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Revista Colombiana de Educación, 2014
Este artículo resume el trabajo Tras la excelencia docente: cómo mejorar la calidad de la educaci... more Este artículo resume el trabajo Tras la excelencia docente: cómo mejorar la calidad de la educación para todos los colombianos, recientemente publicado y divulgado por la Fundación Compartir. Aprovecha la ocasión para responder a algunas de las críticas que aparecieron tras la publicación del estudio. En particular, el trabajo se ocupa de aclarar, explicar o corregir tres asuntos que surgieron tras la publicación del trabajo: asuntos metodológicos, la posición de los autores del estudio sobre el papel de los rectores en la calidad de la educación y sobre la importancia de una política pública sobre métodos pedagógicos.
Child Indicators Research, 2014
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013
for research assistance. Saavedra acknowledges financial support from the National Institute of H... more for research assistance. Saavedra acknowledges financial support from the National Institute of Health RCMAR Grant P30AG043073, RAND Corporation and Universidad de los Andes. García acknowledges financial support from Universidad de los Andes. The research reported in the paper is not the result of a for-pay consulting relationship and our employers have no financial interest in the topic of the paper, which might constitute a conflict of interest. All errors are our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.
Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2010
... DOI: 10.1080/19439341003628681 Sandra Garcia a * & Jennifer Hill b pa... more ... DOI: 10.1080/19439341003628681 Sandra Garcia a * & Jennifer Hill b pages 117-137. ... Skoufias, E. and McClafferty, B. 2001. Is Progresa working? Summary of the results of an evaluation byIFPRI , Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. ...
Revista De Estudios Sociales, Sep 1, 2014
En este artículo exploramos el impacto de la propiedad de la vivienda sobre la violencia contra l... more En este artículo exploramos el impacto de la propiedad de la vivienda sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá). Lo hacemos a partir de datos cualitativos levantados en Bogotá durante un período de un año, entre 2011 y 2012, apoyados en algunos datos cuantitativos de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud de 2010, que es representativa para la localidad. Concluimos que la vivienda propia tiene un efecto protector porque disminuye el estrés económico, aumenta el estatus de la mujer y facilita la solución del conflicto. Además, según los datos estadísticos, la vivienda propia está asociada, tanto nacional como localmente, a una prevalencia significativamente menor de violencia, con independencia de la riqueza. PALABRAS CLAVE Violencia contra las mujeres, derecho a la vivienda, pobreza y violencia intrafamiliar, métodos mixtos de investigación, Ciudad Bolívar.
Análisis de la situación de la pobreza infantil en Colombia* Colombia se ha caracterizado por med... more Análisis de la situación de la pobreza infantil en Colombia* Colombia se ha caracterizado por medir de manera periódica la situación de pobreza de la población, particularmente la pobreza por ingreso. Recientemente se ha adoptado una medición multidimensional de la pobreza que incluye dimensiones consideradas como fundamentales para el desarrollo humano, y que van más allá del ingreso. Sin embargo, estas mediciones se han concentrado en los adultos o en los hogares en general. Analizar la pobreza infantil, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades propias de los niños y adolescentes, es fundamental para el diseño e implementación de políticas públicas efectivas en el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de este grupo de la población. Esta nota resume los principales resultados del estudio Análisis de la situación de la pobreza infantil en Colombia, realizado por la Escuela de Gobierno Alberto Lleras Camargo de la Universidad de los Andes para el Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Infancia...
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013
We meta-analyze enrollment, attendance and dropout effect estimates from forty two references of ... more We meta-analyze enrollment, attendance and dropout effect estimates from forty two references of conditional cash transfer program evaluations in fifteen developing countries. Average effect sizes for all outcomes in primary and secondary schooling are statistically different from zero. Average effect sizes for secondary enrollment, attendance and dropout are larger than those for primary. For all outcomes and schooling levels, there is considerable heterogeneity in effect sizes. Programs with more generous transfers have larger primary and secondary enrollment effects. Programs that condition benefit receipt on achievement and pay transfers less frequently than monthly, exhibit larger enrollment and attendance effects. Effect sizes are no different in programs with random assignment. We find evidence in support of publication bias and selective reporting.
Este estudio analiza la evolución y el estado actual de la movilidad social a través de la educac... more Este estudio analiza la evolución y el estado actual de la movilidad social a través de la educación en Colombia. El estudio se concentra en particular en la movilidad hacia arriba de individuos provenientes de contextos más vulnerables, específicamente de aquellos cuyas madres
alcanzaron a lo sumo educación primaria. El estudio hace tres aportes principales: i) analiza el nivel y la evolución de la movilidad social en los últimos 10 años en Colombia; ii) a partir de datos administrativos construye –una base de datos longitudinal única para el país y la región que permite analizar la movilidad social a través de la educación por municipio y los factores asociados a esta, y; iii) elabora un Índice de Vulnerabilidad Educativa (IVE) a nivel municipal que permite, entre otras
cosas, la comprensión y el análisis de los diversos contextos y facilite el diseño de las políticas públicas educativas en el futuro. Aunque se encuentra que la movilidad social a través de la educación en el país ha mejorado en los últimos años ésta continúa siendo baja en comparación con otros países de la región. Más preocupante aun, la movilidad social de los individuos provenientes de contextos más vulnerables es significativamente menor que la del resto de la población. El nivel de
pobreza municipal, la proporción de población afro, las tasas de desplazamiento y prevalencia del conflicto armado son características municipales que están fuertemente asociadas a una menor movilidad social. En contraste, la proporción de docentes de planta y la proporción de docentes con nivel de formación profesional están asociados a una mejor movilidad social. En este documento se discuten algunas implicaciones de política pública a partir de estos resultados.
This paper analyzes the impact of a large scale conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on the ed... more This paper analyzes the impact of a large scale conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on the educational aspirations of parents and children in poor households. The program, in addition to providing cash subsidies to the poorest households, delivered information about the returns to education and encouraged interaction between beneficiaries, social leaders, and professionals. Using data from the quasi-experimental
impact evaluation of the program and a difference-in-differences strategy, we find a positive impact for the CCT on educational aspirations for both children and parents. Particularly, parents and children were 10.9 and 20.2 percentage points more likely to aspire to attain post-secondary education due to exposition to the program,
respectively. Furthermore, we find that the effect was larger for the most vulnerable households: the poorest, least educated, and most pessimistic. Based on the results, we discuss policy implications that could boost long-term educational impacts of similar programs.
There are many obstacles to promoting learning as an outcome of performance measurement in non-go... more There are many obstacles to promoting learning as an outcome of performance measurement in non-governmental organizations (NGO) social service providers, especially in less developed countries. Building upon a conceptualization of accountability as a multifaceted set of relationships through which funders, or principals, and non-profit providers, or agents, jointly shape organizational learning, and performance, this study expands our understanding of how accountability mechanisms affect learning within service providers. This paper explores the role that funders play in shaping performance measurement, or monitoring, practices within NGOs serving disadvantaged children in developing countries. We examined the experience of service providers in Egypt and Colombia to assess how the barriers to use of performance data and learning may be addressed. We conducted interviews using the same protocols with program managers in six non-profit providers in each country that provide services to children, and we also interviewed major donors in the arena of children's services in the USA. We probed the NGO managers' experiences with performance measurement to identify obstacles and potential solutions to improve the use of the data to promote learning. Our findings support previous research about the potential for upward accountability mechanisms to influence internal learning. We suggest that funders should be held accountable for how the incentives and disincentives they provide to grantees affect their internal learning about how to improve their services. This notion of 'reverse accountability' means that funders need to be strategic and intentional when they design reporting mechanisms that affect the learning behaviours within their grantees. In line with our call for reverse accountability, we offer a model demonstrating our notion of the two-way flow of accountability and we offer recommendations to help improve the performance reporting environment for NGOs who are addressing complex problems with less than adequate capacity.
... In the developed countries literature the evidence on certain dimensions of social capital an... more ... In the developed countries literature the evidence on certain dimensions of social capital and ... and set common expectations and norms which are then translated in their parenting practices. ... term between the social capital measures (at the household and community levels) and ...
El contenido de la presente publicación se encuentra protegido por las normas internacionales y n... more El contenido de la presente publicación se encuentra protegido por las normas internacionales y nacionales vigentes sobre propiedad intelectual, por tanto su utilización, reproducción, comunicación pública, transformación, distribución, alquiler, préstamo público e importación, total o parcial, en todo o en parte, en formato impreso, digital o en cualquier formato conocido o por conocer, se encuentran prohibidos, y solo serán lícitos en la medida en que cuente con la autorización previa y expresa por escrito del autor o titular. Las limitaciones y excepciones al Derecho de Autor solo serán aplicables en la medida en que se den dentro de los denominados Usos Honrados (Fair Use); estén previa y expresamente establecidas; no causen un grave e injustificado perjuicio a los intereses legítimos del autor o titular; y no atenten contra la normal explotación de la obra.
This study presents the design and development of a multidimensional child poverty index in Colom... more This study presents the design and development of a multidimensional child poverty index in Colombia that can be used for assessment and policy design. Using a mixed-method design that combines quantitative and qualitative research methods, we developed a multidimensional measure of child poverty. Based on these results as well as empirical evidence on deprivations that are determinant for human development, we constructed a Multidimensional Child and Adolescent Poverty Index (MCAP). We used nationally representative household survey data to estimate the MCAP for 2008, 2010 and 2011 in order to measure changes over time.
We found that overall, 34 % of children and adolescents in Colombia are living in poverty. This represents a 10 percentage-point reduction in comparison with 2008. As per the critical dimensions, we found that for all age groups lack of access to potable water, overcrowding and lack of access to parks or green areas contribute the most to child poverty. In addition, for children under five and adolescents, lack of access to education is a critical area and for children and adolescents, lack of access to recreational or time use services contribute significantly to poverty.
We show how the MCAP can be used as a policy design tool for child poverty reduction that is sensitive to the needs of children from different age groups and regions through the design of benefit packages. Both the mixed-method research design and study findings are expected to have a significant impact across sectors including both academic national and international policy circles.
This study presents the design and development of a multidimensional child poverty index in Colom... more This study presents the design and development of a multidimensional child poverty index in Colombia that can be used for assessment and policy design. Using a mixed-method design that combines quantitative and qualitative research techniques, we developed a multidimensional measure of child poverty. We conducted 80 focus groups with children and adolescents in four regions of Colombia, as well as 27 interviews with experts and policy makers in order to incorporate the voices and perceptions of children, youth and experts in the index design process. Based on these results as well as empirical evidence on deprivations that are determinant for human development, we constructed a Multidimensional Child and Adolescent Poverty Index (MCAP). We used nationally representative household survey data to estimate the MCAP for 2008, 2010 and 2011 in order to measure changes over time. We also decomposed the MCAP in order to identify critical dimensions for different age groups and estimated the MCAP for different departments and regions in Colombia.
We meta-analyze enrollment, attendance and dropout impact and cost-effectiveness estimates from f... more We meta-analyze enrollment, attendance and dropout impact and cost-effectiveness estimates from forty-two CCT program evaluations in fifteen developing countries.
Revista Colombiana de Educación, 2014
Este artículo resume el trabajo Tras la excelencia docente: cómo mejorar la calidad de la educaci... more Este artículo resume el trabajo Tras la excelencia docente: cómo mejorar la calidad de la educación para todos los colombianos, recientemente publicado y divulgado por la Fundación Compartir. Aprovecha la ocasión para responder a algunas de las críticas que aparecieron tras la publicación del estudio. En particular, el trabajo se ocupa de aclarar, explicar o corregir tres asuntos que surgieron tras la publicación del trabajo: asuntos metodológicos, la posición de los autores del estudio sobre el papel de los rectores en la calidad de la educación y sobre la importancia de una política pública sobre métodos pedagógicos.
Child Indicators Research, 2014
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013
for research assistance. Saavedra acknowledges financial support from the National Institute of H... more for research assistance. Saavedra acknowledges financial support from the National Institute of Health RCMAR Grant P30AG043073, RAND Corporation and Universidad de los Andes. García acknowledges financial support from Universidad de los Andes. The research reported in the paper is not the result of a for-pay consulting relationship and our employers have no financial interest in the topic of the paper, which might constitute a conflict of interest. All errors are our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.
Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2010
... DOI: 10.1080/19439341003628681 Sandra Garcia a * & Jennifer Hill b pa... more ... DOI: 10.1080/19439341003628681 Sandra Garcia a * & Jennifer Hill b pages 117-137. ... Skoufias, E. and McClafferty, B. 2001. Is Progresa working? Summary of the results of an evaluation byIFPRI , Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. ...
Revista De Estudios Sociales, Sep 1, 2014
En este artículo exploramos el impacto de la propiedad de la vivienda sobre la violencia contra l... more En este artículo exploramos el impacto de la propiedad de la vivienda sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá). Lo hacemos a partir de datos cualitativos levantados en Bogotá durante un período de un año, entre 2011 y 2012, apoyados en algunos datos cuantitativos de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud de 2010, que es representativa para la localidad. Concluimos que la vivienda propia tiene un efecto protector porque disminuye el estrés económico, aumenta el estatus de la mujer y facilita la solución del conflicto. Además, según los datos estadísticos, la vivienda propia está asociada, tanto nacional como localmente, a una prevalencia significativamente menor de violencia, con independencia de la riqueza. PALABRAS CLAVE Violencia contra las mujeres, derecho a la vivienda, pobreza y violencia intrafamiliar, métodos mixtos de investigación, Ciudad Bolívar.
Análisis de la situación de la pobreza infantil en Colombia* Colombia se ha caracterizado por med... more Análisis de la situación de la pobreza infantil en Colombia* Colombia se ha caracterizado por medir de manera periódica la situación de pobreza de la población, particularmente la pobreza por ingreso. Recientemente se ha adoptado una medición multidimensional de la pobreza que incluye dimensiones consideradas como fundamentales para el desarrollo humano, y que van más allá del ingreso. Sin embargo, estas mediciones se han concentrado en los adultos o en los hogares en general. Analizar la pobreza infantil, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades propias de los niños y adolescentes, es fundamental para el diseño e implementación de políticas públicas efectivas en el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de este grupo de la población. Esta nota resume los principales resultados del estudio Análisis de la situación de la pobreza infantil en Colombia, realizado por la Escuela de Gobierno Alberto Lleras Camargo de la Universidad de los Andes para el Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Infancia...
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013
We meta-analyze enrollment, attendance and dropout effect estimates from forty two references of ... more We meta-analyze enrollment, attendance and dropout effect estimates from forty two references of conditional cash transfer program evaluations in fifteen developing countries. Average effect sizes for all outcomes in primary and secondary schooling are statistically different from zero. Average effect sizes for secondary enrollment, attendance and dropout are larger than those for primary. For all outcomes and schooling levels, there is considerable heterogeneity in effect sizes. Programs with more generous transfers have larger primary and secondary enrollment effects. Programs that condition benefit receipt on achievement and pay transfers less frequently than monthly, exhibit larger enrollment and attendance effects. Effect sizes are no different in programs with random assignment. We find evidence in support of publication bias and selective reporting.
Este estudio analiza la evolución y el estado actual de la movilidad social a través de la educac... more Este estudio analiza la evolución y el estado actual de la movilidad social a través de la educación en Colombia. El estudio se concentra en particular en la movilidad hacia arriba de individuos provenientes de contextos más vulnerables, específicamente de aquellos cuyas madres
alcanzaron a lo sumo educación primaria. El estudio hace tres aportes principales: i) analiza el nivel y la evolución de la movilidad social en los últimos 10 años en Colombia; ii) a partir de datos administrativos construye –una base de datos longitudinal única para el país y la región que permite analizar la movilidad social a través de la educación por municipio y los factores asociados a esta, y; iii) elabora un Índice de Vulnerabilidad Educativa (IVE) a nivel municipal que permite, entre otras
cosas, la comprensión y el análisis de los diversos contextos y facilite el diseño de las políticas públicas educativas en el futuro. Aunque se encuentra que la movilidad social a través de la educación en el país ha mejorado en los últimos años ésta continúa siendo baja en comparación con otros países de la región. Más preocupante aun, la movilidad social de los individuos provenientes de contextos más vulnerables es significativamente menor que la del resto de la población. El nivel de
pobreza municipal, la proporción de población afro, las tasas de desplazamiento y prevalencia del conflicto armado son características municipales que están fuertemente asociadas a una menor movilidad social. En contraste, la proporción de docentes de planta y la proporción de docentes con nivel de formación profesional están asociados a una mejor movilidad social. En este documento se discuten algunas implicaciones de política pública a partir de estos resultados.
This paper analyzes the impact of a large scale conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on the ed... more This paper analyzes the impact of a large scale conditional cash transfer (CCT) program on the educational aspirations of parents and children in poor households. The program, in addition to providing cash subsidies to the poorest households, delivered information about the returns to education and encouraged interaction between beneficiaries, social leaders, and professionals. Using data from the quasi-experimental
impact evaluation of the program and a difference-in-differences strategy, we find a positive impact for the CCT on educational aspirations for both children and parents. Particularly, parents and children were 10.9 and 20.2 percentage points more likely to aspire to attain post-secondary education due to exposition to the program,
respectively. Furthermore, we find that the effect was larger for the most vulnerable households: the poorest, least educated, and most pessimistic. Based on the results, we discuss policy implications that could boost long-term educational impacts of similar programs.
There are many obstacles to promoting learning as an outcome of performance measurement in non-go... more There are many obstacles to promoting learning as an outcome of performance measurement in non-governmental organizations (NGO) social service providers, especially in less developed countries. Building upon a conceptualization of accountability as a multifaceted set of relationships through which funders, or principals, and non-profit providers, or agents, jointly shape organizational learning, and performance, this study expands our understanding of how accountability mechanisms affect learning within service providers. This paper explores the role that funders play in shaping performance measurement, or monitoring, practices within NGOs serving disadvantaged children in developing countries. We examined the experience of service providers in Egypt and Colombia to assess how the barriers to use of performance data and learning may be addressed. We conducted interviews using the same protocols with program managers in six non-profit providers in each country that provide services to children, and we also interviewed major donors in the arena of children's services in the USA. We probed the NGO managers' experiences with performance measurement to identify obstacles and potential solutions to improve the use of the data to promote learning. Our findings support previous research about the potential for upward accountability mechanisms to influence internal learning. We suggest that funders should be held accountable for how the incentives and disincentives they provide to grantees affect their internal learning about how to improve their services. This notion of 'reverse accountability' means that funders need to be strategic and intentional when they design reporting mechanisms that affect the learning behaviours within their grantees. In line with our call for reverse accountability, we offer a model demonstrating our notion of the two-way flow of accountability and we offer recommendations to help improve the performance reporting environment for NGOs who are addressing complex problems with less than adequate capacity.
... In the developed countries literature the evidence on certain dimensions of social capital an... more ... In the developed countries literature the evidence on certain dimensions of social capital and ... and set common expectations and norms which are then translated in their parenting practices. ... term between the social capital measures (at the household and community levels) and ...
El contenido de la presente publicación se encuentra protegido por las normas internacionales y n... more El contenido de la presente publicación se encuentra protegido por las normas internacionales y nacionales vigentes sobre propiedad intelectual, por tanto su utilización, reproducción, comunicación pública, transformación, distribución, alquiler, préstamo público e importación, total o parcial, en todo o en parte, en formato impreso, digital o en cualquier formato conocido o por conocer, se encuentran prohibidos, y solo serán lícitos en la medida en que cuente con la autorización previa y expresa por escrito del autor o titular. Las limitaciones y excepciones al Derecho de Autor solo serán aplicables en la medida en que se den dentro de los denominados Usos Honrados (Fair Use); estén previa y expresamente establecidas; no causen un grave e injustificado perjuicio a los intereses legítimos del autor o titular; y no atenten contra la normal explotación de la obra.
This study presents the design and development of a multidimensional child poverty index in Colom... more This study presents the design and development of a multidimensional child poverty index in Colombia that can be used for assessment and policy design. Using a mixed-method design that combines quantitative and qualitative research methods, we developed a multidimensional measure of child poverty. Based on these results as well as empirical evidence on deprivations that are determinant for human development, we constructed a Multidimensional Child and Adolescent Poverty Index (MCAP). We used nationally representative household survey data to estimate the MCAP for 2008, 2010 and 2011 in order to measure changes over time.
We found that overall, 34 % of children and adolescents in Colombia are living in poverty. This represents a 10 percentage-point reduction in comparison with 2008. As per the critical dimensions, we found that for all age groups lack of access to potable water, overcrowding and lack of access to parks or green areas contribute the most to child poverty. In addition, for children under five and adolescents, lack of access to education is a critical area and for children and adolescents, lack of access to recreational or time use services contribute significantly to poverty.
We show how the MCAP can be used as a policy design tool for child poverty reduction that is sensitive to the needs of children from different age groups and regions through the design of benefit packages. Both the mixed-method research design and study findings are expected to have a significant impact across sectors including both academic national and international policy circles.
This study presents the design and development of a multidimensional child poverty index in Colom... more This study presents the design and development of a multidimensional child poverty index in Colombia that can be used for assessment and policy design. Using a mixed-method design that combines quantitative and qualitative research techniques, we developed a multidimensional measure of child poverty. We conducted 80 focus groups with children and adolescents in four regions of Colombia, as well as 27 interviews with experts and policy makers in order to incorporate the voices and perceptions of children, youth and experts in the index design process. Based on these results as well as empirical evidence on deprivations that are determinant for human development, we constructed a Multidimensional Child and Adolescent Poverty Index (MCAP). We used nationally representative household survey data to estimate the MCAP for 2008, 2010 and 2011 in order to measure changes over time. We also decomposed the MCAP in order to identify critical dimensions for different age groups and estimated the MCAP for different departments and regions in Colombia.
We meta-analyze enrollment, attendance and dropout impact and cost-effectiveness estimates from f... more We meta-analyze enrollment, attendance and dropout impact and cost-effectiveness estimates from forty-two CCT program evaluations in fifteen developing countries.
impresión Panamericana Formas e Impresos S.A. quien sólo actúa como impresor isBn: 978-958-8575-49-0
Revista Colombiana de Educación, 2020
Resumen Este artículo de investigación presenta resultados de un estudio sobre las prácticas usa... more Resumen
Este artículo de investigación presenta resultados de un estudio sobre las prácticas usadas por los colegios de Bogotá para enfrentar los riesgos de agresión (física y verbal) y consumo de sustancias (alcohol, cigarrillo y drogas). En la investiga-ción se usaron datos cuantitativos de una encuesta representativa a colegios de la ciudad y datos cualitativos de grupos focales con docentes y directivos docentes. Consideramos cuatro tipos de estrategias: punitivas, normativas, pedagógicas y espaciales. Se encuentra que, para el caso de la agresión, los cuatro tipos de estra-tegias son usadas. Los rectores reportan un mayor uso de estrategias pedagógicas y normativas que punitivas o espaciales, pero los docentes reportan un uso muy similar de las cuatro estrategias. Los resultados cualitativos se usan para discutir alternativas de política, la clasificación de estrategias y cómo, en muchos casos, esta clasificación tiene matices.
Abstract
This article presents results from a research about the practices used by schools in Bogotá to deal with the risks of aggression (physical and verbal) and substan-ce use (alcohol, cigarettes and drugs). The research used quantitative data from a representative survey of schools in the city and qualitative data from focus groups with teachers and school principals. We consider four types of strategies: punitive, normative, pedagogical, and spatial. It is found that, in the case of aggression, all four types of strategies are used. According to school principals, pedagogical and normative strategies are more common than punitive and spatial ones; according to teachers all four strategies are equally used. The qualitative results are used to discuss policy alternatives, the classification of strategies and how, in many cases, this classification has nuances.
Resumo
Este artigo de pesquisa apresenta os resultados de um estudo sobre as práticas utilizadas pelas escolas de Bogotá para enfrentar os riscos de agressão (física e verbal) e uso de substâncias (álcool, cigarro e drogas). A pesquisa utilizou dados quantitativos de uma pesquisa representativa das escolas da cidade e dados qua-litativos de grupos focais com professores e reitor da escola. Consideramos quatro tipos de estratégias: punitiva, normativa, pedagógica e espacial. Verifica-se que, no caso de agressão, todos os quatro tipos de estratégias são utilizados. Os diretores relatam um uso maior de estratégias pedagógicas e normativas do que punitivas ou espaciais, mas os professores relatam um uso muito semelhante das quatro estratégias. Os resultados qualitativos são usados para discutir alternativas de po-líticas, a classificação de estratégias e como, em muitos casos, essa classificação possui nuances.