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Papers by Katalin Schrek

The Hungarian Historical Review New Series of Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Volume 12 No. 2 , 2023

In the last third of the eighteenth century, the foreign policy of the Russian Empire was oriente... more In the last third of the eighteenth century, the foreign policy of the Russian Empire was oriented towards the Ottoman Empire and, as part of it, towards the Balkans and the Black Sea region. The aspirations of Russian foreign policy under Catherine II were shaped not only by the weakening of the government in Constantinople and the acquisition of new territories, but also by the creation of Russian economic, cultural, and political presence in southeastern Europe. The creation of official diplomatic representations was one of the main tools used by Russia to establish its presence in the Balkans. The establishment of permanent embassies and the creation of the necessary political and infrastructural background became a decisive segment in the development of European diplomacy from the Peace of Westphalia to the Napoleonic Wars. The steps taken by the government in St. Petersburg with the creation of permanent embassies in the leading European courts were in line with the abovementioned trend, but while this kind of "catching up" process gradually moved towards Central and Western Europe, Russia applied a completely different set of conditions to maintain diplomatic relations in the case of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman diplomacy operated as a "one-sided diplomatic relation": there were permanent Russian envoys at the Constantinople court, but no representatives were delegated by the Porte to St. Petersburg. Russia had to adapt to this special situation in the eighteenth century. This closed system was broken by the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji, which closed the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 and included a clause according to which Russia had the right to establish consulates in the Ottoman Empire and thus in the Balkans, a key area. The other key element of the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji was the right of the reigning Russian tsar to be the protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire, which was also fixed in this agreement. The "authority" acquired at this time was not unprecedented, as the Porte had acceded to such requests in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through capitulations with other states (such as France, Austria, or the Venetian Republic), thus establishing the "protégé" system. At the same time, the Russian government took the protection of Christians under the jurisdiction of the Porte to a new level and made it an integral part of its foreign policy. In my study, I examine how the Russian Empire applied the results of the Peace of Kuchuk Kainardji to diplomatic advocacy in the Balkans.

From the perspective of political history, the Prince's ambassadorship in London provides a great... more From the perspective of political history, the Prince's ambassadorship in London provides a great number of interesting moments. However, besides the issues of international relations and diplomatic history, it is also possible to approach Paul Anton Esterhazy's (1786-1866) stay in England from another aspect. In addition to the-often monotonousroutine of office administration, reporting and intergovernmental consultations, the foreign service also had a more informal side. Social events were transitions between the private and official sphere, and-although personal relations in this period have significance on a formal level as well-they gave a larger amount of room to maneuver for the individual to put forward or use personal abilities successfully. As Austria's ambassador to London, Esterhazy played a role on both the formal and informal side. In this, social status and the representation associated with it-which can almost be considered a mandatory expectation-was a special tool. The Chandos House, home of the Austrian Embassy, was often the stage of social events, and the image of Esterhazy as a Hungarian magnate with extraordinary wealth emerged in the public opinion, who-besides large-scale politics-was a constant member and outstanding character of the elite in London. 1 These events were steady and acclaimed platforms for the meeting of the aristocracy and the political circles, where social contact was not only part of leisure but also personal contact and social representation. In this paper, we will review the locales that served as the main places for the lifestyle and social engagement of Paul Anton Esterhazy, and which were frequently visited by the Prince. In addition to the regular places, we will also touch upon other stages that belong to another division. Those places were listed in this category which were visited as part of an occasional invitation. These usually include visits or trips to the country estates far from the capital. In the meantime, we will also mention the characteristics of and the differences between the locations in the country and in London. The first stage, which had a peculiar role in the investigated period and enjoyed particular popularity, was the Almack's Club. Although the club-located in the heart of the English capital-had already existed for

The Eastern Question played a decisive role in the development of the Great Po e s attitude. The ... more The Eastern Question played a decisive role in the development of the Great Po e s attitude. The roots of the set of problems are closely related to the expansive aspirations of Russia. Resulting from the geostrategic position of the e pi e, the Balka s e a e a o sta t ta get of 'ussia s fo eig politi al ambitions. The ethnic fragmentation of the region, the aspirations for independence of the peoples living under Ottoman domination and the decentralized character of the Constantinople administration provided excellent opportunities for St Petersburg to realize their aspirations to enforce their interests. The conflicts, related to the Eastern Question, apart from the dissolution of the Balka s status uo, ea t the pe a e t a d ealisti th eat of the possible restrain of free shipping in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. It was the increasing threat posed on the straights and the commercial roads to India that motivated the active role of Great Britain in the Eastern Question. The stabilisation of the political circumstances in the region resulted in the periodic and limited cooperation of the two powers competing to acquire influence in the area i the se o d half of the s. Nevertheless the relation between Great Britain and Russia altered in the first half of the s. Russia gained a considerable influence in the Near East and the strengthening of her positions gave new dynamism to the Anglo-Russian rivalry. One of the most important manifestations of the ambivalent liaison between the two states was the so-called Vixen Affair of 1836 which can be a prominent example of the above mentioned tendency.

RussianStudiesHu, 2020

Canadian-American Slavic Studies (hereinafter CASS) published four impressive and interesting vol... more Canadian-American Slavic Studies (hereinafter CASS) published four impressive and interesting volumes in 2019 related to Russian and Soviet historical research. Two of them, entitled New Approaches to the Opposition to Stalin, focused on the current results of international cooperation between the members of the Association for Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies (ASEES) and the British Study Group on the Russian Revolution. The outcomes of this joint venture were first presented at a symposium at the University of Texas in 2016 were eventually published in the CASS volume no. 1-2 in 2019. These volumes contained altogether eight articles with different kinds of historical approaches to the interpretation and explanation of the 1920s-1950s Soviet Era. The second volume (no. 3), Contact, Conflict, and Crisis in Eastern Christianity, dealt with questions concerning the relationship faced by the Russian State and the Orthodox Church from sixteenth century to modern times and the challenges of Russian and American Orthodox communities throughout the centuries. This volume enjoyed institutional support from the Association for the Study of Eastern Christian History and Culture (ASEC). And finally, the fourth volume (no. 4) is a miscellaneous one, which represents different types of research fields. The present article endeavours to highlight the main contemporary trends in modern research on Russia and the Soviet Union, and to draw up a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the said volumes.

Őrzők, vigyázzatok a határra! : Határvédelem, határőrizet, határvadászok a középkortól napjainkig. Budapest, Zrínyi Kiadó., 2017

Vallásháborúk, felekezeti konfliktusok Európában és a közeli térségekben az ókortól napjainkig. Budapest, Zrínyi Kiadó. , 2020

Volt egyszer egy Monarchia. Város és vidék., 2019

Kultúra, művelődés, agrárium. Tanulmányok ifj. Barta János 80. születésnapjára. , 2020

A magyar arisztokrácia társadalmi-közéleti szerepvállalása., 2019

The Hungarian Historical Review New Series of Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Volume 12 No. 2 , 2023

In the last third of the eighteenth century, the foreign policy of the Russian Empire was oriente... more In the last third of the eighteenth century, the foreign policy of the Russian Empire was oriented towards the Ottoman Empire and, as part of it, towards the Balkans and the Black Sea region. The aspirations of Russian foreign policy under Catherine II were shaped not only by the weakening of the government in Constantinople and the acquisition of new territories, but also by the creation of Russian economic, cultural, and political presence in southeastern Europe. The creation of official diplomatic representations was one of the main tools used by Russia to establish its presence in the Balkans. The establishment of permanent embassies and the creation of the necessary political and infrastructural background became a decisive segment in the development of European diplomacy from the Peace of Westphalia to the Napoleonic Wars. The steps taken by the government in St. Petersburg with the creation of permanent embassies in the leading European courts were in line with the abovementioned trend, but while this kind of "catching up" process gradually moved towards Central and Western Europe, Russia applied a completely different set of conditions to maintain diplomatic relations in the case of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman diplomacy operated as a "one-sided diplomatic relation": there were permanent Russian envoys at the Constantinople court, but no representatives were delegated by the Porte to St. Petersburg. Russia had to adapt to this special situation in the eighteenth century. This closed system was broken by the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji, which closed the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 and included a clause according to which Russia had the right to establish consulates in the Ottoman Empire and thus in the Balkans, a key area. The other key element of the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji was the right of the reigning Russian tsar to be the protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire, which was also fixed in this agreement. The "authority" acquired at this time was not unprecedented, as the Porte had acceded to such requests in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through capitulations with other states (such as France, Austria, or the Venetian Republic), thus establishing the "protégé" system. At the same time, the Russian government took the protection of Christians under the jurisdiction of the Porte to a new level and made it an integral part of its foreign policy. In my study, I examine how the Russian Empire applied the results of the Peace of Kuchuk Kainardji to diplomatic advocacy in the Balkans.

From the perspective of political history, the Prince's ambassadorship in London provides a great... more From the perspective of political history, the Prince's ambassadorship in London provides a great number of interesting moments. However, besides the issues of international relations and diplomatic history, it is also possible to approach Paul Anton Esterhazy's (1786-1866) stay in England from another aspect. In addition to the-often monotonousroutine of office administration, reporting and intergovernmental consultations, the foreign service also had a more informal side. Social events were transitions between the private and official sphere, and-although personal relations in this period have significance on a formal level as well-they gave a larger amount of room to maneuver for the individual to put forward or use personal abilities successfully. As Austria's ambassador to London, Esterhazy played a role on both the formal and informal side. In this, social status and the representation associated with it-which can almost be considered a mandatory expectation-was a special tool. The Chandos House, home of the Austrian Embassy, was often the stage of social events, and the image of Esterhazy as a Hungarian magnate with extraordinary wealth emerged in the public opinion, who-besides large-scale politics-was a constant member and outstanding character of the elite in London. 1 These events were steady and acclaimed platforms for the meeting of the aristocracy and the political circles, where social contact was not only part of leisure but also personal contact and social representation. In this paper, we will review the locales that served as the main places for the lifestyle and social engagement of Paul Anton Esterhazy, and which were frequently visited by the Prince. In addition to the regular places, we will also touch upon other stages that belong to another division. Those places were listed in this category which were visited as part of an occasional invitation. These usually include visits or trips to the country estates far from the capital. In the meantime, we will also mention the characteristics of and the differences between the locations in the country and in London. The first stage, which had a peculiar role in the investigated period and enjoyed particular popularity, was the Almack's Club. Although the club-located in the heart of the English capital-had already existed for

The Eastern Question played a decisive role in the development of the Great Po e s attitude. The ... more The Eastern Question played a decisive role in the development of the Great Po e s attitude. The roots of the set of problems are closely related to the expansive aspirations of Russia. Resulting from the geostrategic position of the e pi e, the Balka s e a e a o sta t ta get of 'ussia s fo eig politi al ambitions. The ethnic fragmentation of the region, the aspirations for independence of the peoples living under Ottoman domination and the decentralized character of the Constantinople administration provided excellent opportunities for St Petersburg to realize their aspirations to enforce their interests. The conflicts, related to the Eastern Question, apart from the dissolution of the Balka s status uo, ea t the pe a e t a d ealisti th eat of the possible restrain of free shipping in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. It was the increasing threat posed on the straights and the commercial roads to India that motivated the active role of Great Britain in the Eastern Question. The stabilisation of the political circumstances in the region resulted in the periodic and limited cooperation of the two powers competing to acquire influence in the area i the se o d half of the s. Nevertheless the relation between Great Britain and Russia altered in the first half of the s. Russia gained a considerable influence in the Near East and the strengthening of her positions gave new dynamism to the Anglo-Russian rivalry. One of the most important manifestations of the ambivalent liaison between the two states was the so-called Vixen Affair of 1836 which can be a prominent example of the above mentioned tendency.

RussianStudiesHu, 2020

Canadian-American Slavic Studies (hereinafter CASS) published four impressive and interesting vol... more Canadian-American Slavic Studies (hereinafter CASS) published four impressive and interesting volumes in 2019 related to Russian and Soviet historical research. Two of them, entitled New Approaches to the Opposition to Stalin, focused on the current results of international cooperation between the members of the Association for Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies (ASEES) and the British Study Group on the Russian Revolution. The outcomes of this joint venture were first presented at a symposium at the University of Texas in 2016 were eventually published in the CASS volume no. 1-2 in 2019. These volumes contained altogether eight articles with different kinds of historical approaches to the interpretation and explanation of the 1920s-1950s Soviet Era. The second volume (no. 3), Contact, Conflict, and Crisis in Eastern Christianity, dealt with questions concerning the relationship faced by the Russian State and the Orthodox Church from sixteenth century to modern times and the challenges of Russian and American Orthodox communities throughout the centuries. This volume enjoyed institutional support from the Association for the Study of Eastern Christian History and Culture (ASEC). And finally, the fourth volume (no. 4) is a miscellaneous one, which represents different types of research fields. The present article endeavours to highlight the main contemporary trends in modern research on Russia and the Soviet Union, and to draw up a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the said volumes.

Őrzők, vigyázzatok a határra! : Határvédelem, határőrizet, határvadászok a középkortól napjainkig. Budapest, Zrínyi Kiadó., 2017

Vallásháborúk, felekezeti konfliktusok Európában és a közeli térségekben az ókortól napjainkig. Budapest, Zrínyi Kiadó. , 2020

Volt egyszer egy Monarchia. Város és vidék., 2019

Kultúra, művelődés, agrárium. Tanulmányok ifj. Barta János 80. születésnapjára. , 2020

A magyar arisztokrácia társadalmi-közéleti szerepvállalása., 2019

MOSZT könyvek 17. Forradalmak és kölcsönhatások, 2020

Világtörténet 13. (45). évfolyam 2023/3. szám, 2023

Debreceni Szemle, 2017/1. , 2017

RussianStudiesHu, 2020

Canadian-American Slavic Studies (hereinafter CASS) published four impressive and interesting vol... more Canadian-American Slavic Studies (hereinafter CASS) published four impressive and interesting volumes in 2019 related to Russian and Soviet historical research. Two of them, entitled New Approaches to the Opposition to Stalin, focused on the current results of international cooperation between the members of the Association for Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies (ASEES) and the British Study Group on the Russian Revolution. The outcomes of this joint venture were first presented at a symposium at the University of Texas in 2016 were eventually published in the CASS volume no. 1-2 in 2019. These volumes contained altogether eight articles with different kinds of historical approaches to the interpretation and explanation of the 1920s-1950s Soviet Era. The second volume (no. 3), Contact, Conflict, and Crisis in Eastern Christianity, dealt with questions concerning the relationship faced by the Russian State and the Orthodox Church from sixteenth century to modern times and the challenges of Russian and American Orthodox communities throughout the centuries. This volume enjoyed institutional support from the Association for the Study of Eastern Christian History and Culture (ASEC). And finally, the fourth volume (no. 4) is a miscellaneous one, which represents different types of research fields. The present article endeavours to highlight the main contemporary trends in modern research on Russia and the Soviet Union, and to draw up a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the said volumes.

Kronosz Kiadó, Pécs, 2023

Ez a kötet sokoldalú segítséget kínál mindazoknak, akik a múlt tudományos igényű vizsgálatával ke... more Ez a kötet sokoldalú segítséget kínál mindazoknak, akik a múlt tudományos igényű vizsgálatával kezdenek foglalkozni. Legyen szó akár egyetemi hallgatókról, akik a tanulmányaik során először találkoznak a történettudomány elméleti és fogalmi "dzsungelével", forrásainak gazdagságával, vagy éppen az önálló szövegalkotás nehézségeivel, akár olyan "laikusokról", akiket a történelem iránti érdeklődésük motivál tudásuk elmélyítésére. E könyvben a történelem nem száraz tények és események sora, hanem a múlt és a jelen közötti élő, izgalmas kapcsolat, amelynek felfedezésében korunk igényeinek megfelelően infografi kák, képek és gyakorlati útmutatások sora segíti az Olvasót. A kötet A kötet az NKFI MEC-K-21 140932 számú, "Bevezetés a történettudományba, a történelemkutatás módszereibe és a közgyűjtemények használatába" című projekt a Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Alapból biztosított támogatással, a Mecenatúra pályázati program fi nanszírozásában valósult meg 2023-ban

Jó régen, a pontos időre és helyre nem emlékszem, Zsóka egyszer megjelent nálam és azt mondta, ho... more Jó régen, a pontos időre és helyre nem emlékszem, Zsóka egyszer megjelent nálam és azt mondta, hogy családi dolgok miatt az utolsó években kicsit kikerült a ruszisztikai vérkeringésből, segítenék-e, ha mással nem, jó szóval, bíztatással ismét visszakerülni. Azóta eltelt legalább egy negyedszázad, és nem tudom eldönteni, melyikünk segített többet a másiknak. Ha csak a szikár számokat, adatokat nézzük, akkor Bodnár Erzsébet 2002 és 2022 között az ELTE Ruszisztikai Központja által szervezett kilenc nemzetközi konferencián vett részt előadóként és a Központ egy tucat kiadványában szerzőként, egy évtizede oktat az ELTE BTK Történeti Doktori Iskolájának Ruszisztikai Programjában, de évekig-amíg létezett-tagja volt az MTA-ELTE Történeti Ruszisztikai Kutatócsoportjának, s ma is a virtuális Ruszisztikai Intézetnek, valamint a Magyar-Orosz Történész Vegyesbizottságnak. Bodnár Erzsébet döntően a Debreceni Egyetemhez kötődő tudományos munkásságának első időszakáról pontos képet ad az Oroszország a 18-19. században c., 2000-ben megjelentetett tanulmánykötete, amely a 90-es évek "termésének" javát gyűjti egybe. Az első próbálkozások az eszmetörténet területén történtek, amit jól példáz a kötet Az ismeretlen Mihajlovszkij c. tanulmánya. Ebben az írásban Bodnár Erzsébet bizton támaszkodhatott a még 1985-ben megvédett N. K. Mihajlovszkij világnézetének formálódása Oroszországban a 19. század 60-80-as éveiben c. disszertációjára, amelyet sokunk mentora, a magyar Kelet-Európa-kutatások klasszikusa, az éppen száz esztendővel ezelőtt született Niederhauser Emil akadémikus vezetésével írt. Ugyanakkor megjelenik a későbbi kutatásaiban eminens helyet elfoglaló "olasz" tematika, a 19. század első felének orosz külpolitika története, és azon belül is I. Sándor cár személye, tevékenysége, és általában az ún. orosz modernizáció problémája is. A kötet első két tanulmánya pedig jó összefoglalását adja a palotaforradalmak korának, illetve I. Erzsébet hatalomra jutása történetének, két olyan témának, amelynek korábban nem volt számottevő magyar feldolgozása. Ezek a témák aztán végig kísérik Bodnár Erzsébetet a 2000-es években, több nagyszabású tanulmányt szentel nekik, majd összegyűjtve is publikálja őket 7