Luka Tomšič Ahčin | University of Ljubljana (original) (raw)
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The upper extremity receives neural branches from various spinal nerves. Mostly is innervated by ... more The upper extremity receives neural branches from various spinal nerves. Mostly is innervated by Brachial plexus (C5-T1), but also from Cervical plexus (C3-C4) and intercostal nerve.
Initiation of the cardiac cycle is myogenic, originating in the sinuatrial node (SA). It is harmo... more Initiation of the cardiac cycle is myogenic, originating in the sinuatrial node (SA). It is harmonizied in rate, force and output by autonomic nerves which operate on the nodal tissues and their prolongations, on coronary vessels and on the working atrial and ventricular musculature. All the cardiac branches of the N.vagus, X. cranial nerve, (parasympathetic) and all the sympathetic branches (except the cardiac branch of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) contain both afferent and efferent fibres; the cardiac branch of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion is entirely efferent. Sympathetic fibres accelerate the heart and dilate the coronary arteries when stimulated, whereas parasympathetic (vagal) fibres slow the heart and cause constriction of coronary arteries. Preganglionic cardiac SY (sympathetic) axons arise from neurones in the intermediolateral column of the upper four or five thoratic spinal segments. Some synapse in the corresponding upper thoratic SY ganglia, others ascend to synapse in the cervical ganglia; postganglionic fibres from these ganglia form the SY cardiac nerves (from ganglion cervicale sup. goes N.cardiacus cervicalis sup.; form ganglion cervicale med. Goes N.cardiacus cervicalis sup.; from ganglion cervicothoracicum(stellatum) goes N.cardiacus cervicalis inf.; from ganglion thoracicum I-IV go Nn.cardiaci thoracici). Preganglionaric cardiac PSY (parasympathetic) axons arise from neurones in either the dorsal vagal nucleus ambiguus; they run in vagal cardiac branches to synapse in the cardiac plexuses and atrial walls. In man (like in most mammals) intrinsic cardiac neurones are limited to the atria and interatrial septum, and are most numerous in the subepicarial connective tissue near the SA and AV nodes.
The upper extremity receives neural branches from various spinal nerves. Mostly is innervated by ... more The upper extremity receives neural branches from various spinal nerves. Mostly is innervated by Brachial plexus (C5-T1), but also from Cervical plexus (C3-C4) and intercostal nerve.
Initiation of the cardiac cycle is myogenic, originating in the sinuatrial node (SA). It is harmo... more Initiation of the cardiac cycle is myogenic, originating in the sinuatrial node (SA). It is harmonizied in rate, force and output by autonomic nerves which operate on the nodal tissues and their prolongations, on coronary vessels and on the working atrial and ventricular musculature. All the cardiac branches of the N.vagus, X. cranial nerve, (parasympathetic) and all the sympathetic branches (except the cardiac branch of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) contain both afferent and efferent fibres; the cardiac branch of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion is entirely efferent. Sympathetic fibres accelerate the heart and dilate the coronary arteries when stimulated, whereas parasympathetic (vagal) fibres slow the heart and cause constriction of coronary arteries. Preganglionic cardiac SY (sympathetic) axons arise from neurones in the intermediolateral column of the upper four or five thoratic spinal segments. Some synapse in the corresponding upper thoratic SY ganglia, others ascend to synapse in the cervical ganglia; postganglionic fibres from these ganglia form the SY cardiac nerves (from ganglion cervicale sup. goes N.cardiacus cervicalis sup.; form ganglion cervicale med. Goes N.cardiacus cervicalis sup.; from ganglion cervicothoracicum(stellatum) goes N.cardiacus cervicalis inf.; from ganglion thoracicum I-IV go Nn.cardiaci thoracici). Preganglionaric cardiac PSY (parasympathetic) axons arise from neurones in either the dorsal vagal nucleus ambiguus; they run in vagal cardiac branches to synapse in the cardiac plexuses and atrial walls. In man (like in most mammals) intrinsic cardiac neurones are limited to the atria and interatrial septum, and are most numerous in the subepicarial connective tissue near the SA and AV nodes.