task and knowledge analysis procedure is described. The development and structure of state-and failure-oriented questionnaires as well as results from interviews with engineers and operators are explained.

IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1982

This paper is an introduction to the IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference on Analysis, Design, and Eval... more This paper is an introduction to the IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Han-Xachine Systems. It serves as an umbrella for the survey papers and topic areas of the conference. Therefore, it is very broad in its scope and condensed in its exposition. The manmachine system is defined, its general purpose explained, and the multitude of application areas stated. The historical and scientific background of the field is briefly outlined. Human task categories in man-machine systems are described. Keywords. Man-machine systems; manual control; optimal control model; supervisory control; operations research methodologies; problem solving; humancomputer interaction; software ergonomics; human reliability; social effects of automation. DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEHS A man-machine system is defined as a functional synthesis between a biological/psychological/social system (the man or a group of people) and a technological system (the machine) characterized predominantly by the interaction and functional interdependence between these two. All kinds of technological systems regardless of degree of complexity may be part of a man-machine system, e.g., industrial plants, vehicles, manipulators, prostheses, computers or management infor~a tion systems. For the interaction with such systems, mostly psychological but also social aspects are of concern. Task categories like controlling and problem solving describe typical human activities in man-machine systems. Later on, these task categories will be explained in more detail.

IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1984

The three main task categories in man-machine systems are controlling, plannlng, and fault managi... more The three main task categories in man-machine systems are controlling, plannlng, and fault managing which are briefly explained in the paper. Their interaction is illustrated schematically with a block diagram and further outlined using Rasmussen's cognitive levels of behaviour. Two paradigms, namely car driving and aircraft piloting, exemplify the nature of the interaction in more detail, partially based on ex" _~imental results. The state-of-the-art in modelling these task categories and thei) 'nteraction is discussed with an emphasis on qualitative vs. quantitative models using control theory, artificial intelligence techniques, and fuzzy set theory. Model-based support and expert systems are mentioned as an important future application.

IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1985

A rule-based fault correction tr.s~ in a decentralized hierarchical tec~nolcgical syste~ supervls... more A rule-based fault correction tr.s~ in a decentralized hierarchical tec~nolcgical syste~ supervlsed by a hu~an operator was investigated. Different combinations of four types of failures had to be corrected by the human operator who could select the appropriate subsyste~s and their co~ponents, test and repair them, and switch temporarily to a central process co~puter. Two different display contents and formats as well as three levels of decision support were compared in experiments with four subjects. The results showed that the fault correction strategies and the syste~ performance varied largely among the subjects, Generally, the performance increased with longer decision times. Significantly more simple execution errors were made wlth the enlarged display format. The system performance increased with full decision support. Keywords, Fault management; man-machine systems; decentralized systems; rule-based behaviour; supervisory control; display systems; decision support systems; human error. I NTRODUCTI ON Many of today's advanced automation systems for industrial process plants are based on a decentralized hierarchical structure (Trauboth and Jaeschke,1984). Decomposable subsystems of the plant are controlled by dedicated microcomputers which are coordinated by a process computer. The architecture of such systems as well as related aspects of control, reliability, and human-computer interaction were described, amon9 others, by Johannsen (1981) and Sheri dan (1984).

IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1998

Adaptivity for user "personalised" support is viewed as complementary to systems for cognitive su... more Adaptivity for user "personalised" support is viewed as complementary to systems for cognitive support and is related to the following aspects of user modelling: individual user profile, user style/state diagnosis, context of work and mental workload prediction. The paper reports the results of an empirical study revealing a particular kind of contextual influences on user behaviour, namely, the freedom to choose the set of operations to be performed from a larger set of tasks, valid for all users at the basic skill level of performance. Stability of patterns was found on the level of minimal reaction times (RTs), but not on the level of mean RTs. Neural networks successfully generalised the minimal RT profiles across contexts.

at - Automatisierungstechnik, 1970

Proceedings of the IEEE, 2004

Auditory displays are described for several application domains: transportation, industrial proce... more Auditory displays are described for several application domains: transportation, industrial processes, health care, operation theaters, and service sectors. Several types of auditory displays are compared, such as warning, state, and intent displays. Also, the importance for blind people in a visualized world is considered with suitable approaches. The service robot domain has been chosen as an example for the future use of auditory displays within multimedia process supervision and control applications in industrial, transportation, and medical systems. The design of directional sounds and of additional sounds for robot states, as well as the design of more complicated robot sound tracks, are explained. Basic musical elements and robot movement sounds have been combined. Two exploratory experimental studies, one on the understandability of the directional sounds and the robot state sounds as well as another on the auditory perception of intended robot trajectories in a simulated supermarket scenario, are described. Subjective evaluations of sound characteristics such as urgency, expressiveness, and annoyance have been carried out by nonmusicians and musicians. These experimental results are briefly compared with time-frequency analyses.

A hierarchy of human activities is derived by analyzing automobile driving in general terms. A st... more A hierarchy of human activities is derived by analyzing automobile driving in general terms. A structural description leads to a block diagram and a time-sharing computer analogy. The range of applicability of existing mathematical models is considered with respect to the hierarchy of human activities in actual complex tasks. Other mathematical tools so far not often applied to man machine systems are also discussed. The mathematical descriptions at least briefly considered here include utility, estimation, control, queueing, and fuzzy set theory as well as artificial intelligence techniques. Some thoughts are given as to how these methods might be integrated and how further work might be pursued.

Integrated Systems Engineering, 1995

Integrated systems engineering is concerned with the systematic development of largescale systems... more Integrated systems engineering is concerned with the systematic development of largescale systems by means of using integrative knowledge across several disciplines. The specific knowledge of a certain application domain with its systems structures and fimctionalities has to be complemented with knowledge about different information technologies, hwnan factors issues, environmental constraints and societal contexts. All these facets and components as well as their relationships to each other are briefly reviewed in this paper. Industrial systems, transportation systems, enterprise information systems, natural resources systems, and the supplementary ways for improving societal stability are the application domains mentioned here. Also, the paper refers to the different systems engineering activities ofIFAC. Several systems engineering methodologies as well as integrated systems development and evaluation approaches are outlined. The paper emphasises the challenge and the need for better integrative design and development strategies for future systems. It is also an introductory paper to the broad theme of this Conference on Integrated Systems Engineering.

Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control, 1976

Velocity estimation is generally under-determined. To obtain a pleasing result we impose some typ... more Velocity estimation is generally under-determined. To obtain a pleasing result we impose some type of regularization criteria such as preconditioning(Harlan, 1996), limiting inversion solutions to large singular values (Rowbotham and Pratt, 1997), or characterizing the model through a small number of spline coefficients (Ji, 1997). These methods all create velocity models that can correctly model the recorded travel times, but are often geologically unrealistic. To create more geologically feasible velocity models and to speed up convergence, Michelena and Harris (1991) suggested using varying sized grid cells. Unfortunately, such a parameterization is prone to error when the wrong size blocks are chosen (Delprat-Jannaud and Lailly, 1992). Other authors have suggested locally clustering grid cells (Carrion, 1991) or characterizing the velocity model as a series of layers (Kosloff et al., 1996). These methods are also susceptible to errors when the wrong parameterization is chosen. An attractive alternative approach is to add an additional model regularization term to the objective function (van Trier, 1990). In theory, this regularization term should be the inverse model covariance matrix (Tarantola, 1987) obtained from some a priori information sources.

Methods and Applications of Intelligent Control, 1997

The degree of automation in control of dynamic technical systems has substantially been increased... more The degree of automation in control of dynamic technical systems has substantially been increased over the last decades. This is true for all kinds of technical systems such as power plants, industrial production plants, and vehicles and transportation systems. High levels of safety, performance, and efficiency have been achieved by means of the increased use of automatic control.

Proceedings of IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference - SMC

Shows that modelling human performance is no longer only a matter of analytical descriptions of h... more Shows that modelling human performance is no longer only a matter of analytical descriptions of human control and problem-solving behaviour. In addition to this important evaluative aspect, human performance models can nowadays contribute (as embedded systems) to improved man-machine interfaces as well as to decision support systems. A unified approach to multi-dimensional user performance modelling which differentiates between control and communication is outlined.<<ETX>>

INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 conference companion on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '93, 1993

A new method for participatively developing and evaluating Man-Machine Interfaces (MMI) for Super... more A new method for participatively developing and evaluating Man-Machine Interfaces (MMI) for Supervisory and Control Systems (S8ZC) of chemical distillation columns is presented. Participipation is considered important not only during the design phase, but should be built into the system by making the interface adaptable to the users requirements also during the operation phase. Better building blocks for input and output elements as well as improved models for navigation in picture hierarchies are offering enhaneed flexibility to the operator.

Proceedings of IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference - SMC

Fault diagnosis tasks of human supervisors interacting with technical dynamic systems are discuss... more Fault diagnosis tasks of human supervisors interacting with technical dynamic systems are discussed under different conceptual views, namely the task and the interaction orientations as well as the integrated automation concept. The paper presents techniques of cognitive task analyses for fault diagnosis. The relationships of these techniques to the different conceptual views are outlined. The possibilities of decision support for interactive fault diagnosis under human supervisory control are considered within the integrated automation architecture. The state-based fault diagnosis approach is further elaborated. It provides a detailed diagnosis based on information from the supervision and control system in cooperation with the human operator. The steps of the state-based diagnosis as well as the architecture of the knowledge-based system CAUSES using the state-based diagnosis approach are described. An example from the power plant domain is also presented in some more detail. A useful evaluation procedure is suggested for investigating the effectiveness of the supporting diagnostic functions.<<ETX>>

Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man–Machine Systems, 1986

This survey paper deals with the fundamental changes of user-system interactions caused by new di... more This survey paper deals with the fundamental changes of user-system interactions caused by new displays and graphics technologies. The information needs of users are explained with examples from industrial process control, train operation and transportation service, aircraft piloting, and computer-aided design. These needs are contrasted with the state-of-the-art in display and graphics technology, particularly with that of visual display units, computer graphics systems, and dialogue techniques. Further, perceptional and cognitive aspects such as readability of character sets, memorization of commands and icons, highlighting and windowing, degrees of abstraction, and information overload are discussed. All these relate to technological solutions for meeting human information needs.