Rajko Bratož | University of Ljubljana (original) (raw)
Papers by Rajko Bratož
Chromatius of Aquileia and His Age, 2011
Das Zeitalter Diokletians und Konstantins
Zgodovinski časopis, 1990
Das Christentum in Bulgarien und auf der übrigen Balkanhalbinsel in der Spätantike und im "T*", M... more Das Christentum in Bulgarien und auf der übrigen Balkanhalbinsel in der Spätantike und im "T*", Mlt * eIal 'er, Miscellanea Bulgarica 5, Wien 1987 (vsa tri dela z Izčrpnimi navedbami sta-Г? 1 f?,. 1 i. t ÜE ature)-° začetkih krščanstva v Južnomakedonskih In grških deželah gl. A. FLICHEv. MARTIN (red.).
Zgodovinski časopis, 1993
Razširjeno besedilo referata na kolokviju ob stoletnici rojstva Milka Kosa v Ljubljani 10. decemb... more Razširjeno besedilo referata na kolokviju ob stoletnici rojstva Milka Kosa v Ljubljani 10. decembra 1992 Milko Kos je v več prispevkih obravnaval vprašanje kontinuitete iz antike v srednji vek v slovenskem naselitvenem prostoru. Prišel je do ugotovitev, ki z nekaterimi novejšimi dopol nitvami in korekturami držijo še danes. 1 Eden manj opaženih vidikov proučevanja kontinui tete je vprašanje kontinuitete znanja o antični zgodovini našega prostora. Ker le ta v antični dobi nikdar ni nastopal kot državna, politična ali upravna enota, temveč je bil vseskozi raz deljen, moramo za razumevanje njegove zgodovine pritegniti v obravnavo skoraj celotni pro stor severnojadranskega območja, vzhodnih Alp s predalpskim prostorom, dela srednjega Podonavja in zahodnega Balkana, skratka ozemlja med Sirmijem na vzhodu in Oglejem na zahodu, med Donavo na severu in Jadranskim morjem na jugu. Na tem ozemlju so se v rimski dobi, ki časovno pokriva pretežni del antičnega obdobja, izoblikovale naslednje upravne enote: Deseta regija ali kasneje provinca Benečija z Istro, province Norik, Panonija in Dal macija. O vrsti dogodkov v antični dobi v tem prostoru poroča dokaj nesistematično sorazmeroma veliko število antičnih zgodovinarjev in drugih piscev. Ti so v ogromni večini izhajali od drugod, le prav redki med njimi (kot na primer ptujski škof Viktorin, oglejski škof Kromacij ter prav tako na Oglej navezana Hieronim in Ruf in) so izhajali iz tega prostora ali se vsaj dalj časa v njem zadrževali. Podoba antične zgodovine tega prostora je v luči poročil samih antič nih piscev zelo fragmentarna. Poročila se nanašajo na nekaj ducatov »izbranih« dogodkov iz več kot sedemstoletnega obdobja od prvih posegov Rima v ta prostor v 2. stoletju pred Kri stusom do zadnjega obdobja v procesu propadanja antičnega sveta proti koncu 6. stoletja. Med temi dogodki jih je velika večina poznanih iz pripovedi enega ali dveh avtorjev, le prav malo pa je takih, da o njem poroča več antičnih piscev. 2 Spričo izrazite zareze v razvoju med antiko in srednjim vekom, do katere je prišlo s pro padom ostankov poznoantične državne in družbene ureditve, večjega dela poznoantičnih naselbinskih struktur in velikega dela antičnega kulturnega izročila ob naselitvi Slovanov na prehodu iz 6. v 7. stoletje, je umestno vprašanje, kolikšen del znanja o dogodkih in razvoju Seznam okrajšav: CB Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1828 ss. CSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Wien GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte, Berlin
Cristianesimo Nella Storia, 2008
Adopting the so-called long chronology of Martin's life (316/317-397), this paper examines th... more Adopting the so-called long chronology of Martin's life (316/317-397), this paper examines three episodes in the life and work of Martin of Tours. Depicting his youth in Sabaria, the first chapter describes the military setting of Martin's early life and the development of Christianity in Pannonia, and in Sabaria in particular, during the reign of Emperor Constantine. The second chapter discusses Martin's visit to Pannonia after his release from the army (357/358) and his clash with the Arians. This throws light on religious conflicts between Catholic Christians and the Arians although it is impossible to establish an authentic identification of these Arian adversaries. The image of Martin that is described in Sulpicius Severus's book Vita s. Martini is consistent with historical data and with facts cited by polemic literature of the second half of the 4 th century. The last chapter discusses the possible, yet unsubstantiated veneration of Martin in Pannonia in the 5 th and the 6 th centuries. Martin's status as a bishop with a holy reputation is associated primarily with the name and religious teachings of bishop Martin of Braga (Portugal), himself bom in Pannonia, who was a devout worshipper of Martin of Tours. The veneration of Martin spread in Pannonia after the Carolingians defeated Avars at the end of the 8 th century.
Jenseits der Grenzen, 2009
Meinung nach geht es um zwei gleichnamige Häretiker, Bonosus aus Naissus [verurteilt 392/393, ges... more Meinung nach geht es um zwei gleichnamige Häretiker, Bonosus aus Naissus [verurteilt 392/393, gest. vor 409] und Bonosus aus Serdica [ca. 414-431], der in den Quellen zur Zeit des Konzils von Ephesus 431 erscheint). Die Häresie war bis zum Ende des 6. Jahrhunderts, in Spanien sogar bis in die zweite Hälfte des 7. Jahrhunderts, aktuell. 10 Der Brief von Ursacius und Valens an den Papst Iulius im Jahre 347 (Hilarius, Collectanea antiariana Parisina B II, 6 in CSEL 65, 143-144); der Brief der beiden Bischöfe an Athanasius um 347 (Collectanea B II, 8, CSEL 65, 145-150); der Brief von vier arianischen Bischöfen an Germinius von Sirmium aus dem Jahre 366 (Collectanea B V, CSEL 65, 159-160); der Brief von Germinius an die acht Bischöfe aus dem Jahre 366 (Collectanea B VI, CSEL 160-164). Ausführlich dazu A. Cedilnik, Ilirik med Konstantinom Velikim in Teodozijem Velikim. Balkansko-podonavski prostor v poročilih
Diokletian und die Tetrarchie, 2004
Historische Zeitschrift, 2012
Rufinus von Aquileia. Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, Band XXIX, 231-246 , 2018
Studi e ricerche per il LXXXIX convegno della Deputazione di storia patria per il Friuli (ed. Silvano Cavazza, Udine 2019, p. 9-60
Abstract Food Production and Consumption in the Province Venetia et Histria in the Ostrogothic Pe... more Abstract
Food Production and Consumption in the Province Venetia et Histria in the Ostrogothic Period
Production of sufficient amounts of food represented for the Ostrogothic state, which did not include lands with considerable surpluses in agricultural production, one of the most challenging tasks. Difficulties in food supply were noticeable already during the Gothic migration from the eastern Balkans to Italy and manifested themselves later on in the provision of the army and provinces as poor harvests set in. Cassiodorus’ collection Variae highlights several such cases. In the years 510-511 the province Venetia et Histria supplied with surpluses of food other parts of Italy and the Gothic army in Gallia. In 523 the province was – concurrently with Liguria – put to a test when the allied Gepid army passed from Pannonia to Gallia. In the second year of the war against Byzantium (536), the question of nourishment was aggregated by military devastations but also by the atmospheric disturbance that nullified the harvest, causing severe famine in central and northern Italy. Chronologically last letters (537-538) provide insight into the circumstances of the then divided provinces of Histria and Venetia. Cassiodorus’ presentation is partial: the author’s praise of Istria was aimed at its inhabitants who were to come to terms with the increased burden of delivery of food; similarly, by praising their social order, discipline, modesty and diligence, he wanted to induce inhabitants of coastal Venetia to perform conscientiously the demanding transport of food from Istria to the capital.
Key words: Theoderic, Cassiodorus, nourishment, trade, transport, famine, wars, natural disasters.
Rajko Bratož: Literary Sources on Constantine's Contacts with Aquileia Panegyric 7 (6) in honour... more Rajko Bratož: Literary Sources on Constantine's Contacts with Aquileia
Panegyric 7 (6) in honour of Maximianus and Constantine, which was presented in the summer of 307 upon Constantine’s assumption of the imperial title by Maximianus and his contemporaneous marriage to Maximianus’ daughter Fausta, depicts the first meeting of the young Constantine with the then 5-year-old Fausta (about 295) as it was portrayed by a painting at the imperial palace in Aquileia. On that occasion, he accepted a parade helmet from the princess as an “engagement present”. The purpose of the propaganda speech is to emphasize the political and familial relationship between the two emperors.
Panegyrics 12 (9) of 313 and 4 (10) of 321 (Nazarius) cover Aquileia’s conduct upon Constantine’s war in northern Italy in the summer of 312. Just like several other cities, Aquileia initially opted against Constantine, however, following his victories it offered to surrender and at the same time asked for mercy. Its conduct not only induced the emperor to grant a pardon to Aquileia but also to reward it.
Constantine’s contacts with Aquileia are also highlighted by the following: the synod of Arles in the summer of 314 that was called by the emperor and attended also by Bishop Theodore of Aquileia who presented himself in the minutes as a bishop from Dalmatia (!). This province was under the authority of Licinius, his ally who was soon to become his worst competitor. In the later years, Constantine visited Aquileia on several occasions during his journeys and issued some important laws there.
Key words: Panegyrici Latini, Constantine’s and Fausta’s first meeting, surrender of Aquileia in 312, synod of Arles, Constantine’s legislation
Chromatius of Aquileia and His Age, 2011
Das Zeitalter Diokletians und Konstantins
Zgodovinski časopis, 1990
Das Christentum in Bulgarien und auf der übrigen Balkanhalbinsel in der Spätantike und im "T*", M... more Das Christentum in Bulgarien und auf der übrigen Balkanhalbinsel in der Spätantike und im "T*", Mlt * eIal 'er, Miscellanea Bulgarica 5, Wien 1987 (vsa tri dela z Izčrpnimi navedbami sta-Г? 1 f?,. 1 i. t ÜE ature)-° začetkih krščanstva v Južnomakedonskih In grških deželah gl. A. FLICHEv. MARTIN (red.).
Zgodovinski časopis, 1993
Razširjeno besedilo referata na kolokviju ob stoletnici rojstva Milka Kosa v Ljubljani 10. decemb... more Razširjeno besedilo referata na kolokviju ob stoletnici rojstva Milka Kosa v Ljubljani 10. decembra 1992 Milko Kos je v več prispevkih obravnaval vprašanje kontinuitete iz antike v srednji vek v slovenskem naselitvenem prostoru. Prišel je do ugotovitev, ki z nekaterimi novejšimi dopol nitvami in korekturami držijo še danes. 1 Eden manj opaženih vidikov proučevanja kontinui tete je vprašanje kontinuitete znanja o antični zgodovini našega prostora. Ker le ta v antični dobi nikdar ni nastopal kot državna, politična ali upravna enota, temveč je bil vseskozi raz deljen, moramo za razumevanje njegove zgodovine pritegniti v obravnavo skoraj celotni pro stor severnojadranskega območja, vzhodnih Alp s predalpskim prostorom, dela srednjega Podonavja in zahodnega Balkana, skratka ozemlja med Sirmijem na vzhodu in Oglejem na zahodu, med Donavo na severu in Jadranskim morjem na jugu. Na tem ozemlju so se v rimski dobi, ki časovno pokriva pretežni del antičnega obdobja, izoblikovale naslednje upravne enote: Deseta regija ali kasneje provinca Benečija z Istro, province Norik, Panonija in Dal macija. O vrsti dogodkov v antični dobi v tem prostoru poroča dokaj nesistematično sorazmeroma veliko število antičnih zgodovinarjev in drugih piscev. Ti so v ogromni večini izhajali od drugod, le prav redki med njimi (kot na primer ptujski škof Viktorin, oglejski škof Kromacij ter prav tako na Oglej navezana Hieronim in Ruf in) so izhajali iz tega prostora ali se vsaj dalj časa v njem zadrževali. Podoba antične zgodovine tega prostora je v luči poročil samih antič nih piscev zelo fragmentarna. Poročila se nanašajo na nekaj ducatov »izbranih« dogodkov iz več kot sedemstoletnega obdobja od prvih posegov Rima v ta prostor v 2. stoletju pred Kri stusom do zadnjega obdobja v procesu propadanja antičnega sveta proti koncu 6. stoletja. Med temi dogodki jih je velika večina poznanih iz pripovedi enega ali dveh avtorjev, le prav malo pa je takih, da o njem poroča več antičnih piscev. 2 Spričo izrazite zareze v razvoju med antiko in srednjim vekom, do katere je prišlo s pro padom ostankov poznoantične državne in družbene ureditve, večjega dela poznoantičnih naselbinskih struktur in velikega dela antičnega kulturnega izročila ob naselitvi Slovanov na prehodu iz 6. v 7. stoletje, je umestno vprašanje, kolikšen del znanja o dogodkih in razvoju Seznam okrajšav: CB Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1828 ss. CSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Wien GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte, Berlin
Cristianesimo Nella Storia, 2008
Adopting the so-called long chronology of Martin's life (316/317-397), this paper examines th... more Adopting the so-called long chronology of Martin's life (316/317-397), this paper examines three episodes in the life and work of Martin of Tours. Depicting his youth in Sabaria, the first chapter describes the military setting of Martin's early life and the development of Christianity in Pannonia, and in Sabaria in particular, during the reign of Emperor Constantine. The second chapter discusses Martin's visit to Pannonia after his release from the army (357/358) and his clash with the Arians. This throws light on religious conflicts between Catholic Christians and the Arians although it is impossible to establish an authentic identification of these Arian adversaries. The image of Martin that is described in Sulpicius Severus's book Vita s. Martini is consistent with historical data and with facts cited by polemic literature of the second half of the 4 th century. The last chapter discusses the possible, yet unsubstantiated veneration of Martin in Pannonia in the 5 th and the 6 th centuries. Martin's status as a bishop with a holy reputation is associated primarily with the name and religious teachings of bishop Martin of Braga (Portugal), himself bom in Pannonia, who was a devout worshipper of Martin of Tours. The veneration of Martin spread in Pannonia after the Carolingians defeated Avars at the end of the 8 th century.
Jenseits der Grenzen, 2009
Meinung nach geht es um zwei gleichnamige Häretiker, Bonosus aus Naissus [verurteilt 392/393, ges... more Meinung nach geht es um zwei gleichnamige Häretiker, Bonosus aus Naissus [verurteilt 392/393, gest. vor 409] und Bonosus aus Serdica [ca. 414-431], der in den Quellen zur Zeit des Konzils von Ephesus 431 erscheint). Die Häresie war bis zum Ende des 6. Jahrhunderts, in Spanien sogar bis in die zweite Hälfte des 7. Jahrhunderts, aktuell. 10 Der Brief von Ursacius und Valens an den Papst Iulius im Jahre 347 (Hilarius, Collectanea antiariana Parisina B II, 6 in CSEL 65, 143-144); der Brief der beiden Bischöfe an Athanasius um 347 (Collectanea B II, 8, CSEL 65, 145-150); der Brief von vier arianischen Bischöfen an Germinius von Sirmium aus dem Jahre 366 (Collectanea B V, CSEL 65, 159-160); der Brief von Germinius an die acht Bischöfe aus dem Jahre 366 (Collectanea B VI, CSEL 160-164). Ausführlich dazu A. Cedilnik, Ilirik med Konstantinom Velikim in Teodozijem Velikim. Balkansko-podonavski prostor v poročilih
Diokletian und die Tetrarchie, 2004
Historische Zeitschrift, 2012
Rufinus von Aquileia. Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, Band XXIX, 231-246 , 2018
Studi e ricerche per il LXXXIX convegno della Deputazione di storia patria per il Friuli (ed. Silvano Cavazza, Udine 2019, p. 9-60
Abstract Food Production and Consumption in the Province Venetia et Histria in the Ostrogothic Pe... more Abstract
Food Production and Consumption in the Province Venetia et Histria in the Ostrogothic Period
Production of sufficient amounts of food represented for the Ostrogothic state, which did not include lands with considerable surpluses in agricultural production, one of the most challenging tasks. Difficulties in food supply were noticeable already during the Gothic migration from the eastern Balkans to Italy and manifested themselves later on in the provision of the army and provinces as poor harvests set in. Cassiodorus’ collection Variae highlights several such cases. In the years 510-511 the province Venetia et Histria supplied with surpluses of food other parts of Italy and the Gothic army in Gallia. In 523 the province was – concurrently with Liguria – put to a test when the allied Gepid army passed from Pannonia to Gallia. In the second year of the war against Byzantium (536), the question of nourishment was aggregated by military devastations but also by the atmospheric disturbance that nullified the harvest, causing severe famine in central and northern Italy. Chronologically last letters (537-538) provide insight into the circumstances of the then divided provinces of Histria and Venetia. Cassiodorus’ presentation is partial: the author’s praise of Istria was aimed at its inhabitants who were to come to terms with the increased burden of delivery of food; similarly, by praising their social order, discipline, modesty and diligence, he wanted to induce inhabitants of coastal Venetia to perform conscientiously the demanding transport of food from Istria to the capital.
Key words: Theoderic, Cassiodorus, nourishment, trade, transport, famine, wars, natural disasters.
Rajko Bratož: Literary Sources on Constantine's Contacts with Aquileia Panegyric 7 (6) in honour... more Rajko Bratož: Literary Sources on Constantine's Contacts with Aquileia
Panegyric 7 (6) in honour of Maximianus and Constantine, which was presented in the summer of 307 upon Constantine’s assumption of the imperial title by Maximianus and his contemporaneous marriage to Maximianus’ daughter Fausta, depicts the first meeting of the young Constantine with the then 5-year-old Fausta (about 295) as it was portrayed by a painting at the imperial palace in Aquileia. On that occasion, he accepted a parade helmet from the princess as an “engagement present”. The purpose of the propaganda speech is to emphasize the political and familial relationship between the two emperors.
Panegyrics 12 (9) of 313 and 4 (10) of 321 (Nazarius) cover Aquileia’s conduct upon Constantine’s war in northern Italy in the summer of 312. Just like several other cities, Aquileia initially opted against Constantine, however, following his victories it offered to surrender and at the same time asked for mercy. Its conduct not only induced the emperor to grant a pardon to Aquileia but also to reward it.
Constantine’s contacts with Aquileia are also highlighted by the following: the synod of Arles in the summer of 314 that was called by the emperor and attended also by Bishop Theodore of Aquileia who presented himself in the minutes as a bishop from Dalmatia (!). This province was under the authority of Licinius, his ally who was soon to become his worst competitor. In the later years, Constantine visited Aquileia on several occasions during his journeys and issued some important laws there.
Key words: Panegyrici Latini, Constantine’s and Fausta’s first meeting, surrender of Aquileia in 312, synod of Arles, Constantine’s legislation
Beat Näf, Städte und ihre Märtyrer. Der Kult der Thebäischen Legion. Paradosis 51. Beiträge zur ... more Beat Näf, Städte und ihre Märtyrer. Der Kult der Thebäischen Legion.
Paradosis 51. Beiträge zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur und Theologie, Academic Press Fribourg 2011.
Hieronymus noster, 2019
1600 year of St. Jerome's death. Ljubljana, 23- 26 october 2019
![Research paper thumbnail of Sulpicij Sever, Martinovo berilo (Martinellus): Življenje svetega Martina, Pisma o Martinu in Dialogi [Sulpicius Severus, Martinellus: Life of Saint Martin, Letters on Martin, and the Dialogues]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63026336/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Cerkveni očetje, 2017
Martinov spopad z arijansko duhovščino je Sulpicij pravilno postavil v čas, ko je bilo arijanstvo... more Martinov spopad z arijansko duhovščino je Sulpicij pravilno postavil v čas, ko je bilo arijanstvo »po vsem svetu«, še zlasti pa v Iliriku, zelo vplivno. Okvirna oznaka razmer je v celoti ustrezna: to je doba druge in tretje sirmijske sinode (357), obenem čas, ko se je Konstancij II. zaradi vojne s Sarmati dalj časa (od jeseni 357 do pomladi 359) zadrževal v Sirmiju. Vpliv arijanskih škofov iz Ilirika na cesarja je bil v tem času najbolj izrazit. Sulpicijevo poročilo, da se je Martin z arijanskimi nasprotniki spopadel skorajda sam (paene solus), dopušča možnost, da je imel na svoji strani nekaj zaveznikov. Martinov neustrašni nastop proti premočnim nasprotnikom sta poznejša pesniška biografa stopnjevala v podobo junaškega boja, Venancij Fortunat mu je dal celo poteze mučeniškega agona. Besednemu dvoboju v ostri obliki (acerrime) je sledil fizični obračun, ki naj bi bil najprej mučen in dolgotrajen (multa supplicia), nato pa boleč in sramotilen (javno šibanje in izgon iz mesta). Ker se fizično nasilje v času verskih spopadov večkrat omenja, Sulpicijeva pripoved kljub verjetnemu pretiravanju v bistvu ustreza resnici. (Rajko Bratož, Spremna študija)