Megan Maruschke | Universität Leipzig (original) (raw)
Journal Articles by Megan Maruschke
French Historical Studies, 2021
Attempts to reframe the Age of Revolutions as imperial in nature have not fully integrated the Fr... more Attempts to reframe the Age of Revolutions as imperial in nature have not fully integrated the French Revolution. Replying to this gap and criticisms of the Revolution's global turn, this essay positions the Revolution as both a moment of imperial reorganization and a sequence of political reinvention that exceed our current categories of empire and nation-state. These arguments open a forum comprising five contributions set in transimperial contexts that span from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean. The forum offers some points of reflection regarding the narratives, periodizations, and concepts that guide historians of the French Revolution as they navigate the global turn.
French Historical Studies, 2021
Both global history and the new imperial history identify an emerging convergence of spatial form... more Both global history and the new imperial history identify an emerging convergence of spatial formats, practices, and knowledge for organizing societies during the nineteenth century, though each emphasizes different competitive formats: the territorializing nation-state and the enduring empire. Rather than contrasting empire and nation-state, this article takes their combination seriously through the example of the respatialization of the French Empire during the Revolution and the reorganization of domestic territory into departments. The history of departmentalization underscores the emerging and changing interrelationships between nation and empire. The territorialization of metropolitan France, which developed out of imperial and transregional exchanges, was emblematic of the new type of empire that became a prevailing model for societal organization in the nineteenth century: the nation-state with imperial extensions.
Journal of Global History, 2017
During the period of decolonization and the Cold War, the United Nations Industrial Development O... more During the period of decolonization and the Cold War, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and US development agencies promoted free trade zones to developing countries. However, other zones emerged prior to and apart from these policy models, some of which, including India’s early zones, took on features of this model only by the 1980s. To make sense of zones within and beyond a UNIDO model, this article understands them through their connection to the rise of nation-state territoriality around the world. The zone is thereby a spatial strategy used in processes of state (re)territorialization to rearticulate state spatiality under the global condition. This article explores such a perspective by situating the history of India’s early free trade zones comparatively.
Comparativ: Zeischrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 2017
Portals of globalization is an analytical category introduced in globalization research to invest... more Portals of globalization is an analytical category introduced in globalization research to investigate how global flows are anchored and articulated in particular places. It has been used to analyse the way flows and controls come together on multiple scales, and how actors in these places actively manage global entanglements. Consequently, the changing positionality of these places in global networks can reveal the scope, function, and transformation of global connections and shifting spatial orders. Stemming from research debates on the historicity, regional difference, and spatial complexity of globalization processes, this issue seeks to strengthen empirical insights from different disciplinary and regional perspectives. It brings together research on past and present portals of globalization to facilitate the dialogue across disciplines in the social sciences and humanities. A special focus on a variety of local and regional contexts in Africa, Asia, and Latin America allows us to re-evaluate assumptions about the centres and peripheries of globalization processes, the mechanisms and directionality of circulations, and the asymmetries in global connectedness.
Comparativ: Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 2017
The free zone features frequently in research on contemporary globalization; the visible exploita... more The free zone features frequently in research on contemporary globalization; the visible exploitation in zones reveals the inequality produced by global economic entanglement. Yet, there is very little historical research on how these practices may be related to elite and state-based globalization projects. Using official reports and correspondence from government ministries, this article examines two free-port and free-zone plans from the 1830s and the 1960s in Bombay, and follows them forward, concluding with the present port situation. These plans were never realized, but they may both serve as a lens through which we can identify the actors who pursue globalization projects, through which they seek to channel connectivity in particular places. Moreover, the concept portals of globalization draws attention to the variety of entangled spaces of what we call the global economy and how these have shifted over time.
Monographs by Megan Maruschke
While ports are traditionally considered national infrastructure sites that connect states to glo... more While ports are traditionally considered national infrastructure sites that connect states to global markets, special economic zones and past free ports are portrayed as threats to national sovereignty. This book calls these narratives into question as it explores the history of planning Mumbai’s ports and free zones during periods of global and regional transition from the British Raj, to national independence, to economic liberalization. The book opens with a study of an unsuccessful plan hatched by merchants in 1833 to make Bombay a free port to deal with an emerging British India and the advent of free trade. The book ends with how India’s current special economic zones and emphasis on port expansion are part of broader goals to reposition India in transregional Asian trade, to connect Mumbai with northern India, and to enact local plans for a global city that threaten the very port that first connected Mumbai to the world. To understand the functionality of these port and zone projects beyond typical policy prescriptions, this book proposes portals of globalization as a spatial format that fosters processes of reterritorialization.
Book Chapters by Megan Maruschke
The French Revolution as a Moment of Respatialization, 2019
Processes of Spatialization in the Americas: Configurations and Narratives, 2018
Political geographers refer to historical research on Europe’s borderlands as informing the emerg... more Political geographers refer to historical research on Europe’s borderlands as informing the emergence of “the border,” a spatial strategy associated with the rise of territoriality and the nation-state since the mid-19th century. Research on North American borderlands in the 18th and 19th century, however, has not been taken up as readily by political geographers. This chapter discusses the implications of this gap and, referencing research on the “geopolitics of freedom,” considers the emergence side-by-side of spaces of slavery and spaces of emancipation in North America to be one avenue for understanding the development of bordering practices in the United States. Observing internal border production in the United States, a union made up of individual states, may be instructive for understanding the border’s functionality beyond delimiting state sovereignty. By looking at the boundaries of slavery, this chapter argues that bordering can be understood not only as a container of state sovereignty but also as a tool in processes of state territorialization.
The Routledge Handbook of Transregional Studies, 2019
Interest in zones – export processing zones (EPZs) and special economic zones (SEZs) – has grown ... more Interest in zones – export processing zones (EPZs) and special economic zones (SEZs) – has grown since China implemented its SEZs in 1978. This interest was rekindled when India announced its 2005 SEZ policy and when the government of China began to pursue Chinese zones in Africa. Zones are usually enclosed areas in which a state develops a specific legal code, one that is generally more lenient toward foreign corporations than in the rest of the state. Import and export tariffs on goods and other taxes are reduced or removed, leading some to associate zones with tax havens that have taken on a spatial, physical quality rather than a purely legal one (Palan 2003).
While EPZs throughout the 1990s were more typically associated with state investment in the zone’s infrastructure, some current zones, such as India’s SEZs, are also financed by private developers. In 1975, the International Labour Organization (ILO) recorded 79 zones in 25 countries (Singa Boyenge 2007). Two 2015 articles in The Economist put the current estimate at 4,300 operational zones (The Economist 4 April 2015a; The Economist 4 April 2015b). Though three out of four countries in the world host them, certain countries in Asia tend to
use zones more extensively.
This chapter will first highlight the research on transregional trends associated with the proliferation of the zone – EPZs and SEZs – during the Cold War period. Specifically, the zone was associated with the US construction of regional markets amid the fight against communism in East Asia and South America and the emergence of a new international division of labour. These zones then enabled the shift of Western and Japanese businesses to developing countries, as has been well researched in the literature on zones.
The second section of this chapter departs from this understanding by considering the zone as a spatial format that also exists apart from US and United Nations (UN) policy prescriptions. The zone is connected to state spatiality and allows the state to bypass its own territoriality to
forge connections beyond its immediate state space.
The chapter then proceeds to highlight two trends to support the transregional dynamics of such state spatiality. First, China and India have both used zones within their territory to connect their diasporas’ business practices back to their home countries, thereby profiting from the dispersal of their respective ‘nations’. Second, both China and India have begun to use zones abroad in their own foreign policy practices. These practices may challenge both our ideas of regions in area studies and traditional concepts of state spatiality, which is not confined to territoriality. What emerges is a particular transregionality in which the zone, as a spatial format and itself a ‘respatialization’ of the state, enables the respatialization of other spatial formats through non-state actors.
Edited Volumes and Special Issues by Megan Maruschke
French Historical Studies, 2021
Attempts to reframe the Age of Revolutions as imperial in nature have not fully integrated the Fr... more Attempts to reframe the Age of Revolutions as imperial in nature have not fully integrated the French Revolution. Replying to this gap and criticisms of the Revolution's global turn, this essay positions the Revolution as both a moment of imperial reorganization and a sequence of political reinvention that exceed our current categories of empire and nation-state. These arguments open a forum comprising five contributions set in transimperial contexts that span from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean. The forum offers some points of reflection regarding the narratives, periodizations, and concepts that guide historians of the French Revolution as they navigate the global turn.
The French Revolution as a Moment of Respatialization, 2019
The French Revolution has primarily been understood as a national event that also had a lasting i... more The French Revolution has primarily been understood as a national event that also had a lasting impact in Europe and in the Atlantic world. Recently, historiography has increasingly emphasized how France’s overseas colonies also influenced the contours of the French Revolution. This volume examines the effects of both dimensions on the reorganization of spatial formats and spatial orders in France and in other societies. It departs from the assumption that revolutions shatter not only the political and economic old regime order at home but, in an increasingly interdependent world, also result in processes of respatialization. The French Revolution, therefore, is analysed as a key event in a global history that seeks to account for the shifting spatial organization of societies on a transregional scale.
Portals of Globalization in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Edited by Claudia Baumann, Antje Diet... more Portals of Globalization in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Edited by Claudia Baumann, Antje Dietze, Megan Maruschke.
Double special issue of Comparativ. Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung 27 (2017) 3-4. https://www.comparativ.net/v2/issue/view/145
Portals of globalization is an analytical category introduced in globalization research to investigate how global flows are anchored and articulated in particular places. It has been used to analyse the way flows and controls come together on multiple scales, and how actors in these places actively manage global entanglements. Consequently, the changing positionality of these places in global networks can reveal the scope, function, and transformation of global connections and shifting spatial orders. Stemming from research debates on the historicity, regional difference, and spatial complexity of globalization processes, this issue seeks to strengthen empirical insights from different disciplinary and regional perspectives. It brings together research on past and present portals of globalization to facilitate the dialogue across disciplines in the social sciences and humanities. A special focus on a variety of local and regional contexts in Africa, Asia, and Latin America allows us to re-evaluate assumptions about the centres and peripheries of globalization processes, the mechanisms and directionality of circulations, and the asymmetries in global connectedness.
Blogs/Online Publications by Megan Maruschke
ReCentGlobe Blog, 2021
In the second segment of her blog post on American politics, Megan Maruschke argues that “populis... more In the second segment of her blog post on American politics, Megan Maruschke argues that “populism”, used as an analytical category, provides a framework to understand the Trump presidency as well as “the social dynamics that enabled his rise and support”. To this end, she looks at different uses of the term in media, politics, and academia.
ReCentGlobe Blog, 2021
On 20 January 2020, Joseph R. Biden will be sworn in as the new president of the United States. F... more On 20 January 2020, Joseph R. Biden will be sworn in as the new president of the United States. For months, the ousted President Donald Trump and his supporters tried to prevent this from happening. But they did not understand how the American federal system actually works – writes ReCentGlobe researcher Megan Maruschke in the first segment of her two-part blog post on American right-wing populism.
Trafo
Can we understand Special Economic Zones (SEZ) as an extension of Free Ports? The starting point ... more Can we understand Special Economic Zones (SEZ) as an extension of Free Ports? The starting point for my research is the knowledge gap between the claims that SEZs have historical precedents in European and Colonial Free Ports and the lack of historical studies on the claim. I chose the port of Mumbai, India as an example and explore its history over the last 150 years. Mumbai continues to be a major port that once functioned partially as a free port under colonial rule and today is the location for special economic zones, including one in the planning phase at the new port site, Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust. My findings are partially consistent with the claim of continuity, but they also lead to a more nuanced understanding of the complex, entangled history of free trade enclaves and territorial regimes.
Book Reviews by Megan Maruschke
Comparativ: Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 2020
Comparativ: Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 2020
Annotationen | 211 of any critical academic reasoning or discussion current political debates in ... more Annotationen | 211 of any critical academic reasoning or discussion current political debates in many African countries about relations with China. While in many places, the levels of enchantment have certainly increased, the conditions for engagement between African countries and China certainly still call for a serious academic debate.
Comparativ: Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 2019
Comparativ: Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 2019
French Historical Studies, 2021
Attempts to reframe the Age of Revolutions as imperial in nature have not fully integrated the Fr... more Attempts to reframe the Age of Revolutions as imperial in nature have not fully integrated the French Revolution. Replying to this gap and criticisms of the Revolution's global turn, this essay positions the Revolution as both a moment of imperial reorganization and a sequence of political reinvention that exceed our current categories of empire and nation-state. These arguments open a forum comprising five contributions set in transimperial contexts that span from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean. The forum offers some points of reflection regarding the narratives, periodizations, and concepts that guide historians of the French Revolution as they navigate the global turn.
French Historical Studies, 2021
Both global history and the new imperial history identify an emerging convergence of spatial form... more Both global history and the new imperial history identify an emerging convergence of spatial formats, practices, and knowledge for organizing societies during the nineteenth century, though each emphasizes different competitive formats: the territorializing nation-state and the enduring empire. Rather than contrasting empire and nation-state, this article takes their combination seriously through the example of the respatialization of the French Empire during the Revolution and the reorganization of domestic territory into departments. The history of departmentalization underscores the emerging and changing interrelationships between nation and empire. The territorialization of metropolitan France, which developed out of imperial and transregional exchanges, was emblematic of the new type of empire that became a prevailing model for societal organization in the nineteenth century: the nation-state with imperial extensions.
Journal of Global History, 2017
During the period of decolonization and the Cold War, the United Nations Industrial Development O... more During the period of decolonization and the Cold War, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and US development agencies promoted free trade zones to developing countries. However, other zones emerged prior to and apart from these policy models, some of which, including India’s early zones, took on features of this model only by the 1980s. To make sense of zones within and beyond a UNIDO model, this article understands them through their connection to the rise of nation-state territoriality around the world. The zone is thereby a spatial strategy used in processes of state (re)territorialization to rearticulate state spatiality under the global condition. This article explores such a perspective by situating the history of India’s early free trade zones comparatively.
Comparativ: Zeischrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 2017
Portals of globalization is an analytical category introduced in globalization research to invest... more Portals of globalization is an analytical category introduced in globalization research to investigate how global flows are anchored and articulated in particular places. It has been used to analyse the way flows and controls come together on multiple scales, and how actors in these places actively manage global entanglements. Consequently, the changing positionality of these places in global networks can reveal the scope, function, and transformation of global connections and shifting spatial orders. Stemming from research debates on the historicity, regional difference, and spatial complexity of globalization processes, this issue seeks to strengthen empirical insights from different disciplinary and regional perspectives. It brings together research on past and present portals of globalization to facilitate the dialogue across disciplines in the social sciences and humanities. A special focus on a variety of local and regional contexts in Africa, Asia, and Latin America allows us to re-evaluate assumptions about the centres and peripheries of globalization processes, the mechanisms and directionality of circulations, and the asymmetries in global connectedness.
Comparativ: Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 2017
The free zone features frequently in research on contemporary globalization; the visible exploita... more The free zone features frequently in research on contemporary globalization; the visible exploitation in zones reveals the inequality produced by global economic entanglement. Yet, there is very little historical research on how these practices may be related to elite and state-based globalization projects. Using official reports and correspondence from government ministries, this article examines two free-port and free-zone plans from the 1830s and the 1960s in Bombay, and follows them forward, concluding with the present port situation. These plans were never realized, but they may both serve as a lens through which we can identify the actors who pursue globalization projects, through which they seek to channel connectivity in particular places. Moreover, the concept portals of globalization draws attention to the variety of entangled spaces of what we call the global economy and how these have shifted over time.
While ports are traditionally considered national infrastructure sites that connect states to glo... more While ports are traditionally considered national infrastructure sites that connect states to global markets, special economic zones and past free ports are portrayed as threats to national sovereignty. This book calls these narratives into question as it explores the history of planning Mumbai’s ports and free zones during periods of global and regional transition from the British Raj, to national independence, to economic liberalization. The book opens with a study of an unsuccessful plan hatched by merchants in 1833 to make Bombay a free port to deal with an emerging British India and the advent of free trade. The book ends with how India’s current special economic zones and emphasis on port expansion are part of broader goals to reposition India in transregional Asian trade, to connect Mumbai with northern India, and to enact local plans for a global city that threaten the very port that first connected Mumbai to the world. To understand the functionality of these port and zone projects beyond typical policy prescriptions, this book proposes portals of globalization as a spatial format that fosters processes of reterritorialization.
The French Revolution as a Moment of Respatialization, 2019
Processes of Spatialization in the Americas: Configurations and Narratives, 2018
Political geographers refer to historical research on Europe’s borderlands as informing the emerg... more Political geographers refer to historical research on Europe’s borderlands as informing the emergence of “the border,” a spatial strategy associated with the rise of territoriality and the nation-state since the mid-19th century. Research on North American borderlands in the 18th and 19th century, however, has not been taken up as readily by political geographers. This chapter discusses the implications of this gap and, referencing research on the “geopolitics of freedom,” considers the emergence side-by-side of spaces of slavery and spaces of emancipation in North America to be one avenue for understanding the development of bordering practices in the United States. Observing internal border production in the United States, a union made up of individual states, may be instructive for understanding the border’s functionality beyond delimiting state sovereignty. By looking at the boundaries of slavery, this chapter argues that bordering can be understood not only as a container of state sovereignty but also as a tool in processes of state territorialization.
The Routledge Handbook of Transregional Studies, 2019
Interest in zones – export processing zones (EPZs) and special economic zones (SEZs) – has grown ... more Interest in zones – export processing zones (EPZs) and special economic zones (SEZs) – has grown since China implemented its SEZs in 1978. This interest was rekindled when India announced its 2005 SEZ policy and when the government of China began to pursue Chinese zones in Africa. Zones are usually enclosed areas in which a state develops a specific legal code, one that is generally more lenient toward foreign corporations than in the rest of the state. Import and export tariffs on goods and other taxes are reduced or removed, leading some to associate zones with tax havens that have taken on a spatial, physical quality rather than a purely legal one (Palan 2003).
While EPZs throughout the 1990s were more typically associated with state investment in the zone’s infrastructure, some current zones, such as India’s SEZs, are also financed by private developers. In 1975, the International Labour Organization (ILO) recorded 79 zones in 25 countries (Singa Boyenge 2007). Two 2015 articles in The Economist put the current estimate at 4,300 operational zones (The Economist 4 April 2015a; The Economist 4 April 2015b). Though three out of four countries in the world host them, certain countries in Asia tend to
use zones more extensively.
This chapter will first highlight the research on transregional trends associated with the proliferation of the zone – EPZs and SEZs – during the Cold War period. Specifically, the zone was associated with the US construction of regional markets amid the fight against communism in East Asia and South America and the emergence of a new international division of labour. These zones then enabled the shift of Western and Japanese businesses to developing countries, as has been well researched in the literature on zones.
The second section of this chapter departs from this understanding by considering the zone as a spatial format that also exists apart from US and United Nations (UN) policy prescriptions. The zone is connected to state spatiality and allows the state to bypass its own territoriality to
forge connections beyond its immediate state space.
The chapter then proceeds to highlight two trends to support the transregional dynamics of such state spatiality. First, China and India have both used zones within their territory to connect their diasporas’ business practices back to their home countries, thereby profiting from the dispersal of their respective ‘nations’. Second, both China and India have begun to use zones abroad in their own foreign policy practices. These practices may challenge both our ideas of regions in area studies and traditional concepts of state spatiality, which is not confined to territoriality. What emerges is a particular transregionality in which the zone, as a spatial format and itself a ‘respatialization’ of the state, enables the respatialization of other spatial formats through non-state actors.
French Historical Studies, 2021
Attempts to reframe the Age of Revolutions as imperial in nature have not fully integrated the Fr... more Attempts to reframe the Age of Revolutions as imperial in nature have not fully integrated the French Revolution. Replying to this gap and criticisms of the Revolution's global turn, this essay positions the Revolution as both a moment of imperial reorganization and a sequence of political reinvention that exceed our current categories of empire and nation-state. These arguments open a forum comprising five contributions set in transimperial contexts that span from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean. The forum offers some points of reflection regarding the narratives, periodizations, and concepts that guide historians of the French Revolution as they navigate the global turn.
The French Revolution as a Moment of Respatialization, 2019
The French Revolution has primarily been understood as a national event that also had a lasting i... more The French Revolution has primarily been understood as a national event that also had a lasting impact in Europe and in the Atlantic world. Recently, historiography has increasingly emphasized how France’s overseas colonies also influenced the contours of the French Revolution. This volume examines the effects of both dimensions on the reorganization of spatial formats and spatial orders in France and in other societies. It departs from the assumption that revolutions shatter not only the political and economic old regime order at home but, in an increasingly interdependent world, also result in processes of respatialization. The French Revolution, therefore, is analysed as a key event in a global history that seeks to account for the shifting spatial organization of societies on a transregional scale.
Portals of Globalization in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Edited by Claudia Baumann, Antje Diet... more Portals of Globalization in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Edited by Claudia Baumann, Antje Dietze, Megan Maruschke.
Double special issue of Comparativ. Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung 27 (2017) 3-4. https://www.comparativ.net/v2/issue/view/145
Portals of globalization is an analytical category introduced in globalization research to investigate how global flows are anchored and articulated in particular places. It has been used to analyse the way flows and controls come together on multiple scales, and how actors in these places actively manage global entanglements. Consequently, the changing positionality of these places in global networks can reveal the scope, function, and transformation of global connections and shifting spatial orders. Stemming from research debates on the historicity, regional difference, and spatial complexity of globalization processes, this issue seeks to strengthen empirical insights from different disciplinary and regional perspectives. It brings together research on past and present portals of globalization to facilitate the dialogue across disciplines in the social sciences and humanities. A special focus on a variety of local and regional contexts in Africa, Asia, and Latin America allows us to re-evaluate assumptions about the centres and peripheries of globalization processes, the mechanisms and directionality of circulations, and the asymmetries in global connectedness.
ReCentGlobe Blog, 2021
In the second segment of her blog post on American politics, Megan Maruschke argues that “populis... more In the second segment of her blog post on American politics, Megan Maruschke argues that “populism”, used as an analytical category, provides a framework to understand the Trump presidency as well as “the social dynamics that enabled his rise and support”. To this end, she looks at different uses of the term in media, politics, and academia.
ReCentGlobe Blog, 2021
On 20 January 2020, Joseph R. Biden will be sworn in as the new president of the United States. F... more On 20 January 2020, Joseph R. Biden will be sworn in as the new president of the United States. For months, the ousted President Donald Trump and his supporters tried to prevent this from happening. But they did not understand how the American federal system actually works – writes ReCentGlobe researcher Megan Maruschke in the first segment of her two-part blog post on American right-wing populism.
Trafo
Can we understand Special Economic Zones (SEZ) as an extension of Free Ports? The starting point ... more Can we understand Special Economic Zones (SEZ) as an extension of Free Ports? The starting point for my research is the knowledge gap between the claims that SEZs have historical precedents in European and Colonial Free Ports and the lack of historical studies on the claim. I chose the port of Mumbai, India as an example and explore its history over the last 150 years. Mumbai continues to be a major port that once functioned partially as a free port under colonial rule and today is the location for special economic zones, including one in the planning phase at the new port site, Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust. My findings are partially consistent with the claim of continuity, but they also lead to a more nuanced understanding of the complex, entangled history of free trade enclaves and territorial regimes.
![Research paper thumbnail of [Workshop] Who is a Refugee? Concepts of Exile, Refuge, and Asylum, c. 1750–1850](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/73263669/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Call for Papers The ERC Project “Atlantic Exiles: Refugees and Revolution in the Atlantic World (... more Call for Papers
The ERC Project “Atlantic Exiles: Refugees and Revolution in the Atlantic World (1770s-1820s)” at the University of Duisburg‐Essen invites proposals for the workshop “Who is a Refugee? Concepts of Exile, Refuge, and Asylum, c. 1750–1850”, which will be held in Essen, June 30 – July 1, 2022. Read on https://www.uni-due.de/atlantic-exiles/workshop.php