Krasimira Chakarova | University of Plovdiv (original) (raw)

Papers by Krasimira Chakarova

Object of the current study are the phonetic means that express negation in Contemporary Bulgaria... more Object of the current study are the phonetic means that express negation in Contemporary Bulgarian and that are part of the formal inventory of the functional and semantic category of polarity (and more precisely – part of the periphery of the negative polarity). Our interest on this topic was promoted by the lack of detailed research. The main goal here is to present a description of these specific characteristics by paying more attention to the role of intonation and stress in the speech realization of the phrases of interest. To achieve this goal, we have employed a variety of technological resources for rhythmic and melodic analysis, with the help of which we conduct experimental research on our targeted phrases and provide graphic representation of melody and intensity of pronunciation, as well as spectrographic analysis of speech. Our data shows that stress and intonation are indeed differentiating factors in the meaning of the phonetic explicators we observe. Stress and intonation make the phonetic antonyms ъ-ъ (meaning no) and ъхъ (meaning yes) capable of expressing different meaning. This is also true for the phrases with the да particle (да бе, да; да бе; да, да). According to our experiment the main phonetic characteristic of the sound тц (meaning no) is its implosive (inspiratory) nature. However, should it be pronounced several times in a row (as тц-тц-тц) it bears the meaning of interjection, which expresses amazement, surprise, indignation, ets.

The focus of the academic analysis is on the issue of the functional competition between the nega... more The focus of the academic analysis is on the issue of the functional competition between the negative future forms, formed with the negating formants не and няма (нямаше, нямало), in the contemporary stage of the development of the Bulgarian language. On the basis of a questionnaire survey, several questions were sought to be answered: which of the options is preferred by native speakers and what are the reasons for that; to what extent respondents distinguish the semantics of the consequential negative forms of non-evidentiality and epistemic conclusiveness. Another important task of the study is to provide up-to-date information on the functional realization of the negated consequential forms that have not found a place in the systematic descriptions of the Bulgarian language (cf. e.g. нямало е да чета, нямало е да съм чел и др.). The summarized results of the survey convincingly show that the existing intra-systemic competition between the negative post-variants with не and няма (нямаше, нямало) in the modern Bulgarian language is distinctly chosen in favor of the formations with няма. On the other hand, it becomes clear that respondents distinguish between the meanings of renarrativity and epistemic conclusiveness in the paradigm of negated posteriority, but they are not always convinced who is the grammatically correct formal expresser of these meanings. The majority of native speakers express a preference for variants with a preserved (or dropped) third-person form of съм 'to be'e.g. нямало е да четеш 'you wouldn't have read' (conclusive); нямало е да чета '(they say) I wouldn't have read' (non-evidential),which enters into a logically motivated correlation with the impersonal form нямало. Observations on the results of the survey have an important theoretical significance, insofar as they are related to the manifestations of the so-called tendency towards uniformity, characteristic of the Bulgarian morphological system.

Пловдивский университет им. Паисия Хилендарского Будучи плодом многолетнего интереса к теме о лин... more Пловдивский университет им. Паисия Хилендарского Будучи плодом многолетнего интереса к теме о лингвистических параметрах отрицания в современном болгарском языке, настоящее исследование сосредотачивается на вопросе о специализированных негирующих маркерах (грамматических частицах и вспомогательных глаголах), при помощи которых образуются болгарские отрицательные формы, а именно: частица не (при глаголе), вспомогательный глагол няма и прохибитивный вербальный формант недей-ср., например, не дойде, не съм чел, няма да кажат, нямало да яде, недей да говориш и мн. др. Мы принимаем в качестве исходной идею о том, что эти маркеры функционируют в ядре поля функционально-семантической категории 1 п о л я р н о с т ь 2 (у И. Куцарова "статусность" 3), иными словами, это формальные показатели граммемы о т р и ц а т е л ь н о с ть, маркированного члена привативной оппозиции о т р и ц а т е л ь н о с т ь-н е о т р и ц а т е л ь н о с т ь в рамках морфологической категории э к з и с т е н ц и а л ь н ы й с т а т у с д е й с т в и я (р е з у л ь т а т а д е й с т в и я) и л и с о с т о я н и я (у Куцарова "статус") 4. Основная наша задача-представить формально-семантические специфики упомянутых грамматических маркеров, поискать убедительные аргументы в подтверждение концепции о грамматикализации отрицания в современном болгарском языке (см. Куцаров 2007; Чакырова 2019). I. Грамматическая частица не-основной негирующий оператор в современном болгарском языке 1 Мы пользуемся термином «функционально-семантическая категория» в русле концепции А. В. Бондарко-ср.: «Функционально-семантическая категория представляет собой систему разнородных языковых средств, способных взаимодействовать для выполнения определенных семантических функций» (Бондарко 1971, 8). 2 «Категорией полярности называется такая категория, элементы которой указывают, является ли данное высказывание утверждением или отрицанием» (Мельчук 1998, 147). 3 См. у И. Куцарова (Куцаров 1985). 4 Ввиду ограниченного объема настоящего текста, в дальнейшем изложении будем пользоваться кратким термином с т а т у с .

The article is of a practical nature. It presents specific ideas for teaching verbal aspect to fo... more The article is of a practical nature. It presents specific ideas for teaching verbal aspect to foreign students throughout their preparatory course in Bulgarian language. The accent is placed on the factors which would optimize the teaching process-a precise selection of the verbs that would illustrate the main opposition in the category (c o m p l e t e n e s s-i n c o m p l e t e n e s s), special emphasis on the derivative function of perfective prefixes, explicit differentiation between aspect, tense and lexical verbal meaning (way of action).

The article examines some challenges in teaching Bulgarian verbal aspect in regard to its problem... more The article examines some challenges in teaching Bulgarian verbal aspect in regard to its problematic comprehension by foreign students whose native language lacks this category. The paper does a brief critical review on the methodological strategies used for presenting aspect in popular contemporary textbooks for teaching Bulgarian to foreigners. The study concludes that the observed difficulties in understanding the examined category derive from its inconsistent and contradictious scientific description.

The paper is dedicated to the ways of expressing the meaning of male personality in contemporary ... more The paper is dedicated to the ways of expressing the meaning of male personality in contemporary Bulgarian. We examine various standpoints (such as those of I. Lekov, P. Kostadinova, B. Englund, S. Burov, etc.) on the manifestations of this meaning within the nominal system. We focus on the topic about the differences between the concepts male personality and general personality, the latter being interpreted as a case of semantic neutralization within the lexico-grammatical category of gender of nouns. The verbal means of explication of male personality are analyzed in detail with the help of the terminological instruments of A.V. Bondarko's theory of functional-semantic fields. Our main purpose is to emphasize the specific place of these means in the field of the functional-semantic category of genderness. A conclusion is drawn that male personality functions as a private semantic zone in the microfield of masculinar genderness.

SEMANTIC-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE TYPE KOY (LI) NE IN MODERN BULGAR... more SEMANTIC-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE TYPE KOY (LI) NE IN MODERN BULGARIAN

The object of scientific analysis in this paper are the structural-semantic, functional and stylistic characteristics of a type of quasi-negative constructions with generalizing meaning in the modern Bulgarian language, which are formed by interrogative pronouns (or adverbs) by adding the particles li or ne (or just ne)-cf. koy (li) ne, kakav (li) ne, kade (li) ne, etc. Based on the observations on a rich corpus of excerpted examples, an answer to the question of the status of the combinations in question, the degree of their idiomatization, the semantic difference between them and the corresponding generalizing pronouns, the role of context in their use in speech is sought. Attention is drawn to the fact that, unlike the generalizing pronouns, these combinations are not used in sentences with a verb negation, nor in real interrogative sentences. It is concluded that in the current stage of development of the Bulgarian language there is a process of lexicalization of composites of the type koy (li) ne, but it has not reached its final phase. Evidence of this is the uncertainty of the constituent model of the combinations (there are the following structural variants-koy li ne (koy li nyama-in rhetorical questions), koy li ne, koy li ne shtesh), their dependence on the context, the situation and partly on intonation (when used in rhetorical questions), as well as their functional limitations.

LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSING NEGATION IN MODERN BULGARIAN The scientific analysis is focuse... more LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSING NEGATION
IN MODERN BULGARIAN

The scientific analysis is focused on part of the peripheral means in the field of the functional semantic category of polarity in the modern Bulgarian language, i.e. the lexical means of expressing negation. After a brief presentation of the semantic and structural characteristics of the field under study, the individual groups of negative lexical modifiers are thoroughly analysed. Special attention is paid to the specificity in the function of these modifiers and to their combination with the core explicators of negation in particular.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist dem Problem der typischen Unterschiede bei der Darstellung der N... more Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist dem Problem der typischen Unterschiede bei der Darstellung der N e g a t i o n im Bulgarischen und im Deutschen gewidmet. Wegen des vielseitigen Themas richten wir unser Augenmerk auf die sog. Gemeinnegation (bei manchen bulgarischen Autoren p r ä d i k a t i v e N e g a t i o n), die traditionell als Prädikatsnegation 2-"der semantische Gipfel des Satzes 3 "behandelt wird, d. h. der semantische Hauptoperator, der am Satzbau teilnimmt (Падучева 1974, 154). Wir schließen uns der Ansicht von Paducheva, dass sich der ganze Satz als Handlungssphäre dieser Negation erweist: vgl. Тя не пее = [es fehlt, ist nicht vorhanden] (dass) sie singt. Die wissenschaftliche Beschreibung basiert auf Beobachtungen über einen Teil der neuesten Konzepte über das Wesen der sprachlichen Negation, insbesondere der Satznegation in der bulgarischen und deutschen Linguistik, andererseits auf einem reichen taxonomischen Sprachmaterial aus literarischen Texten, die aus dem Deutschen ins Bulgarische und

ONCE AGAIN ON THE QUESTION OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE BULGARIAN DETERMINATIVES The foc... more ONCE AGAIN ON THE QUESTION OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL STATUS
OF THE BULGARIAN DETERMINATIVES

The focus of the present research has been placed on the question of current interest about the so-called determinatives in modern Bulgarian (cf. tykmo, imenno, chak , etc.), proclaimed by some authors as an independent class of invariable words, different from the adverbs. An attempt has been made at classifying the above-mentioned lexemes; their most distinctive semantic and functional characteristics are pointed out; their place in the morphological system has been analyzed.

THE EXPRESSION OF GENERAL NEGATION IN BULGARIAN AND GERMAN THROUGH THE PERSVECTIVE OF CONTASTIVE... more THE EXPRESSION OF GENERAL NEGATION IN BULGARIAN AND GERMAN THROUGH THE PERSVECTIVE OF CONTASTIVE ANALYSIS

The object of analysis in the present study are some characteristic features of the linguistic means expressing negation (and in particular – general negation) in two unrelated languages – Bulgarian and German. The paper presents a brief outline of the basic concepts of negation as a linguistic phenomenon, and a contrastive study of the specific linguistic means of its verbalization in the two languages, focusing on the cases of interlingual asymmetry. The conclusions are drawn on the basis of rich taxonomic material, excerpted from literary texts translated from German into Bulgarian and from Bulgarian into German. A number of arguments are presented in support of the thesis that in contemporary Bulgarian language there is a process of grammaticalization of the verbal negation within an independent morphological verbal category, called existential status of the action (result of an action) or a state. In contrast, there is no single formal indicator of negation in German; there are no manifestations of synthetic forms, as for example – the Bulgarian auxiliary verbs няма and недей, and the degree of separability of the negative markers is high.
In the final part of the study a conclusion is drawn that the linguistic concepts of general negation and status negation are not identical. The first one is semantic-syntactic and encompasses the cases in which the action of negation refers to the whole sentence. As for the status negation in the Bulgarian language, it means absence (negation) of an action (result of an action) or a state and is expressed morphologically – on the level of the verb word formation.

ON THE ASPECTUAL RESTRICTIONS IN EXPRESSING PROHIBITION IN CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN The object of r... more ON THE ASPECTUAL RESTRICTIONS IN EXPRESSING PROHIBITION IN CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN
The object of research in this article are the aspectual restrictions in the grammatical expression of prohibition in contemporary Bulgarian. An important goal of the analysis is not only to present the cases in which the aspectual semantics of the verbs in perfective aspect restricts the functioning of the prohibitive forms, but also to explore the causes of this manifestation of defectivity. The non-prohibitive realizations of the negative imperative formed by the perfectives, have also been considered in the analysis.

ON THE ISSUE OF THЕ STRUCTURE OF THE FUNCTIONAL–SEMANTIC FIELD OF GENDER IN THE CONTEMPORARY BUL... more ON THE ISSUE OF THЕ STRUCTURE
OF THE FUNCTIONAL–SEMANTIC FIELD OF GENDER
IN THE CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN LANGUAGE

The object of analysis in the present study is the structural characteristics of the functional-semantic field of gender in the contemporary Bulgarian Language, which has not been thoroughly investigated yet. Some of the key opinions on the topic are subjected to critical review, followed by a discussion of the debatable issue of the class membership in the core field. A detailed analysis of the peripheral linguistic means of expressing gender semantics in the contemporary Bulgarian Language (word-formation patterns, lexical, morphological, syntactical) is carried out and the focus is on their main functions. The most important characteristics of the functional-semantic field are commented on in the conclusion.

The article examines the nature of the Bulgarian verbal combinations with the negative particle "... more The article examines the nature of the Bulgarian verbal combinations with the negative particle "ne", which are traditionally defined as syntactic constructions for expressing negation. Special emphasis has been placed on the position, expressed by Ivan Kutsarov, that the above-mentioned constructions function as a group of analytical verbal forms – a marked grammeme within a separate morphological category named "status". The main objectives of this scientific analysis are two: a) to present additional arguments in favour of the differentiation of the verbal category status in modern Bulgarian; b) to characterize the semantics of the marked status forms by further clarifying the definition suggested by I. Kutsarov.

ON ONE SPECIFIC CASE IN THE CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN WORD FORMATION The paper analyses the formati... more ON ONE SPECIFIC CASE IN THE CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN WORD FORMATION

The paper analyses the formation of derivatives from primary iterative verbs. A starting point of a scientific analysis is the belief that iterative verbs are an independent component of the so called ‘aspectual triad’, grammatically opposing the perfective aspect, which, however, poses difficulties with defining the iterative morpheme – va (and its allomorphs). On the one hand, it cannot be defined as a suffix (due to its grammatical character), on the other hand – as an inflection (since it contains a marker of the base). In conclusion, an answer to the question of the character of this morpheme and its role in the process of word formation has been sought.

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD IN THE MODERN BULGARIAN JOURNALISTIC STYLE A matter of study in the article... more THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
IN THE MODERN BULGARIAN JOURNALISTIC STYLE
A matter of study in the article is the use of grammatical category ‘imperativ’ in the modern Bulgarian journalistic style. By means of a statistical method there is an attempt to specify a correlation between the synthetic and analytic forms widely used in journalese. A certain stress is put on the usage of the imperative in newspaper headlines - a very successful media strategy. An approach is made to analyze some specific functions of the imperative mood in Bulgarian publicism.

The paper discusses the grammatical means of expressing prohibition in three Slavic languages – B... more The paper discusses the grammatical means of expressing prohibition in three Slavic languages – Bulgarian, Russian and Polish, – placing emphasis on the appearance of interlanguage symmetry and asymmetry. Comments have been made on the semantic variability with the use of various formal types Special attention is also drawn to the question of the relationship between the modal meaning ‘prohibition’ and the specific meaning of ‘negativity’.

Обект на изследване в статията е функцията на прилагателните имена в част от поетичното творчеств... more Обект на изследване в статията е функцията на прилагателните имена в част от поетичното творчество на Димчо Дебелянов. Анализирани са няколко емблематични стихотворения, свързани с мотива за спомена („Да се завърнеш в бащината къща“, „Помниш ли, помниш ли“, „Ти смътно се мяркаш из морната памет“, „Аз искам да те помня все така“, „Светъл спомен“ и др.). Достига се до извода, че използваните прилагателни са не толкова стилизиращи, „украсяващи“ езикови единици, „канонизирани от поезията“ (А. Далчев), колкото активно въздействащи изобразителни средства, усилващи емоционалността, непринудеността и музикалното звучене на лирическия текст. В хода на изложението са разгледани някои основни постановки за употребата на адективите като епитети, от една страна, и като логически определения – от друга. Потърсен е отговор на въпроса каква е ролята на прилагателните в изграждането на Дебеляновия творчески стил.

Употребеното слово -оръжието на писателятрябва да бъде просто, ярко, кратко: простичко изречение,... more Употребеното слово -оръжието на писателятрябва да бъде просто, ярко, кратко: простичко изречение, ярко описание, кратка композиция… Й. Вълчев Сигурно не е нужно да си изкушен филолог, преситен от четене на висококанонични текстове, за да проумееш, че не си познавал достатъчно българската литература, преди да се докоснеш до художествения свят на разказвача Йордан Вълчев.

The focus of the scientific analysis is placed on the category caritivity (non-possession), inter... more The focus of the scientific analysis is placed on the category caritivity (non-possession), interpreted by linguists as the opposite of possessivity. The herein presented paper makes a short review of the existing studies on the subject and examines the means for expressing caritive semantics in modern Bulgarian language. Special emphasis has been made on the relation between caritivity and the functional-semantic category status.

LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSING NEGATION IN MODERN BULGARIAN The scientific analysis is focuse... more LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSING NEGATION
IN MODERN BULGARIAN

ONCE AGAIN ON THE QUESTION OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE BULGARIAN DETERMINATIVES The foc... more ONCE AGAIN ON THE QUESTION OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL STATUS
OF THE BULGARIAN DETERMINATIVES

ON ONE SPECIFIC CASE IN THE CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN WORD FORMATION The paper analyses the formati... more ON ONE SPECIFIC CASE IN THE CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN WORD FORMATION

Юбилеен сборник, посветен на 50-годищнината на Катедрата по български език на Шуменския университ... more Юбилеен сборник, посветен на 50-годищнината на Катедрата по български език на Шуменския университет "Епископ Константин Преславски" и на 90-годишнината на проф. Тодор Бояджиев

The subject of the scientific analysis in the present book is the paradigm of the language means ... more The subject of the scientific analysis in the present book is the paradigm of the language means used for expressing verbal quantity. The book presents cogent arguments as regards the existence of a genetic, typological and formal disparity among the quantitative systems of nouns, adjectives and numerals in comparison to the one of verbs, on account of which the study subsequently discards the popular concept of the hyper-categorial nature of quantity. The book presents a new model of the different types of aspectual relations in the Modern Bulgarian language. The Verbal Aspect is interpreted as a three-member category, formed as a result of the complex interactions between the separate functional-semantic fields in the area of Aspectuality

Книгата представлява теоретично изследване върху същността и типологията на стилистичните грешки ... more Книгата представлява теоретично изследване върху същността и типологията на стилистичните грешки – един от най-значимите, но недостатъчно разрешени проблеми в българското езикознание. Ориентирана е предимно към студентите от хуманитарните специалности на ПУ „Паисий Хилендарски” – филолози, юристи, социолози, политолози, историци и др. Основната ѝ цел е да подпомогне техните практически занимания по текстообразуване (конструиране на различни по жанр и тематика речеви продукти).
Спецификата на разглежданата проблематика, богатият илюстративен материал и най-вече подробно разработените варианти за редакции на конкретни примери от кандидатстудентски съчинения правят настоящото изследване изключително полезно за преподавателите по роден език в средното училище, които се стремят да възпитат у подрастващите умения за създаване на стилистично издържани текстове. Наред с това книгата би могла да се превърне в ценен помощник на учениците от горния курс на обучение (особено кандидат-студентите), улеснявайки тяхната самоподготовка по български език и литература.
Надяваме се дискутираните в изложението проблеми да предизвикат интереса и на по-широк кръг читатели – специалисти филолози, журналисти, редактори, издатели, културни дейци, изобщо всички, за които сътворяването на словото е нещо повече от професия.