Silvia De Cesare | Université de Genève (original) (raw)

Papers - Philosophy of life sciences by Silvia De Cesare

Research paper thumbnail of Values in evolutionary biology: a  comparison between the contemporary debate on organic progress and Canguilhem’s biological  philosophy

Special Issue on normativity in History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences , 2022

The aim of this paper is to make a comparison and build up a dialogue between two different philo... more The aim of this paper is to make a comparison and build up a dialogue between two different philosophical approaches to values in evolutionary biology. First, I present the approach proposed by Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel McShea in their contribution to the contemporary debate on organic progress. i.e. the idea that there has been some kind of improvement concerning organisms over the history of life. Discussing organic progress raises the question of what “better” exactly means. This requires an explicit clarification on what legitimately means to speak about “good” in evolutionary biology, thus to speak about values. Second, I move on to present an approach to values that has been proposed by Georges Canguilhem in the context of a different philosophical tradition (i.e. the “continental” tradition). Canguilhem’s original theses are conceived in a Darwinian framework and clearly relate to the question of values in evolutionary biology. I shall then propose a comparison between these two heterogeneous perspectives on values by critically evaluating their common points and main differences. I will argue that both perspectives agree that the question of values in evolutionary biology takes on its full meaning with respect to the relationship between the organism and the environment. However, the framework for conceptualizing values in evolutionary biology provided by Rosenberg and McShea neglects a significant point highlighted by Canguilhem, i.e. the active role that the organism can play in evaluating the environment. In line with recent developments of biology (e.g. niche construction), this point can be easily integrated into Rosenberg and McShea’s framework. Finally, I will point out some main differences between the two perspectives relative to the specificity of Canguilhem’s biological philosophy.

Research paper thumbnail of Disentangling organic and technological progress: An epistemological clarification introducing a key distinction between two levels of axiology, Silvia De Cesare

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 73, February, p. 44-53, 2019

The notion of “progress” can be defined as a directional change towards the better, implying both... more The notion of “progress” can be defined as a directional change towards the better, implying both a descriptive
and an axiological element. “Organic progress” refers to this notion applied to the history of life, whereas
“technological progress” refers to this notion applied to the history of technological artifacts. This paper aims to
disentangle conceptual questions about the notion of organic progress with respect to evolutionary theory, by
proposing an epistemological perspective that also accounts for technological progress.
My argument is set out in four sections. In section 2, drawing on the thought of some eminent evolutionary
biologists, I will pinpoint a theoretical claim according to which a specific notion of organic progress is consistent
with evolutionary theory. In section 3, I show some limits and problems that arise in the application of
this theoretical claim to the organic domain. In section 4, I consider why these problems with application are
often underestimated: I hypothesize that this is linked to the analogy frequently made between organic and
technological progress. Finally, in section 5, I will carry on the analysis of this analogy by proposing a distinction
between two levels of axiology. I claim that this distinction avoids several common confusions when talking
about progress.

Research paper thumbnail of Evolution et progrès : une question d'échelles temporelles (forthcoming)

Actes des Colloques Cerisy

Research paper thumbnail of Les « bioarchives » comme modèles pour l’écologie et les sciences de l’environnement : une perspective épistémologique, Silvia De Cesare

Bulletins d'histoire et d'épistémologie des sciences de la vie, Vol. 26, num. 1. , 2019

Résumé En écologie et en sciences de l’environnement, certains organismes présentent un intérêt ... more Résumé
En écologie et en sciences de l’environnement, certains organismes présentent un intérêt particulier en raison du fait qu’ils enregistrent des informations au cours de leur vie : il s’agit par exemple des arbres en milieu terrestre et des mollusques bivalves en milieu aquatique. Moyennant l’étude de ces « bioarchives », des informations peuvent être obtenues sur les relations organismes-environnement ou sur des dynamiques environnementales. En quel sens ces organismes-bioarchives peuvent-ils être considérés comme des « modèles » ? Cet article présente d’abord un état de l’art de deux jeunes disciplines qui ont pour objet les bioarchives : la dendrochronologie et la sclérochronologie. La question épistémologique est ensuite abordée dans l’objectif de cerner la spécificité de ces modèles biologiques.

Abstract
In ecology and environmental sciences, some organisms present a special interest because they can register some information through their lifetime: these are for example trees in terrestrial ecosystems and bivalve mollusks in aquatic ecosystems. Studying these “bioarchives”, it is possible to obtain information about the relationships between organisms and their environments and about environmental dynamics. In which sense can these bioarchives be considered as “model organisms”? This article first presents the state of the art of the two young disciplines studying the bioarchives: dendrochronology and sclerochronology. The epistemological question is then addressed with the aim of understanding the specificity of these biological models.

Research paper thumbnail of Le naturalisme non-darwinien de Wittgenstein, Silvia De Cesare

Research paper thumbnail of Lettere sul naturalismo, con una presentazione di Silvia De Cesare e Telmo Pievani

II principio della selezione naturale vale anche per l’uomo? È questa la domanda attorno alla qua... more II principio della selezione naturale vale anche per l’uomo? È questa la domanda attorno alla quale si consuma la frattura tra Charles Darwin e il collega Alfred Russel Wallace. Le lettere che qui pubblichiamo per la prima volta in italiano consentono di seguire in filigrana l’evoluzione del pensiero darwiniano, il suo stupore e la sua delusione di fronte alla ‘metamorfosi’ regressiva di Wallace, gli scambi con altri interlocutori che hanno preceduto la pubblicazione dell’Origine dell’uomo.

Papers - Ecology by Silvia De Cesare

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary plasticity in the bivalve Astarte moerchi revealed by a multimarker study in two Arctic fjords (De Cesare et al. 2017)

Arctic coastal ecosystems are likely to be strongly affected by predicted environmental changes s... more Arctic coastal ecosystems are likely to be strongly affected by predicted environmental changes such as sea-ice decline and increase in freshwater input and turbidity. These changes are expected to impact primary production dynamics and consequently benthic consumers. The trophic relationship between primary producers and benthic primary consumers were compared in 2 Arctic fjords with different seasonal ice-cover: Young Sound (NE Greenland, a high-Arctic fjord) and Kongsfjorden (Svalbard Archipelago, a sub-Arctic fjord). For comparison, we selected the filter-feeding bivalve Astarte moerchi (belonging to the complex A. borealis), which has a broad geographical distribution in the Arctic. The bivalve digestive glands and food sources were characterized with fatty acids (FAs), bulk stable isotopes, and compound-specific stable isotopes of individual FAs. Our results suggest that diatoms of pelagic and/or benthic origin are the main contributors to the A. moerchi diet in Young Sound and make up a less important fraction of the diet in the Kongsfjorden population. A contribution by sympagic diatoms is clearly excluded in the sub-Arctic fjord and needs to be further assessed in the Arctic fjord. The A. moerchi diet in subArctic Kongsfjorden is more diversified, varies with season, and has contributions from dinoflagellates and macroalgal detritus. These results, together with higher concentrations of total FAs in the Young Sound population, demonstrated and characterized the trophic plasticity of this bivalve species. Based on these results, we discuss potential effects of environmental factors (shifts in trophic resources, increase in turbidity) for A. moerchi populations in changing Arctic ecosystems.

Research paper thumbnail of Bacterial Communities Associated with Four Cyanobacterial Genera Display Structural and Functional Differences: Evidence from an Experimental Approach (Zhu et al. 2016)

Frontiers in microbiology, 2016

To overcome the limitations associated with studying the interactions between bacterial communiti... more To overcome the limitations associated with studying the interactions between bacterial communities (BCs) and cyanobacteria in natural environments, we compared the structural and functional diversities of the BCs associated with 15 non-axenic cyanobacterial strains in culture and two natural BCs sampled during cyanobacterial blooms. No significant differences in richness and diversity were found between the natural and cultivated BCs, although some of the cyanobacterial strains had been isolated 11 years earlier. Moreover, these BCs shared some similar characteristics, such as a very low abundance of Actinobacteria, but they display significant differences at the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level. Overall, our findings suggest that BCs associated with cyanobacteria in culture are good models to better understand the interactions between heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria. Additionally, BCs associated with heterocystous cyanobacterial strains cultivated in Z8X culture med...

Book (in preparation) by Silvia De Cesare

Research paper thumbnail of Organic progress and evolutionary theory

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Elements in Philosophy of Biology

The idea of “progress” is generally defined as a directional change towards the better. This defi... more The idea of “progress” is generally defined as a directional change towards the better. This definition includes a descriptive element, related to the directional change, and an axiological element, related to what is considered to be “good” and “better”. The idea of progress has several domains of application. Applied to human civilization on its whole, the idea has characterized the Enlightenment movement, then declining during the course of the 20th century. The idea of progress can also be applied more specifically to the technological domain (change towards better technical artifacts) and to the scientific domain (change towards better scientific theories). Another field of application of the idea of progress is the organic domain, where the change towards the “better” refers to the history of life, or parts of the history of life.
The application of the idea of progress to the organic domain raises the question of the complex relationships between organic progress and evolutionary theory. The question is nicely summed up by the historian of science John C. Greene: “evolutionary biologists, it seems, can neither live with nor live without the idea of progress” (Greene 1990). The reasons why evolutionary biologists should not “live with” progress are quite easy to grasp. At first glance, “progress” sounds like a metaphysical idea, where a clear axiological element seems to imply a subjective judgement which should have no place in a scientific discipline. Indeed, in the past, organic progress underpinned a clearly anthropocentric view: man is the organism at the top of the progressive evolution. However, after Charles Darwin, we should be aware that man is only one of the branches of the tree of life and that the idea of organic progress has no place in evolutionary theory. In fact, the idea that there has been some “directional change towards the better” in evolution never really disappeared from biological thought, as it has been shown by Micheal Ruse in his book Monad to Man: the concept of progress in evolutionary biology (1996).
The reasons why contemporary evolutionary biologists should be unable to “live without” the idea of organic progress are less straightforward to grasp. In the past, the belief in human progress and the “man at the top” perspective have undoubtedly influenced the evolutionary thought. But today, with some detachment from these beliefs, we can ask whether some of these reasons are theoretical – related to the logic of evolutionary theory and not to extra-scientific reasons. The main thread of this book will be the conceptual question: is there a notion of organic progress which is consistent with evolutionary theory? If so, this notion should be clearly defined, and all other unsound ideas of “progress” should be ruled out.
Analyzing the thought of some selected evolutionary biologists, the focus will be on clarifying their theoretical arguments. In particular, I will ask whether it can be soundly claimed that the mechanism of natural selection (cause of organic progress) does imply some kind of improvement. If so, this improvement asks to be carefully defined, clarifying the criterion of organic progress (what is improving?) and on the scope of progress (to which portion of the history of life is this improvement applying?). Among the several criteria of progress proposed by biologists, I will examine three of them: morphological complexity, energy intensiveness and autonomy from the environment. I will present arguments to show that these criteria have their flaws and cannot be accepted as sound criteria for organic progress. Then, drawing on the thought George Gaylord Simpson and Richard Dawkins, I will end up identifying a notion of progress which is consistent with the framework of evolutionary theory. This notion refers to the concept of adaptation, that will be defined as “functional improvement of organic traits”. It will be made clear that the ontology of interest here are parts of organisms (organic traits) rather than organisms on their whole. The mechanism causing the improvement is natural selection intended as intra-group competition and the “scope” of organic progress will be identified as a local scope, applying to tiny portions of the history of life. It shall be remarked that this notion considers progress as “relative” to specific functions, thus excluding the possibility of a general progress taking place over the whole history of life. Once this theoretical notion clearly defined, some limits of practical applicability will be examined, leading to the conclusion that the notion has a narrow scope of application in the organic domain.
The identification of the notion of “functional improvement of organic traits” opens up to some new questions that shall be considered. In fact, the notion refers to parts of organisms, but the relationship between parts and the whole organism needs to be investigated. While using the term “progress”, biologists often have in mind not only organic traits, but also the global fitness of the organism. These two different levels of axiology will be labeled as “functional improvement of organic traits” and “holistic betterment”. My claim will be that, if it is theoretically legitimate to talk about improvements of organic traits (bearing in mind the limits of applicability of the notion), it is difficult to argue that some betterment has taken place at the second level of axiology. The book concludes opening the debate beyond the scope of biology, and considering analogies and disanalogies between organic and technological progress.

Book Chapter by Silvia De Cesare

Research paper thumbnail of L’idée de progrès chez Simondon : un prisme conceptuel pour envisager les  relations entre technologie et écologie

Chapter 1 of the book Écologie et technologie. Redéfinir le progrès après Simondon (dir. Jean-Hugues Barthélémy and Ludovic Duhem, Editions Materiologiques) , 2022

L’objectif de ce texte est d’analyser l’idée de progrès dans l’œuvre de Gilbert Simondon, en util... more L’objectif de ce texte est d’analyser l’idée de progrès dans l’œuvre de Gilbert Simondon, en utilisant cette idée comme prisme conceptuel pour préparer l’interrogation sur les relations entre technologie et écologie. Nous distinguerons quatre dimensions du progrès : la portée, le critère, la cause et le rythme. La pensée de Simondon sera caractérisée en organisant la discussion autour de la question de la portée du progrès, en précisant le domaine d’application auquel on fait référence lorsqu’on parle d’un changement vers le mieux. Nous commencerons par aborder la question du progrès technique, en soulignant que la composante axiologique de l’idée de progrès fait ici référence au processus de concrétisation des objets techniques. Cela nous permettra d’analyser la manière dont Simondon pense les relations entre progrès technique et progrès de la société humaine. Nous verrons que le progrès humain - où la composante axiologique relève du domaine de l’éthique - ne peut pas être identifié automatiquement avec le progrès technique, même si Simondon pense que cette coïncidence serait souhaitable. Nous pourrons finalement aborder la question des relations entre technique et écologie en interrogeant la possibilité d’envisager un progrès « de type organique », où la composante axiologique ferait référence au maintien d’une relation viable entre l’espèce humaine et le milieu qu’est la biosphère. Nous conclurons en suggérant que, pour Simondon, l’espoir d’un progrès « profond » semblerait être l’espoir d’une convergence possible entre progrès technique, humain et organique.

Talks by Silvia De Cesare

Research paper thumbnail of Bertoldi N, De Cesare S (2022) Scientific progress as evolution in Kuhn’s philosophy of science: A fruitful analogy?

The Kuhn Centennial Conference: Thomas Kuhn and the 21st Century Philosophy of Science

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2022 - Invited Speaker) Le normal et le pathologique : une perspective philosophique. K-LAB (Kinesiology Laboratory) Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, February 2022.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (planned for 2022) Invited speaker for the seminar HPSE in Paris (« Histoire,  Philosophie et Sociologie de l'Ecologie »), at « Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement  de Paris » (iEES Paris).

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2021) Peut-on penser l'évolution en biologie sans le temps ? Invited speaker for  Colloques Cerisy, « Les autres noms du temps » direction Vincent Bontems and Étienne Klein. July  2021.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2021) Organic progress in evolutionary biology: a scientific concept? Congress of the  SPS (Société de Philosophie des Sciences) in Mons, Belgium. September 2021.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (January 2020 - Invited speaker) The idea of organic “progress” and evolutionary  theory, San Sebastian, Seminar of IAS-research. Center for life, Mind & Society. January 2020.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2020, virtual conference) L’idée de « progrès » entre histoire des sciences et histoire de  la vie : analyse d’une analogie proposée par Thomas Kuhn. 6èmes Journées d’études sur  l’Épistémologie Historique. Épistémologie historique et épistémologie de l’histoire. November 2020.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2019) L’axiologie dans les sciences de la vie : une confrontation entre la pensée de  Canguilhem et le débat contemporain en philosophie de la biologie, Epistémologie Historique : La  philosophie des sciences du vivant, May 2019.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare (2019) Disentangling organic and technological progress. Lake Geneva Biological Interest  Group. October 2019.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2017) Model organisms in ecology and environmental sciences: an epistemological perspective, 4th Young Natural History scientists' Meeting, MNHN, February 2017.

Research paper thumbnail of Values in evolutionary biology: a  comparison between the contemporary debate on organic progress and Canguilhem’s biological  philosophy

Special Issue on normativity in History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences , 2022

The aim of this paper is to make a comparison and build up a dialogue between two different philo... more The aim of this paper is to make a comparison and build up a dialogue between two different philosophical approaches to values in evolutionary biology. First, I present the approach proposed by Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel McShea in their contribution to the contemporary debate on organic progress. i.e. the idea that there has been some kind of improvement concerning organisms over the history of life. Discussing organic progress raises the question of what “better” exactly means. This requires an explicit clarification on what legitimately means to speak about “good” in evolutionary biology, thus to speak about values. Second, I move on to present an approach to values that has been proposed by Georges Canguilhem in the context of a different philosophical tradition (i.e. the “continental” tradition). Canguilhem’s original theses are conceived in a Darwinian framework and clearly relate to the question of values in evolutionary biology. I shall then propose a comparison between these two heterogeneous perspectives on values by critically evaluating their common points and main differences. I will argue that both perspectives agree that the question of values in evolutionary biology takes on its full meaning with respect to the relationship between the organism and the environment. However, the framework for conceptualizing values in evolutionary biology provided by Rosenberg and McShea neglects a significant point highlighted by Canguilhem, i.e. the active role that the organism can play in evaluating the environment. In line with recent developments of biology (e.g. niche construction), this point can be easily integrated into Rosenberg and McShea’s framework. Finally, I will point out some main differences between the two perspectives relative to the specificity of Canguilhem’s biological philosophy.

Research paper thumbnail of Disentangling organic and technological progress: An epistemological clarification introducing a key distinction between two levels of axiology, Silvia De Cesare

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 73, February, p. 44-53, 2019

The notion of “progress” can be defined as a directional change towards the better, implying both... more The notion of “progress” can be defined as a directional change towards the better, implying both a descriptive
and an axiological element. “Organic progress” refers to this notion applied to the history of life, whereas
“technological progress” refers to this notion applied to the history of technological artifacts. This paper aims to
disentangle conceptual questions about the notion of organic progress with respect to evolutionary theory, by
proposing an epistemological perspective that also accounts for technological progress.
My argument is set out in four sections. In section 2, drawing on the thought of some eminent evolutionary
biologists, I will pinpoint a theoretical claim according to which a specific notion of organic progress is consistent
with evolutionary theory. In section 3, I show some limits and problems that arise in the application of
this theoretical claim to the organic domain. In section 4, I consider why these problems with application are
often underestimated: I hypothesize that this is linked to the analogy frequently made between organic and
technological progress. Finally, in section 5, I will carry on the analysis of this analogy by proposing a distinction
between two levels of axiology. I claim that this distinction avoids several common confusions when talking
about progress.

Research paper thumbnail of Evolution et progrès : une question d'échelles temporelles (forthcoming)

Actes des Colloques Cerisy

Research paper thumbnail of Les « bioarchives » comme modèles pour l’écologie et les sciences de l’environnement : une perspective épistémologique, Silvia De Cesare

Bulletins d'histoire et d'épistémologie des sciences de la vie, Vol. 26, num. 1. , 2019

Résumé En écologie et en sciences de l’environnement, certains organismes présentent un intérêt ... more Résumé
En écologie et en sciences de l’environnement, certains organismes présentent un intérêt particulier en raison du fait qu’ils enregistrent des informations au cours de leur vie : il s’agit par exemple des arbres en milieu terrestre et des mollusques bivalves en milieu aquatique. Moyennant l’étude de ces « bioarchives », des informations peuvent être obtenues sur les relations organismes-environnement ou sur des dynamiques environnementales. En quel sens ces organismes-bioarchives peuvent-ils être considérés comme des « modèles » ? Cet article présente d’abord un état de l’art de deux jeunes disciplines qui ont pour objet les bioarchives : la dendrochronologie et la sclérochronologie. La question épistémologique est ensuite abordée dans l’objectif de cerner la spécificité de ces modèles biologiques.

Abstract
In ecology and environmental sciences, some organisms present a special interest because they can register some information through their lifetime: these are for example trees in terrestrial ecosystems and bivalve mollusks in aquatic ecosystems. Studying these “bioarchives”, it is possible to obtain information about the relationships between organisms and their environments and about environmental dynamics. In which sense can these bioarchives be considered as “model organisms”? This article first presents the state of the art of the two young disciplines studying the bioarchives: dendrochronology and sclerochronology. The epistemological question is then addressed with the aim of understanding the specificity of these biological models.

Research paper thumbnail of Le naturalisme non-darwinien de Wittgenstein, Silvia De Cesare

Research paper thumbnail of Lettere sul naturalismo, con una presentazione di Silvia De Cesare e Telmo Pievani

II principio della selezione naturale vale anche per l’uomo? È questa la domanda attorno alla qua... more II principio della selezione naturale vale anche per l’uomo? È questa la domanda attorno alla quale si consuma la frattura tra Charles Darwin e il collega Alfred Russel Wallace. Le lettere che qui pubblichiamo per la prima volta in italiano consentono di seguire in filigrana l’evoluzione del pensiero darwiniano, il suo stupore e la sua delusione di fronte alla ‘metamorfosi’ regressiva di Wallace, gli scambi con altri interlocutori che hanno preceduto la pubblicazione dell’Origine dell’uomo.

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary plasticity in the bivalve Astarte moerchi revealed by a multimarker study in two Arctic fjords (De Cesare et al. 2017)

Arctic coastal ecosystems are likely to be strongly affected by predicted environmental changes s... more Arctic coastal ecosystems are likely to be strongly affected by predicted environmental changes such as sea-ice decline and increase in freshwater input and turbidity. These changes are expected to impact primary production dynamics and consequently benthic consumers. The trophic relationship between primary producers and benthic primary consumers were compared in 2 Arctic fjords with different seasonal ice-cover: Young Sound (NE Greenland, a high-Arctic fjord) and Kongsfjorden (Svalbard Archipelago, a sub-Arctic fjord). For comparison, we selected the filter-feeding bivalve Astarte moerchi (belonging to the complex A. borealis), which has a broad geographical distribution in the Arctic. The bivalve digestive glands and food sources were characterized with fatty acids (FAs), bulk stable isotopes, and compound-specific stable isotopes of individual FAs. Our results suggest that diatoms of pelagic and/or benthic origin are the main contributors to the A. moerchi diet in Young Sound and make up a less important fraction of the diet in the Kongsfjorden population. A contribution by sympagic diatoms is clearly excluded in the sub-Arctic fjord and needs to be further assessed in the Arctic fjord. The A. moerchi diet in subArctic Kongsfjorden is more diversified, varies with season, and has contributions from dinoflagellates and macroalgal detritus. These results, together with higher concentrations of total FAs in the Young Sound population, demonstrated and characterized the trophic plasticity of this bivalve species. Based on these results, we discuss potential effects of environmental factors (shifts in trophic resources, increase in turbidity) for A. moerchi populations in changing Arctic ecosystems.

Research paper thumbnail of Bacterial Communities Associated with Four Cyanobacterial Genera Display Structural and Functional Differences: Evidence from an Experimental Approach (Zhu et al. 2016)

Frontiers in microbiology, 2016

To overcome the limitations associated with studying the interactions between bacterial communiti... more To overcome the limitations associated with studying the interactions between bacterial communities (BCs) and cyanobacteria in natural environments, we compared the structural and functional diversities of the BCs associated with 15 non-axenic cyanobacterial strains in culture and two natural BCs sampled during cyanobacterial blooms. No significant differences in richness and diversity were found between the natural and cultivated BCs, although some of the cyanobacterial strains had been isolated 11 years earlier. Moreover, these BCs shared some similar characteristics, such as a very low abundance of Actinobacteria, but they display significant differences at the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level. Overall, our findings suggest that BCs associated with cyanobacteria in culture are good models to better understand the interactions between heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria. Additionally, BCs associated with heterocystous cyanobacterial strains cultivated in Z8X culture med...

Research paper thumbnail of Organic progress and evolutionary theory

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Elements in Philosophy of Biology

The idea of “progress” is generally defined as a directional change towards the better. This defi... more The idea of “progress” is generally defined as a directional change towards the better. This definition includes a descriptive element, related to the directional change, and an axiological element, related to what is considered to be “good” and “better”. The idea of progress has several domains of application. Applied to human civilization on its whole, the idea has characterized the Enlightenment movement, then declining during the course of the 20th century. The idea of progress can also be applied more specifically to the technological domain (change towards better technical artifacts) and to the scientific domain (change towards better scientific theories). Another field of application of the idea of progress is the organic domain, where the change towards the “better” refers to the history of life, or parts of the history of life.
The application of the idea of progress to the organic domain raises the question of the complex relationships between organic progress and evolutionary theory. The question is nicely summed up by the historian of science John C. Greene: “evolutionary biologists, it seems, can neither live with nor live without the idea of progress” (Greene 1990). The reasons why evolutionary biologists should not “live with” progress are quite easy to grasp. At first glance, “progress” sounds like a metaphysical idea, where a clear axiological element seems to imply a subjective judgement which should have no place in a scientific discipline. Indeed, in the past, organic progress underpinned a clearly anthropocentric view: man is the organism at the top of the progressive evolution. However, after Charles Darwin, we should be aware that man is only one of the branches of the tree of life and that the idea of organic progress has no place in evolutionary theory. In fact, the idea that there has been some “directional change towards the better” in evolution never really disappeared from biological thought, as it has been shown by Micheal Ruse in his book Monad to Man: the concept of progress in evolutionary biology (1996).
The reasons why contemporary evolutionary biologists should be unable to “live without” the idea of organic progress are less straightforward to grasp. In the past, the belief in human progress and the “man at the top” perspective have undoubtedly influenced the evolutionary thought. But today, with some detachment from these beliefs, we can ask whether some of these reasons are theoretical – related to the logic of evolutionary theory and not to extra-scientific reasons. The main thread of this book will be the conceptual question: is there a notion of organic progress which is consistent with evolutionary theory? If so, this notion should be clearly defined, and all other unsound ideas of “progress” should be ruled out.
Analyzing the thought of some selected evolutionary biologists, the focus will be on clarifying their theoretical arguments. In particular, I will ask whether it can be soundly claimed that the mechanism of natural selection (cause of organic progress) does imply some kind of improvement. If so, this improvement asks to be carefully defined, clarifying the criterion of organic progress (what is improving?) and on the scope of progress (to which portion of the history of life is this improvement applying?). Among the several criteria of progress proposed by biologists, I will examine three of them: morphological complexity, energy intensiveness and autonomy from the environment. I will present arguments to show that these criteria have their flaws and cannot be accepted as sound criteria for organic progress. Then, drawing on the thought George Gaylord Simpson and Richard Dawkins, I will end up identifying a notion of progress which is consistent with the framework of evolutionary theory. This notion refers to the concept of adaptation, that will be defined as “functional improvement of organic traits”. It will be made clear that the ontology of interest here are parts of organisms (organic traits) rather than organisms on their whole. The mechanism causing the improvement is natural selection intended as intra-group competition and the “scope” of organic progress will be identified as a local scope, applying to tiny portions of the history of life. It shall be remarked that this notion considers progress as “relative” to specific functions, thus excluding the possibility of a general progress taking place over the whole history of life. Once this theoretical notion clearly defined, some limits of practical applicability will be examined, leading to the conclusion that the notion has a narrow scope of application in the organic domain.
The identification of the notion of “functional improvement of organic traits” opens up to some new questions that shall be considered. In fact, the notion refers to parts of organisms, but the relationship between parts and the whole organism needs to be investigated. While using the term “progress”, biologists often have in mind not only organic traits, but also the global fitness of the organism. These two different levels of axiology will be labeled as “functional improvement of organic traits” and “holistic betterment”. My claim will be that, if it is theoretically legitimate to talk about improvements of organic traits (bearing in mind the limits of applicability of the notion), it is difficult to argue that some betterment has taken place at the second level of axiology. The book concludes opening the debate beyond the scope of biology, and considering analogies and disanalogies between organic and technological progress.

Research paper thumbnail of L’idée de progrès chez Simondon : un prisme conceptuel pour envisager les  relations entre technologie et écologie

Chapter 1 of the book Écologie et technologie. Redéfinir le progrès après Simondon (dir. Jean-Hugues Barthélémy and Ludovic Duhem, Editions Materiologiques) , 2022

L’objectif de ce texte est d’analyser l’idée de progrès dans l’œuvre de Gilbert Simondon, en util... more L’objectif de ce texte est d’analyser l’idée de progrès dans l’œuvre de Gilbert Simondon, en utilisant cette idée comme prisme conceptuel pour préparer l’interrogation sur les relations entre technologie et écologie. Nous distinguerons quatre dimensions du progrès : la portée, le critère, la cause et le rythme. La pensée de Simondon sera caractérisée en organisant la discussion autour de la question de la portée du progrès, en précisant le domaine d’application auquel on fait référence lorsqu’on parle d’un changement vers le mieux. Nous commencerons par aborder la question du progrès technique, en soulignant que la composante axiologique de l’idée de progrès fait ici référence au processus de concrétisation des objets techniques. Cela nous permettra d’analyser la manière dont Simondon pense les relations entre progrès technique et progrès de la société humaine. Nous verrons que le progrès humain - où la composante axiologique relève du domaine de l’éthique - ne peut pas être identifié automatiquement avec le progrès technique, même si Simondon pense que cette coïncidence serait souhaitable. Nous pourrons finalement aborder la question des relations entre technique et écologie en interrogeant la possibilité d’envisager un progrès « de type organique », où la composante axiologique ferait référence au maintien d’une relation viable entre l’espèce humaine et le milieu qu’est la biosphère. Nous conclurons en suggérant que, pour Simondon, l’espoir d’un progrès « profond » semblerait être l’espoir d’une convergence possible entre progrès technique, humain et organique.

Research paper thumbnail of Bertoldi N, De Cesare S (2022) Scientific progress as evolution in Kuhn’s philosophy of science: A fruitful analogy?

The Kuhn Centennial Conference: Thomas Kuhn and the 21st Century Philosophy of Science

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2022 - Invited Speaker) Le normal et le pathologique : une perspective philosophique. K-LAB (Kinesiology Laboratory) Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, February 2022.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (planned for 2022) Invited speaker for the seminar HPSE in Paris (« Histoire,  Philosophie et Sociologie de l'Ecologie »), at « Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement  de Paris » (iEES Paris).

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2021) Peut-on penser l'évolution en biologie sans le temps ? Invited speaker for  Colloques Cerisy, « Les autres noms du temps » direction Vincent Bontems and Étienne Klein. July  2021.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2021) Organic progress in evolutionary biology: a scientific concept? Congress of the  SPS (Société de Philosophie des Sciences) in Mons, Belgium. September 2021.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (January 2020 - Invited speaker) The idea of organic “progress” and evolutionary  theory, San Sebastian, Seminar of IAS-research. Center for life, Mind & Society. January 2020.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2020, virtual conference) L’idée de « progrès » entre histoire des sciences et histoire de  la vie : analyse d’une analogie proposée par Thomas Kuhn. 6èmes Journées d’études sur  l’Épistémologie Historique. Épistémologie historique et épistémologie de l’histoire. November 2020.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2019) L’axiologie dans les sciences de la vie : une confrontation entre la pensée de  Canguilhem et le débat contemporain en philosophie de la biologie, Epistémologie Historique : La  philosophie des sciences du vivant, May 2019.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare (2019) Disentangling organic and technological progress. Lake Geneva Biological Interest  Group. October 2019.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2017) Model organisms in ecology and environmental sciences: an epistemological perspective, 4th Young Natural History scientists' Meeting, MNHN, February 2017.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2014) Ecologie trophique des bivalves Astarte moerchi : modèle d'étude pour des fjords  arctiques soumis aux changements climatiques, Journées Scientifiques de l'UMR  7208 BOREA, Caen,  July 2014.

Research paper thumbnail of De Cesare S. (2012) (invited speaker with Cavazzini A., Pappalardo M., Turriziani Colonna F.)  L’evoluzione secondo S. J. Gould tra Natura, Storia e Società, international conference at Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere e Arti,  Venise, May 2012.

Research paper thumbnail of Ontogenesi e filogenesi

Italian translation (chapters 4, 5 and 11) of Stephen Jay Gould's Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Edited ... more Italian translation (chapters 4, 5 and 11) of Stephen Jay Gould's Ontogeny and Phylogeny.
Edited by Maria Turchetto, translation by Cavazzini A, De Cesare S, Pappalardo M, Turriziani Colonna F.

Research paper thumbnail of Interview iPhilo (en français, p. 21-32)

Research paper thumbnail of “Che cos’è la filosofia della biologia?” (2021)

https://www.philosophie.ch/it/raccolta-articoli/2021/che-cos-e-la-filosofia-della-biologia, 2021

Introductory article "What is...?" in philosophie.ch

Research paper thumbnail of Il darwinismo di Chauncey Wright, Silvia De Cesare

Gray, we must stop all this." Louis Agassiz

Research paper thumbnail of Chapitre 1. L’idée de progrès chez Simondon : un prisme conceptuel pour envisager les relations entre technologie et écologie

Research paper thumbnail of Les bivalves filtreurs Astarte moerchi : modèle biologique pour l'étude des écosystème marins arctiques

« Qui cherche trouve toujours. Il ne trouve pas nécessairement ce qu'il cherche, moins encore ce ... more « Qui cherche trouve toujours. Il ne trouve pas nécessairement ce qu'il cherche, moins encore ce qu'il faut trouver. Mais il trouve quelque chose de nouveau à rapporter à la chose qu'il connaît déjà. L'essentiel est cette vigilance continue, cette attention qui ne se relâche jamais sans que s'installe la déraison-où le savant excelle comme l'ignorant. » Jacques Rancière « La philosophie est une réflexion pour qui toute matière étrangère est bonne et nous dirions volontiers pour qui toute bonne matière doit être étrangère. » Georges Canguilhem REMERCIEMENTS Les listes de remerciements que l'on trouve généralement dans les thèses m'ont parfois semblé d'une longueur quasiment exagérée. Au bout de trois ans de chemin, je comprends parfaitement d'où cela vient et je suis heureuse d'exprimer ma reconnaissance envers les nombreuses personnes qui ont permis la réalisation de ce travail. Je tiens tout d'abord à remercier mon directeur de thèse, Frédéric Olivier, pour la confiance qu'il m'a donné en me choisissant pour ce projet, pour m'avoir transmis son enthousiasme pour la recherche lors des passionnantes discussions, encouragée à voir le positif et orientée lors de la rédaction, et également pour les moments bien sympathiques partagés sur le terrain au Groenland. Je remercie Tarik Meziane pour avoir co-encadré la partie trophique de cette thèse en m'initiant à la pensée complexe nécessaire à la compréhension des acides gras, pour les bons conseils et les relectures du manuscrit et, par ailleurs, pour m'avoir appris plein de choses lors des agréables discussions historiques pendant les pauses. Je tiens à adresser mes remerciements à Philippe Archambault, Laurent Chauvaud, Xavier de Montaudouin et Réjean Tremblay pour avoir bien voulu donner leur temps pour juger ce travail en acceptant de faire partie du jury de thèse. L'équipe Resaqua a été le cadre idéal pour réaliser cette thèse dans un esprit de bonne humeur et collaboration. Un immense merci à Najet Thiney pour m'avoir aidé dans toutes les manières possibles au laboratoire et m'avoir encouragée sans faille ; à Cédric Hubas pour m'avoir évité au moins un milliard de copier-coller sur Excel et pour m'avoir donnée envie de poursuivre dans le domaine de l'écologie en encadrant mon stage de Master ; à Claire Passarelli et Dominique Lamy pour avoir toujours été prêtes à m'écouter et soutenir ; à Jean-Michel Mortillaro pour les innombrables coups de mains et pour m'avoir appris à me débrouiller ; à Frank David et Pierrick Barbier pour leur soutien et les bons moments partagés; à Xavier Lazzaro et Marc Pouilly pour les belles discussions ; à Guillaume Dirberg, auquel j'adresse un remerciement wittgensteinien ; à Thibault Moleana, Françoise Gauthier, Elisabeth Riera, Guillaume Rolland et aux stagiaires du labo pour avoir contribué à la bonne ambiance dans l'équipe ; à Raphaëlle Guillauma pour avoir réalisée une partie du travail en sclérochronologie lors de son stage, dont l'encadrement était une très belle expérience. Lors du premier dépôt de ce manuscrit, je remerciais Hervé Rybarczyk pour m'avoir transmis du courage et de la bonne humeur au cours de ces trois ans. Tout en luttant avec la maladie, il continuait à travailler et à échanger avec les collègues et il acceptait avec plaisir de me donner un coup de main pour réaliser les graphiques de sclérochimie qui figurent dans les chapitres 3 et 4. Aujourd'hui, lorsque je termine les dernières corrections de cette thèse, il n'est plus là pour que je puisse le remercier. Comme tous ceux qui ont eu le bonheur d'interagir avec lui au labo, je porterai toujours dans mon coeur le souvenir du sourire de ses yeux, de sa gentillesse et de sa joie de vivre. Je ne saurais pas suffisamment remercier Blandine Gaillard pour l'aide qu'elle m'a fourni en particulier pour la sclérochronologie et la sclérochimie, pour les coups de pouce, la relecture des parties du manuscrit et les conseils de toute sorte. J'espère avoir été « à l'écoute » des Astarte aussi attentivement qu'elle l'a fait, et j'ai trouvé très chouette que nos thèses, en quelques sorte « soeurs », nous aient fait rencontrer. Je tiens à remercier nos collaborateurs à l'Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM) de Brest : merci à Joëlle Richard pour les conseils précieux et les discussions qui ont aiguisée mes réflexions, à Aurélie Jolivet pour les coups de main et pour m'avoir appris que la patience est la vertu du sclérochronologiste et à Julien Thébault pour m'avoir éclairée dans l'interprétation des données. Les deux séjours réalisés dans le cadre de la thèse à l'Université de Québec à Rimouski (UQAR) ont été une expérience enrichissante : je remercie particulièrement pour leur aide Gesche Winkler, François Turcotte et Mathieu Babin. Sur le terrain au Groenland, l'aide de Mikael Sejr et Egon Randa Frandsen a été précieuse pour mener à bien l'échantillonnage ; merci également à Jean Gaumy pour les bons moments partagés dans ce voyage inoubliable. Je suis reconnaissante à Amy Featherston, Éric Dabas, Mélyne Hautecoeur, Sylvain Menneteau, Marc Pouilly et Claire Lazareth pour avoir bien voulu me conseiller ou discuter avec moi pour des aspects liés à la sclérochronologie et à la sclérochimie. Je remercie Laurent Reynet pour avoir bien voulu relire des parties du manuscrit. Merci également à Simone Sorel, Isabelle Hascouet et Mahjouba Fassa pour leur aide dans les démarches administratives.

Research paper thumbnail of Filter-feeding bivalves Astarte moerchi : biological model for the study of Arctic marine ecosystems

Dans le contexte des changements climatiques, les écosystèmes marins arctiques sont confrontés à ... more Dans le contexte des changements climatiques, les écosystèmes marins arctiques sont confrontés à des modifications environnementales accélérés, dont les conséquences sur les communautés biotiques sont encore débattues. La diminution du couvert de glace, l’augmentation de la turbidité et des apports d’eau douce vont affecter les producteurs primaires arctiques, avec des effets en cascade sur un processus-clé de ces écosystèmes : la relation trophique entre producteurs primaires et consommateurs benthiques (à laquelle se réfère généralement l’expression « couplage pélagos-benthos »). L’étude directe de ces interactions complexes n’est pas aisée dans ces milieux. Le modèle biologique des bivalves filtreurs peut permettre de contourner ces problèmes en remplissant une fonction d’ « intermédiaire » pour la compréhension de ces processus écologiques. Parmi les avantages de ce modèle d’étude, il y a tout d’abord le fait que ces organismes enregistrent au sein de leur coquille, dans les cou...

Research paper thumbnail of Values in evolutionary biology: a comparison between the contemporary debate on organic progress and Canguilhem’s biological philosophy

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences

The aim of this paper is to make a comparison and build up a dialogue between two different philo... more The aim of this paper is to make a comparison and build up a dialogue between two different philosophical approaches to values in evolutionary biology. First, I present the approach proposed by Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel McShea in their contribution to the contemporary debate on organic progress. i.e. the idea that there has been some kind of improvement concerning organisms over the history of life. Discussing organic progress raises the question of what “better” exactly means. This requires an explicit clarification on what legitimately means to speak about “good” in evolutionary biology, thus to speak about values. Second, I move on to present an approach to values that has been proposed by Georges Canguilhem in the context of a different philosophical tradition (i.e. the “continental” tradition). Canguilhem’s original theses are conceived in a Darwinian framework and clearly relate to the question of values in evolutionary biology. I shall then propose a comparison between t...

Research paper thumbnail of Chapitre 1. L’idée de progrès chez Simondon : un prisme conceptuel pour envisager les relations entre technologie et écologie

Écologie et technologie, 2021

Étymologiquement, le mot « progrès » vient du latin pro-gradi, marcher en avant. Si le terme est ... more Étymologiquement, le mot « progrès » vient du latin pro-gradi, marcher en avant. Si le terme est utilisé jusqu'au XVI e siècle avec le sens axiologiquement neutre de marche ou de mouvement en avant, il prend un sens supplémentaire à partir du XVII e siècle en étant revêtu d'une connotation positive indiquant une avancée vers un état meilleur ou plus élevé 2. Dans son sens moderne, le terme implique donc une composante axiologique qui est généralement absente des termes « devenir », « changement » et « évolution », même si des confusions terminologiques sont fréquentes dans le langage courant. À la fin des années 1950, Simondon remarque que le terme « progrès » au sens strict est à réserver à un changement ayant une connotation axiologique positive : « Cela signifie que ce qui est essentiel dans le progrès, ce n'est peut-être pas le fait que l'on va en avant : après tout, un train qui avance progresse-t-il ? Non. Il est toujours le même train, avec les mêmes voyageurs, il ne fait aucun progrès au sens constructif du terme ; ni un homme qui avance à travers la campagne : il était à Poitiers, et après il sera à Parthenay ou à Bressuire : ce n'est pas mieux, pas moins bien, c'est pareil : il n'y a pas progrès ici, il y a déplacement, si on veut : il « faufile », mais il ne construit pas ». 3 Il lui arrive pourtant d'utiliser lui-même le mot dans son sens neutre, à travers les expressions « progrès positif » et « progrès négatif » 4. Pour éviter toute ambigüité, nous utiliserons ici le terme dans son sens moderne et axiologiquement connoté. Une autre source d'ambiguïtés réside dans les interactions complexes entre l'idée de progrès et la théorie biologique de l'évolution 5. Il conviendra ici d'utiliser le terme « évolution » comme synonyme de « changement » et « devenir », donc sans aucune charge axiologique. Simondon lui-même semble respecter cet usage, et un passage de Du mode d'existence des objets techniques (MEOT) précise les conditions sous lesquelles l'« évolution » des objets techniques peut devenir « progrès » 6. Nous reviendrons plus bas sur la question des relations entre l'idée de progrès et l'évolution biologique. Pour l'instant, il convient d'achever ce propos préliminaire sur les distinctions qui guideront notre analyse.

Research paper thumbnail of Disentangling organic and technological progress: An epistemological clarification introducing a key distinction between two levels of axiology

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 2018

The notion of "progress" can be defined as a directional change towards the better, implying both... more The notion of "progress" can be defined as a directional change towards the better, implying both a descriptive and an axiological element. "Organic progress" refers to this notion applied to the history of life, whereas "technological progress" refers to this notion applied to the history of technological artifacts. This paper aims to disentangle conceptual questions about the notion of organic progress with respect to evolutionary theory, by proposing an epistemological perspective that also accounts for technological progress. My argument is set out in four sections. In section 2, drawing on the thought of some eminent evolutionary biologists, I will pinpoint a theoretical claim according to which a specific notion of organic progress is consistent with evolutionary theory. In section 3, I show some limits and problems that arise in the application of this theoretical claim to the organic domain. In section 4, I consider why these problems with application are often underestimated: I hypothesize that this is linked to the analogy frequently made between organic and technological progress. Finally, in section 5, I will carry on the analysis of this analogy by proposing a distinction between two levels of axiology. I claim that this distinction avoids several common confusions when talking about progress.

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary plasticity in the bivalve Astarte moerchi revealed by a multimarker study in two Arctic fjords

Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2017

Arctic coastal ecosystems are likely to be strongly affected by predicted environmental changes s... more Arctic coastal ecosystems are likely to be strongly affected by predicted environmental changes such as sea-ice decline and increase in freshwater input and turbidity. These changes are expected to impact primary production dynamics and consequently benthic consumers. The trophic relationship between primary producers and benthic primary consumers were compared in 2 Arctic fjords with different seasonal ice-cover: Young Sound (NE Greenland, a high-Arctic fjord) and Kongsfjorden (Svalbard Archipelago, a sub-Arctic fjord). For comparison, we selected the filter-feeding bivalve Astarte moerchi (belonging to the complex A. borealis), which has a broad geographical distribution in the Arctic. The bivalve digestive glands and food sources were characterized with fatty acids (FAs), bulk stable isotopes, and compound-specific stable isotopes of individual FAs. Our results suggest that diatoms of pelagic and/or benthic origin are the main contributors to the A. moerchi diet in Young Sound and make up a less important fraction of the diet in the Kongsfjorden population. A contribution by sympagic diatoms is clearly excluded in the sub-Arctic fjord and needs to be further assessed in the Arctic fjord. The A. moerchi diet in sub-Arctic Kongsfjorden is more diversified, varies with season, and has contributions from dinoflagellates and macroalgal detritus. These results, together with higher concentrations of total FAs in the Young Sound population, demonstrated and characterized the trophic plasticity of this bivalve species. Based on these results, we discuss potential effects of environmental factors (shifts in trophic resources, increase in turbidity) for A. moerchi populations in changing Arctic ecosystems. KEY WORDS: Arctic benthos • Climate change • Pelagic−benthic coupling • Filter-feeding bivalves • Fatty acids • Trophic markers • Compound-specific carbon stable isotopes Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

Research paper thumbnail of Lettere sul naturalismo con una presentazione di Silvia De Cesare e Telmo Pievani

Micromega, 2010

II principio della selezione naturale vale anche per l’uomo? È questa la domanda attorno alla qua... more II principio della selezione naturale vale anche per l’uomo? È questa la domanda attorno alla quale si consuma la frattura tra Charles Darwin e il collega Alfred Russel Wallace. Le lettere che qui pubblichiamo per la prima volta in italiano consentono di seguire in filigrana l’evoluzione del pensiero darwiniano, il suo stupore e la sua delusione di fronte alla ‘metamorfosi’ regressiva di Wallace, gli scambi con altri interlocutori che hanno preceduto la pubblicazione dell’Origine dell’uomo.

Research paper thumbnail of Les bivalves filtreurs Astarte moerchi : modèle biologique pour l'étude des écosystème marins arctiques

Dans le contexte des changements climatiques, les ecosystemes marins arctiques sont confrontes a ... more Dans le contexte des changements climatiques, les ecosystemes marins arctiques sont confrontes a des modifications environnementales acceleres, dont les consequences sur les communautes biotiques sont encore debattues. La diminution du couvert de glace, l’augmentation de la turbidite et des apports d’eau douce vont affecter les producteurs primaires arctiques, avec des effets en cascade sur un processus-cle de ces ecosystemes : la relation trophique entre producteurs primaires et consommateurs benthiques (a laquelle se refere generalement l’expression « couplage pelagos-benthos »). L’etude directe de ces interactions complexes n’est pas aisee dans ces milieux. Le modele biologique des bivalves filtreurs peut permettre de contourner ces problemes en remplissant une fonction d’ « intermediaire » pour la comprehension de ces processus ecologiques. Parmi les avantages de ce modele d’etude, il y a tout d’abord le fait que ces organismes enregistrent au sein de leur coquille, dans les cou...

Research paper thumbnail of Les « bioarchives » comme modèles pour l’écologie et les sciences de l’environnement : une perspective épistémologique

Bulletin d’histoire et d’épistémologie des sciences de la vie, 2019

Résumé En écologie et en sciences de l’environnement, certains organismes présentent un intérêt p... more Résumé En écologie et en sciences de l’environnement, certains organismes présentent un intérêt particulier en raison du fait qu’ils enregistrent des informations au cours de leur vie : il s’agit par exemple des arbres en milieu terrestre et des mollusques bivalves en milieu aquatique. Moyennant l’étude de ces « bioarchives », des informations peuvent être obtenues sur les relations organismes-environnement ou sur des dynamiques environnementales. En quel sens ces organismes-bioarchives peuvent-ils être considérés comme des « modèles » ? Cet article présente d’abord un état de l’art de deux jeunes disciplines qui ont pour objet les bioarchives : la dendrochronologie et la sclérochronologie. La question épistémologique est ensuite abordée dans l’objectif de cerner la spécificité de ces modèles biologiques. Abstract In ecology and environmental sciences, some organisms present a special interest because they can register some information through their lifetime: these are for example trees in terrestrial ecosystems and bivalve mollusks in aquatic ecosystems. Studying these “bioarchives”, it is possible to obtain information about the relationships between organisms and their environments and about environmental dynamics. In which sense can these bioarchives be considered as “model organisms”? This article first presents the state of the art of the two young disciplines studying the bioarchives: dendrochronology and sclerochronology. The epistemological question is then addressed with the aim of understanding the specificity of these biological models.