Samo Rauter | University of Ljubljana (original) (raw)
Papers by Samo Rauter
Additional file of Relationship between energy availability, energy conservation and cognitive re... more Additional file of Relationship between energy availability, energy conservation and cognitive restraint with performance measures in male endurance athletes
The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regard... more The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regarding the participation of a continuously increasing number of athletes in extreme sports. At the forefront, there is the recognition of the reasons why people actively participate in extreme sports. We were also interested in the popularity of individual sports and in people‘s attitudes regarding the dangers and demands of these types of sports. The research was based on a statistical sample of 1,478 sport-oriented people in Slovenia, who completed an online questionnaire. The results showed that people were very familiar with individual extreme sports, especially the ultra-endurance types of sports. The people who participated in the survey stated that the most dangerous types of sports were: extreme skiing, downhill mountain biking and mountaineering, whilst the most demanding were: Ironman, ultracycling, and ultrarunning. The results have shown a wider popularity of extreme sports amon...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
This study assessed differences in agility performance between athletes of team and individual sp... more This study assessed differences in agility performance between athletes of team and individual sports by assessing change-of-direction speed (CODS) as pre-planned agility and reactive agility (RA) as non-planed in different spatial configurations. The study involved 36 individual (sprint, hurdles, jumping, tennis, and judo) and 34 team (soccer, basketball, and handball) athletes. CODS and RA were measured with a light-based reactive training system in a frontal (FR), universal (UN), semicircular (SC), and lateral (LA) design. Lower limb power and sprint performance were also measured in a 10 m single leg jump test and 15 m sprint. Individual athletes showed significantly better performance in three of the eight agility tests: LA-RA, UN-RA, and SC-CODS (p < 0.008, p < 0.036, and p < 0.027, respectively) and were found to present stronger correlations (p < 0.01) between jump test performance and the CODS condition. Team athletes showed stronger associations between sprint ...
International Journal of Morphology, 2017
Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 2018
Journal of strength and conditioning research, Jan 22, 2018
AbstarctThe aim of the study is to examine the differences between change-of-direction speed (COD... more AbstarctThe aim of the study is to examine the differences between change-of-direction speed (CODS) as pre-planned movement and reactive agility (RA) as non-planned (randomly selected) movement in terms of gender, using the same same spatial configuration. The tests combined frontal, universal, semi-circular, and lateral movement structure. Forty-five male and thirty-one female students-athletes were participated in the experiment. The time-based parameters of CODS and RA tests were determined using the FitLight Trainer system. Additionally, the linear speed and reactive power was measured using Brower Timing System. The differences between the CODS and RA test were established by means of an independent T-test. A correlation analysis was performed to analyse the relationships between selected agility tests and motor ability. Significant differences were observed in the RA and CODS tests for men and women. The highest differences between both group was observed in the frontal FR-RA,...
Applied Studies In Agribusiness And Commerce, 2013
Tourism has been and will continue to be one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the... more Tourism has been and will continue to be one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the world. Sport is obviously a very important aspect of society in many different ways: culturally, economically and socially. Like in the past, local authorities continue to regard all sporting events as a way of promoting and positioning their destination. Participation in sport events relates to tourism because it also involves travelling to host destinations. Therefore, the aim of our study is to compare participation in small and large sport-for-all events in relation to tourism in Slovenia. We analysed the factors determining differences in the travel behaviours of sport event participants and certain aspects of participation (travel behaviour, frequency of sport event participation, reasons for participation) at the largest cycling event in Slovenia (the Franja cycling marathon) and two smaller cycling events (the “Three hearts Radenci” recreational cycling marathon and the “Around ...
2016 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI), 2016
The study aimed to establish the differences between cyclists and runners in terms of the frequen... more The study aimed to establish the differences between cyclists and runners in terms of the frequency of them actively spending their leisure time and the frequency of them participating in various mass sports events. At the same time, we analysed the habits and experience of participants in such events and explained the correlation between their participation in mass sports events and their lifestyle. The study sample was made up of recreational cyclists (194) and runners (664). It included participants in two of the largest mass sports events in Slovenia, namely the Ljubljana Marathon and the Franja (Cycling) Marathon. The study was underpinned by quantitative and qualitative research. We established that the cyclists are more frequently active and attend more events than the runners. Moreover, the share of those classified as ‘serious’ participants is larger among the cyclists. We established that a person’s active lifestyle is influenced by their participation in past events and e...
The study is aimed to establish differences of road cyclists and mountain bikers. The main purpos... more The study is aimed to establish differences of road cyclists and mountain bikers. The main purpose of the study was to identify the conditions and scope of participating the sport, the recognition of the motives to participate, the environmental effect along with social and demographic characteristics. The study was based on a sample of 68 Slovenian road cyclists and mountain bikers, who completed the questionnaire. The data were processed with the SPSS 16.0 statistical software package. Basic statistics were created for both groups and the differences between them were established by an Analysis of Variance and the Chi-Square Test. Next to the qualitative research we have made additional five depth interviews with selected cyclists from both sports. The study results show that the mountain bikers have slightly different values which are usually typical for extreme athletes. Mountain bikers more often feel the need to take risks and seek new experiences. Compared to road cyclists, m...
Kinesiology
The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regard... more The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regarding the participation of a continuously increasing number of athletes in extreme sports. At the forefront, there is the recognition of the reasons why people actively participate in extreme sports. We were also interested in the popularity of individual sports and in people's attitudes regarding the dangers and demands of these types of sports. The research was based on a statistical sample of 1,478 sport-oriented people in Slovenia, who completed an online questionnaire. The results showed that people were very familiar with individual extreme sports, especially the ultra-endurance types of sports. The people who participated in the survey stated that the most dangerous types of sports were: extreme skiing, downhill mountain biking and mountaineering, whilst the most demanding were: Ironman, ultracycling, and ultrarunning. The results have shown a wider popularity of extreme sports ...
The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regard... more The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regarding the participation of a continuously increasing number of athletes in extreme sports. At the forefront, there is the recognition of the reasons why people actively participate in extreme sports. We were also interested in the popularity of individual sports and in people‘s attitudes regarding the dangers and demands of these types of sports. The research was based on a statistical sample of 1,478 sport-oriented people in Slovenia, who completed an online questionnaire. The results showed that people were very familiar with individual extreme sports, especially the ultra-endurance types of sports. The people who participated in the survey stated that the most dangerous types of sports were: extreme skiing, downhill mountain biking and mountaineering, whilst the most demanding were: Ironman, ultracycling, and ultrarunning. The results have shown a wider popularity of extreme sports amon...
Medicina dello Sport, 2020
Background: Low energy availability in male athletes has gained a lot of attention in the last ye... more Background: Low energy availability in male athletes has gained a lot of attention in the last years, but direct evidence of its effects on health and performance is lacking. Aim of this research was to objectively measure energy availability (EA) in healthy male endurance athletes without pre-existing relative energy deficiency signs during pre-race season. Methods: 12 trained endurance athletes (performance level 3, 4 and 5) participated in the cross-sectional controlled laboratory study. Fat free mass, exercise energy expenditure and energy intake were measured to calculate EA. Resting energy expenditure was measured and estimated to assess energy conservation. Three specific performance tests were used to assess endurance, agility and explosive strength performance. For psychological evaluation, the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and a short Well-being questionnaire were completed.Results: Mean EA was 29.5 kcal/kg FFM/day. The majority (66.6%) had EA under the threshold for l...
Italy and Slovenia have no structured measures in place to provide educational services for elite... more Italy and Slovenia have no structured measures in place to provide educational services for elite athletes in higher education. Thus, this study aimed to understand motivations for a dual career of Italian and Slovenian student-athletes in relation to gender, age (≤24, >24 yrs), and type of sport (i.e., individual sports, team sports). Ninety-eight Italian (females: n=23, age: 22.1±1.5 yrs; males: n=75, age: 24.3±2.9 yrs) and 216 Slovenian (females: n=103, age: 21.5±3.0 yrs; males: n=113, age: 21.3±2.3 yrs) college student-athletes were administered the 39 items of the SAMSAQ-IS (i.e., 30 items of the original SAMSAQ plus nine items of the Italian version SAMSAQ-IT) questionnaire. A MANOVA verified differences (p<0.05) between the groups. A three-factor model with acceptable Cronbach alpha coefficients (SAM=16, alpha=0.85 items; AM=14 items, alpha=0.78 items; CAM=18 items, alpha=0.85 items) emerged. Two items (i.e., 19, 39) were removed because of a low threshold of acceptabil...
Collegium antropologicum, 2014
The study analysed the experiences of participants on mass sport events, and explained the influe... more The study analysed the experiences of participants on mass sport events, and explained the influence of such sport events on the lifestyle of runners. The study sample consisted of 664 participants of the 15th Ljubljana Marathon. The TRPS questionnaire was adjusted to establish the tourist roles. The role of sport tourists was assumed by 29.8% of all participants. Sport tourists who take various trips mainly for sport purposes (66.7%) participate more often in mass sport events at home and abroad and are more physically active in their leisure time. Moreover, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with selected marathon participants. It was established that different travel behaviour and experiences from earlier sport events have influenced on their lifestyles.
Over fairly recent years the concept of an ar- tificial sport trainer has been proposed in litera... more Over fairly recent years the concept of an ar- tificial sport trainer has been proposed in literature. This concept is based on computational intelligence algorithms. In this paper, we try to extend the artificial sports trainer by planning fitness training sessions that are suitable for athletes, especially during idle seasons when no competi- tion takes place (e.g., winter). The bat algorithm was used for planning fitness training sessions and results showed promise for the proposed solution. Future directions for development are also outlined in the paper.
Stochastic population-based nature-inspired metaheuristics have recently revealed that they are a... more Stochastic population-based nature-inspired metaheuristics have recently revealed that they are a very robust tool for planning sport training sessions in various sports, e.g. running, cycling, triathlon. Most of the existing solutions in literature are focused on planning training sessions for a particular training cycle. Until recently, no special attention was paid to planning interval training sessions, where the high-intensity intervals are followed by low-intensity periods of recovery. This kind of training sessions increases the aerobic capacity of an athlete. In this paper, we propose planning interval training sessions using stochastic population-based nature-inspired metaheuristics. The proposed bat algorithm was tested on an archive of interval training sessions realized by a younger mountain biker, where two different scenarios were taken into account.
This paper describes complex networks in regards to their fractal characteristic. Firstly, a shor... more This paper describes complex networks in regards to their fractal characteristic. Firstly, a short background concerning fractal dimensionality based on box-counting is considered, while in the continuation its application on spatially embedded networks is proposed using rasterization at multiple scales. Finally, the obtained results are presented.
Additional file of Relationship between energy availability, energy conservation and cognitive re... more Additional file of Relationship between energy availability, energy conservation and cognitive restraint with performance measures in male endurance athletes
The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regard... more The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regarding the participation of a continuously increasing number of athletes in extreme sports. At the forefront, there is the recognition of the reasons why people actively participate in extreme sports. We were also interested in the popularity of individual sports and in people‘s attitudes regarding the dangers and demands of these types of sports. The research was based on a statistical sample of 1,478 sport-oriented people in Slovenia, who completed an online questionnaire. The results showed that people were very familiar with individual extreme sports, especially the ultra-endurance types of sports. The people who participated in the survey stated that the most dangerous types of sports were: extreme skiing, downhill mountain biking and mountaineering, whilst the most demanding were: Ironman, ultracycling, and ultrarunning. The results have shown a wider popularity of extreme sports amon...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
This study assessed differences in agility performance between athletes of team and individual sp... more This study assessed differences in agility performance between athletes of team and individual sports by assessing change-of-direction speed (CODS) as pre-planned agility and reactive agility (RA) as non-planed in different spatial configurations. The study involved 36 individual (sprint, hurdles, jumping, tennis, and judo) and 34 team (soccer, basketball, and handball) athletes. CODS and RA were measured with a light-based reactive training system in a frontal (FR), universal (UN), semicircular (SC), and lateral (LA) design. Lower limb power and sprint performance were also measured in a 10 m single leg jump test and 15 m sprint. Individual athletes showed significantly better performance in three of the eight agility tests: LA-RA, UN-RA, and SC-CODS (p < 0.008, p < 0.036, and p < 0.027, respectively) and were found to present stronger correlations (p < 0.01) between jump test performance and the CODS condition. Team athletes showed stronger associations between sprint ...
International Journal of Morphology, 2017
Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 2018
Journal of strength and conditioning research, Jan 22, 2018
AbstarctThe aim of the study is to examine the differences between change-of-direction speed (COD... more AbstarctThe aim of the study is to examine the differences between change-of-direction speed (CODS) as pre-planned movement and reactive agility (RA) as non-planned (randomly selected) movement in terms of gender, using the same same spatial configuration. The tests combined frontal, universal, semi-circular, and lateral movement structure. Forty-five male and thirty-one female students-athletes were participated in the experiment. The time-based parameters of CODS and RA tests were determined using the FitLight Trainer system. Additionally, the linear speed and reactive power was measured using Brower Timing System. The differences between the CODS and RA test were established by means of an independent T-test. A correlation analysis was performed to analyse the relationships between selected agility tests and motor ability. Significant differences were observed in the RA and CODS tests for men and women. The highest differences between both group was observed in the frontal FR-RA,...
Applied Studies In Agribusiness And Commerce, 2013
Tourism has been and will continue to be one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the... more Tourism has been and will continue to be one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the world. Sport is obviously a very important aspect of society in many different ways: culturally, economically and socially. Like in the past, local authorities continue to regard all sporting events as a way of promoting and positioning their destination. Participation in sport events relates to tourism because it also involves travelling to host destinations. Therefore, the aim of our study is to compare participation in small and large sport-for-all events in relation to tourism in Slovenia. We analysed the factors determining differences in the travel behaviours of sport event participants and certain aspects of participation (travel behaviour, frequency of sport event participation, reasons for participation) at the largest cycling event in Slovenia (the Franja cycling marathon) and two smaller cycling events (the “Three hearts Radenci” recreational cycling marathon and the “Around ...
2016 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI), 2016
The study aimed to establish the differences between cyclists and runners in terms of the frequen... more The study aimed to establish the differences between cyclists and runners in terms of the frequency of them actively spending their leisure time and the frequency of them participating in various mass sports events. At the same time, we analysed the habits and experience of participants in such events and explained the correlation between their participation in mass sports events and their lifestyle. The study sample was made up of recreational cyclists (194) and runners (664). It included participants in two of the largest mass sports events in Slovenia, namely the Ljubljana Marathon and the Franja (Cycling) Marathon. The study was underpinned by quantitative and qualitative research. We established that the cyclists are more frequently active and attend more events than the runners. Moreover, the share of those classified as ‘serious’ participants is larger among the cyclists. We established that a person’s active lifestyle is influenced by their participation in past events and e...
The study is aimed to establish differences of road cyclists and mountain bikers. The main purpos... more The study is aimed to establish differences of road cyclists and mountain bikers. The main purpose of the study was to identify the conditions and scope of participating the sport, the recognition of the motives to participate, the environmental effect along with social and demographic characteristics. The study was based on a sample of 68 Slovenian road cyclists and mountain bikers, who completed the questionnaire. The data were processed with the SPSS 16.0 statistical software package. Basic statistics were created for both groups and the differences between them were established by an Analysis of Variance and the Chi-Square Test. Next to the qualitative research we have made additional five depth interviews with selected cyclists from both sports. The study results show that the mountain bikers have slightly different values which are usually typical for extreme athletes. Mountain bikers more often feel the need to take risks and seek new experiences. Compared to road cyclists, m...
Kinesiology
The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regard... more The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regarding the participation of a continuously increasing number of athletes in extreme sports. At the forefront, there is the recognition of the reasons why people actively participate in extreme sports. We were also interested in the popularity of individual sports and in people's attitudes regarding the dangers and demands of these types of sports. The research was based on a statistical sample of 1,478 sport-oriented people in Slovenia, who completed an online questionnaire. The results showed that people were very familiar with individual extreme sports, especially the ultra-endurance types of sports. The people who participated in the survey stated that the most dangerous types of sports were: extreme skiing, downhill mountain biking and mountaineering, whilst the most demanding were: Ironman, ultracycling, and ultrarunning. The results have shown a wider popularity of extreme sports ...
The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regard... more The purpose of the research was to determine the perspectives of the sport-oriented people regarding the participation of a continuously increasing number of athletes in extreme sports. At the forefront, there is the recognition of the reasons why people actively participate in extreme sports. We were also interested in the popularity of individual sports and in people‘s attitudes regarding the dangers and demands of these types of sports. The research was based on a statistical sample of 1,478 sport-oriented people in Slovenia, who completed an online questionnaire. The results showed that people were very familiar with individual extreme sports, especially the ultra-endurance types of sports. The people who participated in the survey stated that the most dangerous types of sports were: extreme skiing, downhill mountain biking and mountaineering, whilst the most demanding were: Ironman, ultracycling, and ultrarunning. The results have shown a wider popularity of extreme sports amon...
Medicina dello Sport, 2020
Background: Low energy availability in male athletes has gained a lot of attention in the last ye... more Background: Low energy availability in male athletes has gained a lot of attention in the last years, but direct evidence of its effects on health and performance is lacking. Aim of this research was to objectively measure energy availability (EA) in healthy male endurance athletes without pre-existing relative energy deficiency signs during pre-race season. Methods: 12 trained endurance athletes (performance level 3, 4 and 5) participated in the cross-sectional controlled laboratory study. Fat free mass, exercise energy expenditure and energy intake were measured to calculate EA. Resting energy expenditure was measured and estimated to assess energy conservation. Three specific performance tests were used to assess endurance, agility and explosive strength performance. For psychological evaluation, the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and a short Well-being questionnaire were completed.Results: Mean EA was 29.5 kcal/kg FFM/day. The majority (66.6%) had EA under the threshold for l...
Italy and Slovenia have no structured measures in place to provide educational services for elite... more Italy and Slovenia have no structured measures in place to provide educational services for elite athletes in higher education. Thus, this study aimed to understand motivations for a dual career of Italian and Slovenian student-athletes in relation to gender, age (≤24, >24 yrs), and type of sport (i.e., individual sports, team sports). Ninety-eight Italian (females: n=23, age: 22.1±1.5 yrs; males: n=75, age: 24.3±2.9 yrs) and 216 Slovenian (females: n=103, age: 21.5±3.0 yrs; males: n=113, age: 21.3±2.3 yrs) college student-athletes were administered the 39 items of the SAMSAQ-IS (i.e., 30 items of the original SAMSAQ plus nine items of the Italian version SAMSAQ-IT) questionnaire. A MANOVA verified differences (p<0.05) between the groups. A three-factor model with acceptable Cronbach alpha coefficients (SAM=16, alpha=0.85 items; AM=14 items, alpha=0.78 items; CAM=18 items, alpha=0.85 items) emerged. Two items (i.e., 19, 39) were removed because of a low threshold of acceptabil...
Collegium antropologicum, 2014
The study analysed the experiences of participants on mass sport events, and explained the influe... more The study analysed the experiences of participants on mass sport events, and explained the influence of such sport events on the lifestyle of runners. The study sample consisted of 664 participants of the 15th Ljubljana Marathon. The TRPS questionnaire was adjusted to establish the tourist roles. The role of sport tourists was assumed by 29.8% of all participants. Sport tourists who take various trips mainly for sport purposes (66.7%) participate more often in mass sport events at home and abroad and are more physically active in their leisure time. Moreover, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with selected marathon participants. It was established that different travel behaviour and experiences from earlier sport events have influenced on their lifestyles.
Over fairly recent years the concept of an ar- tificial sport trainer has been proposed in litera... more Over fairly recent years the concept of an ar- tificial sport trainer has been proposed in literature. This concept is based on computational intelligence algorithms. In this paper, we try to extend the artificial sports trainer by planning fitness training sessions that are suitable for athletes, especially during idle seasons when no competi- tion takes place (e.g., winter). The bat algorithm was used for planning fitness training sessions and results showed promise for the proposed solution. Future directions for development are also outlined in the paper.
Stochastic population-based nature-inspired metaheuristics have recently revealed that they are a... more Stochastic population-based nature-inspired metaheuristics have recently revealed that they are a very robust tool for planning sport training sessions in various sports, e.g. running, cycling, triathlon. Most of the existing solutions in literature are focused on planning training sessions for a particular training cycle. Until recently, no special attention was paid to planning interval training sessions, where the high-intensity intervals are followed by low-intensity periods of recovery. This kind of training sessions increases the aerobic capacity of an athlete. In this paper, we propose planning interval training sessions using stochastic population-based nature-inspired metaheuristics. The proposed bat algorithm was tested on an archive of interval training sessions realized by a younger mountain biker, where two different scenarios were taken into account.
This paper describes complex networks in regards to their fractal characteristic. Firstly, a shor... more This paper describes complex networks in regards to their fractal characteristic. Firstly, a short background concerning fractal dimensionality based on box-counting is considered, while in the continuation its application on spatially embedded networks is proposed using rasterization at multiple scales. Finally, the obtained results are presented.