Afungchui David | UNVERSITY OF BAMENDA (original) (raw)
Papers by Afungchui David
Chaos, Solitons & Fractals
This paper presents the load-dependent power loss in a wind turbine gearbox under real-time opera... more This paper presents the load-dependent power loss in a wind turbine gearbox under real-time operating wind speed for three different oil formulations. The gear power loss was determined using mathematical models from the values of gear loss factors and specific film thickness experimentally determined by other researchers. The bearing power loss was determined using the new SKF calibrated model. Wind data from Bafoussam, a town in Cameroon was used to validate the model. A back propagation neural network with different numbers of hidden neurons was designed for power loss modeling and prediction. The achieved results reveal that the load-dependent power loss in a wind turbine gearbox is greatly influenced by wind speed and oil type. Finally, it is shown that the predictive performance of the neural network is also influenced by the number of neurons in the hidden layer.
Wood biomass stands out as the most important renewable energy source in Cameroon especially amon... more Wood biomass stands out as the most important renewable energy source in Cameroon especially among the rural population. The favourable climatic conditions enhance the sustainability of wood biomass and consequently the potential of further expansion. Cypress is a common coniferous wood species abundantly distributed over the entire national territory of Cameroon. It does not require any special care for its growth and proliferation. In what follows the energy content of cypress would be evaluated to demonstrate the expected energetic efficiency based on a newly developed analytical scheme. The calculations make use of the: chemical composition, equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and the relative humidity (RH) of the surrounding atmosphere. The analysis enables us to calculate the calorific value of cypress wood in the different regions of Cameroon all the year round. As an outcome, it is hoped that this publication will spur a renewed interest in farmers, forest owners and Governme...
The modelling and prediction of wind characteristics in a region is a primary requirement to the ... more The modelling and prediction of wind characteristics in a region is a primary requirement to the development of the corresponding wind energy system. This paper studies the wind energy potential for Bamenda in the North-West Region of Cameroon, with geographical coordinates: latitude 5.96⁰N, longitude 10.12⁰E and an elevation of 785 m. The analysis is based on data obtained from NASA surface meteorology and solar energy dataset for 11 years 1983 to 1993 through the RETScreen software tool provided by CANMET Canada. Through an analysis using the Weibull distribution function, the Weibull shape k, and scale c, parameters are determined using the least square graphical method to be 6.938 and 2.022 respectively. The mean wind speed, the variance, the standard deviation, the most probable /speed and the wind power density are also estimated characterising the wind regime of Bamenda. Comparing these results with the measured ones, it is shown that the Weibull distribution can be used with...
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2013
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the global solar radiation of some representative cities of ... more The aim of this paper is to evaluate the global solar radiation of some representative cities of Cameroon using the linear Angstrom and non-linear polynomial relations. The choice of these cities which include: Bamenda in the North West region, Douala in the littoral region, Yaounde in the centre region, Ngaoundere in the Adamawa region, and Bertoua in the eastern region; is determined mostly by the availability of data. The Angstrom correlation coefficients for the linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial models would be calculated using the least square method for the different regions. The input data for the analyses are the measured global solar radiation and mean number of monthly sun shine hours. The data for the analyses is obtained partly from the archives of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and partly from the archives of the Cameroon Department of Meteorology, Douala. The data used covers a period of 23 years from 1983 to 2005. We demonstrate the validity...
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2018
This paper aims to evaluate the global solar radiation of some representative localities of Camer... more This paper aims to evaluate the global solar radiation of some representative localities of Cameroon using the linear Angstrom model and non-linear polynomial relations. The Angstrom correlation coefficients for the linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial models calculated using the least square method, for the different regions, would be used to predict the global solar energy of the chosen regions. The predictions would be evaluated by some chosen statistical methods. These include: the mean bias error (MBE), the mean relative error (MRE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and t-statistic (t-stat) error, which are the most widely used ones. The input data for the analyses are the measured global solar radiation and mean number of monthly sun shine hours. The data for the analyses is obtained partly from the archives of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and partly from the archives of the Cameroon Department of Meteorology, Douala. The data used covers a period of...
Heliyon, 2016
For the future installation of a wind farm in Cameroon, the wind energy potentials of three of Ca... more For the future installation of a wind farm in Cameroon, the wind energy potentials of three of Cameroon's coastal cities (Kribi, Douala and Limbe) are assessed using NASA average monthly wind data for 31 years (1983-2013) and compared through Weibull statistics. The Weibull parameters are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood, the mean power densities, the maximum energy carrying wind speeds and the most probable wind speeds are also calculated and compared over these three cities. Finally, the cumulative wind speed distributions over the wet and dry seasons are also analyzed. The results show that the shape and scale parameters for Kribi, Douala and Limbe are 2.9 and 2.8, 3.9 and 1.8 and 3.08 and 2.58, respectively. The mean power densities through Weibull analysis for Kribi, Douala and Limbe are 33.7 W/m2, 8.0 W/m2 and 25.42 W/m2, respectively. Kribi's most probable wind speed and maximum energy carrying wind speed was found to be 2.42 m/s and 3.35 m/s, 2.27 m/s and 3.03 m/s for Limbe and 1.67 m/s and 2.0 m/s for Douala, respectively. Analysis of the wind speed and hence power distribution over the wet and dry seasons shows that in the wet season, August is
International Journal of Rotating Machinery, 2012
Presently, there exist few numerical methods which treat the inverse problem for the determinatio... more Presently, there exist few numerical methods which treat the inverse problem for the determination of the geometry of wind turbine blades. In this work, authors intend to solve the inverse optimum project for horizontal axis wind turbine in which the selection of the circulation distribution is obtained by resolving two variational problems: the first consists in sorting the circulation distribution on the lifting line, which, for a given power extracted by the wind turbine, minimizes the loses due to the induced velocity. In the second, the optimal circulation distribution is selected such that the kinetic energy of the wind downstream of the rotor disc is minimum, when the energy extracted by the wind turbine for one rotating period is imposed. A code has been developed which incorporates the real pitch of the helicoidal vortex wake. Very promising results have been obtained: the circulation distribution for a given extracted power and the chord lengths distribution law along the ...
Renewable Energy, 2014
This paper treats the vortex shedding phenomenon of a savonius wind turbine, whose knowledge is p... more This paper treats the vortex shedding phenomenon of a savonius wind turbine, whose knowledge is primordial in correctly calculating the airloads on the blades. The specific aim being to numerically predict the disposition and geometry of the vortical structures in the wake of the savonius rotor whose existence has been visualised by a number of experimentalists. In the numerical approach, the blade is represented by discrete bound vortices while the wake is generated in a time stepping calculation as an emission of free vortices. The calculations are enhanced by the Newmann boundary condition coupled to the KuttaeJoukowsky condition and the Kelvin's theorem for the conservation of circulation. The convection of the vortices in the wake is accomplished through a predictor corrector integration scheme. A code has been developed which predicts the wake structure to be in good agreement with the experimental visualizations: For low tip speed ratios, the wake consists of a series of three discrete vortical structures while at higher tip speed ratios, the characteristic structure is the presences of a central vortex.
IntechOpen eBooks, Oct 26, 2022
Renewable Energy, 2005
ABSTRACT The aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines are closely related to the geometry of ... more ABSTRACT The aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines are closely related to the geometry of their blade profiles. The innovation and the technological development of wind turbine blade profiles can be centred on two tendencies. The first is to improve the shape of the existing airfoils and the second is to design new shapes of airfoils in order to get some more ambitious aerodynamic characteristics and enhanced performance.The aim of this paper is to develop an accurate airfoil analysis lower order code, based on the singularities method, for wind turbine applications. The 2D incompressible potential flow model has been used. In the implementation of the singularities method, source–vortex distributions over the airfoil contour are used to compute the flow characteristics. The accuracy and the validity of the results have been tested using experimental data obtained from Wind Turbine Airfoil Catalogue “Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, August 2001” and have shown considerable agreement.
Renewable Energy, 2006
ABSTRACT The aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines are closely related to the geometry of ... more ABSTRACT The aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines are closely related to the geometry of their blades. The innovation and the technological development of wind turbine blades can be centred on two tendencies. The first is to improve the shape of existing blades; the second is to design new shapes of blades. The aspiration in the two cases is to achieve an optimal circulation and hence enhancing some more ambitious aerodynamic characteristics. This paper presents an inverse design procedure, which can be adapted to both thin and thick wind turbine blade sections aiming to optimise the geometry for a prescribed distribution of bound vortices. A method for simulating the initial contour of the blade section is exposed, which simultaneously satisfy the aerodynamic and geometrical constraints under nominal conditions. A detailed definition of the function characterising the bound vortex distribution is presented. The inviscid velocity field and potential function distributions are obtained by the singularities method. In the design method implemented, these distributions and the circulation of bound vortices on the camber line of the blade profile, are used to rectify its camber in an iterative calculation leading to the final and optimal form of the blade section once convergence is attained. The scheme proposed has been used to design the entire blade of the wind turbine for a given span-wise distribution of bound circulation around the blade contour.
Renewable Energy, 2010
The aim of this paper is to numerically explore the non-linear two-dimensional unsteady potential... more The aim of this paper is to numerically explore the non-linear two-dimensional unsteady potential flow over a Savonius rotor and to develop a code for predicting its aerodynamics performances. In the model developed, the rotor is represented in a median plane by two semicircles, displaced along their common diameter. The two semicircles can be considered to produce lifting effects. As a result, they are modelled by a collection of discrete vortices on their contours. The flow field is then governed by the Laplace equation. The versatile Neumann boundary condition, applied over the contour of the semicircles and the Kutta Joukowsky condition applied at the four extremities of the semicircles have been used in the modelling. The torque distribution of the stationary rotor and the unsteady pressure field on the blades of the rotating rotor, predicted by the code developed, have been compared and validated by some experimental data.
Renewable Energy, 2005
The objective of this project 'OPHWT' is to develop an efficient numerical code, for the optimisa... more The objective of this project 'OPHWT' is to develop an efficient numerical code, for the optimisation of the aerodynamic characteristics of horizontal axis wind turbines. A vortex model has been treated based on the lifting line theory.
Chaos, Solitons & Fractals
This paper presents the load-dependent power loss in a wind turbine gearbox under real-time opera... more This paper presents the load-dependent power loss in a wind turbine gearbox under real-time operating wind speed for three different oil formulations. The gear power loss was determined using mathematical models from the values of gear loss factors and specific film thickness experimentally determined by other researchers. The bearing power loss was determined using the new SKF calibrated model. Wind data from Bafoussam, a town in Cameroon was used to validate the model. A back propagation neural network with different numbers of hidden neurons was designed for power loss modeling and prediction. The achieved results reveal that the load-dependent power loss in a wind turbine gearbox is greatly influenced by wind speed and oil type. Finally, it is shown that the predictive performance of the neural network is also influenced by the number of neurons in the hidden layer.
Wood biomass stands out as the most important renewable energy source in Cameroon especially amon... more Wood biomass stands out as the most important renewable energy source in Cameroon especially among the rural population. The favourable climatic conditions enhance the sustainability of wood biomass and consequently the potential of further expansion. Cypress is a common coniferous wood species abundantly distributed over the entire national territory of Cameroon. It does not require any special care for its growth and proliferation. In what follows the energy content of cypress would be evaluated to demonstrate the expected energetic efficiency based on a newly developed analytical scheme. The calculations make use of the: chemical composition, equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and the relative humidity (RH) of the surrounding atmosphere. The analysis enables us to calculate the calorific value of cypress wood in the different regions of Cameroon all the year round. As an outcome, it is hoped that this publication will spur a renewed interest in farmers, forest owners and Governme...
The modelling and prediction of wind characteristics in a region is a primary requirement to the ... more The modelling and prediction of wind characteristics in a region is a primary requirement to the development of the corresponding wind energy system. This paper studies the wind energy potential for Bamenda in the North-West Region of Cameroon, with geographical coordinates: latitude 5.96⁰N, longitude 10.12⁰E and an elevation of 785 m. The analysis is based on data obtained from NASA surface meteorology and solar energy dataset for 11 years 1983 to 1993 through the RETScreen software tool provided by CANMET Canada. Through an analysis using the Weibull distribution function, the Weibull shape k, and scale c, parameters are determined using the least square graphical method to be 6.938 and 2.022 respectively. The mean wind speed, the variance, the standard deviation, the most probable /speed and the wind power density are also estimated characterising the wind regime of Bamenda. Comparing these results with the measured ones, it is shown that the Weibull distribution can be used with...
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2013
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the global solar radiation of some representative cities of ... more The aim of this paper is to evaluate the global solar radiation of some representative cities of Cameroon using the linear Angstrom and non-linear polynomial relations. The choice of these cities which include: Bamenda in the North West region, Douala in the littoral region, Yaounde in the centre region, Ngaoundere in the Adamawa region, and Bertoua in the eastern region; is determined mostly by the availability of data. The Angstrom correlation coefficients for the linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial models would be calculated using the least square method for the different regions. The input data for the analyses are the measured global solar radiation and mean number of monthly sun shine hours. The data for the analyses is obtained partly from the archives of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and partly from the archives of the Cameroon Department of Meteorology, Douala. The data used covers a period of 23 years from 1983 to 2005. We demonstrate the validity...
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2018
This paper aims to evaluate the global solar radiation of some representative localities of Camer... more This paper aims to evaluate the global solar radiation of some representative localities of Cameroon using the linear Angstrom model and non-linear polynomial relations. The Angstrom correlation coefficients for the linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial models calculated using the least square method, for the different regions, would be used to predict the global solar energy of the chosen regions. The predictions would be evaluated by some chosen statistical methods. These include: the mean bias error (MBE), the mean relative error (MRE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and t-statistic (t-stat) error, which are the most widely used ones. The input data for the analyses are the measured global solar radiation and mean number of monthly sun shine hours. The data for the analyses is obtained partly from the archives of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and partly from the archives of the Cameroon Department of Meteorology, Douala. The data used covers a period of...
Heliyon, 2016
For the future installation of a wind farm in Cameroon, the wind energy potentials of three of Ca... more For the future installation of a wind farm in Cameroon, the wind energy potentials of three of Cameroon's coastal cities (Kribi, Douala and Limbe) are assessed using NASA average monthly wind data for 31 years (1983-2013) and compared through Weibull statistics. The Weibull parameters are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood, the mean power densities, the maximum energy carrying wind speeds and the most probable wind speeds are also calculated and compared over these three cities. Finally, the cumulative wind speed distributions over the wet and dry seasons are also analyzed. The results show that the shape and scale parameters for Kribi, Douala and Limbe are 2.9 and 2.8, 3.9 and 1.8 and 3.08 and 2.58, respectively. The mean power densities through Weibull analysis for Kribi, Douala and Limbe are 33.7 W/m2, 8.0 W/m2 and 25.42 W/m2, respectively. Kribi's most probable wind speed and maximum energy carrying wind speed was found to be 2.42 m/s and 3.35 m/s, 2.27 m/s and 3.03 m/s for Limbe and 1.67 m/s and 2.0 m/s for Douala, respectively. Analysis of the wind speed and hence power distribution over the wet and dry seasons shows that in the wet season, August is
International Journal of Rotating Machinery, 2012
Presently, there exist few numerical methods which treat the inverse problem for the determinatio... more Presently, there exist few numerical methods which treat the inverse problem for the determination of the geometry of wind turbine blades. In this work, authors intend to solve the inverse optimum project for horizontal axis wind turbine in which the selection of the circulation distribution is obtained by resolving two variational problems: the first consists in sorting the circulation distribution on the lifting line, which, for a given power extracted by the wind turbine, minimizes the loses due to the induced velocity. In the second, the optimal circulation distribution is selected such that the kinetic energy of the wind downstream of the rotor disc is minimum, when the energy extracted by the wind turbine for one rotating period is imposed. A code has been developed which incorporates the real pitch of the helicoidal vortex wake. Very promising results have been obtained: the circulation distribution for a given extracted power and the chord lengths distribution law along the ...
Renewable Energy, 2014
This paper treats the vortex shedding phenomenon of a savonius wind turbine, whose knowledge is p... more This paper treats the vortex shedding phenomenon of a savonius wind turbine, whose knowledge is primordial in correctly calculating the airloads on the blades. The specific aim being to numerically predict the disposition and geometry of the vortical structures in the wake of the savonius rotor whose existence has been visualised by a number of experimentalists. In the numerical approach, the blade is represented by discrete bound vortices while the wake is generated in a time stepping calculation as an emission of free vortices. The calculations are enhanced by the Newmann boundary condition coupled to the KuttaeJoukowsky condition and the Kelvin's theorem for the conservation of circulation. The convection of the vortices in the wake is accomplished through a predictor corrector integration scheme. A code has been developed which predicts the wake structure to be in good agreement with the experimental visualizations: For low tip speed ratios, the wake consists of a series of three discrete vortical structures while at higher tip speed ratios, the characteristic structure is the presences of a central vortex.
IntechOpen eBooks, Oct 26, 2022
Renewable Energy, 2005
ABSTRACT The aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines are closely related to the geometry of ... more ABSTRACT The aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines are closely related to the geometry of their blade profiles. The innovation and the technological development of wind turbine blade profiles can be centred on two tendencies. The first is to improve the shape of the existing airfoils and the second is to design new shapes of airfoils in order to get some more ambitious aerodynamic characteristics and enhanced performance.The aim of this paper is to develop an accurate airfoil analysis lower order code, based on the singularities method, for wind turbine applications. The 2D incompressible potential flow model has been used. In the implementation of the singularities method, source–vortex distributions over the airfoil contour are used to compute the flow characteristics. The accuracy and the validity of the results have been tested using experimental data obtained from Wind Turbine Airfoil Catalogue “Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, August 2001” and have shown considerable agreement.
Renewable Energy, 2006
ABSTRACT The aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines are closely related to the geometry of ... more ABSTRACT The aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines are closely related to the geometry of their blades. The innovation and the technological development of wind turbine blades can be centred on two tendencies. The first is to improve the shape of existing blades; the second is to design new shapes of blades. The aspiration in the two cases is to achieve an optimal circulation and hence enhancing some more ambitious aerodynamic characteristics. This paper presents an inverse design procedure, which can be adapted to both thin and thick wind turbine blade sections aiming to optimise the geometry for a prescribed distribution of bound vortices. A method for simulating the initial contour of the blade section is exposed, which simultaneously satisfy the aerodynamic and geometrical constraints under nominal conditions. A detailed definition of the function characterising the bound vortex distribution is presented. The inviscid velocity field and potential function distributions are obtained by the singularities method. In the design method implemented, these distributions and the circulation of bound vortices on the camber line of the blade profile, are used to rectify its camber in an iterative calculation leading to the final and optimal form of the blade section once convergence is attained. The scheme proposed has been used to design the entire blade of the wind turbine for a given span-wise distribution of bound circulation around the blade contour.
Renewable Energy, 2010
The aim of this paper is to numerically explore the non-linear two-dimensional unsteady potential... more The aim of this paper is to numerically explore the non-linear two-dimensional unsteady potential flow over a Savonius rotor and to develop a code for predicting its aerodynamics performances. In the model developed, the rotor is represented in a median plane by two semicircles, displaced along their common diameter. The two semicircles can be considered to produce lifting effects. As a result, they are modelled by a collection of discrete vortices on their contours. The flow field is then governed by the Laplace equation. The versatile Neumann boundary condition, applied over the contour of the semicircles and the Kutta Joukowsky condition applied at the four extremities of the semicircles have been used in the modelling. The torque distribution of the stationary rotor and the unsteady pressure field on the blades of the rotating rotor, predicted by the code developed, have been compared and validated by some experimental data.
Renewable Energy, 2005
The objective of this project 'OPHWT' is to develop an efficient numerical code, for the optimisa... more The objective of this project 'OPHWT' is to develop an efficient numerical code, for the optimisation of the aerodynamic characteristics of horizontal axis wind turbines. A vortex model has been treated based on the lifting line theory.