Uriah Lar - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Uriah Lar

The Combustion Profiles of the Lafia-Obi Coals: Implication for Electricity Power Generation

Journal of Applied Physical Science International

This paper aims to understand the combustion profiles of the coal samples in the Lafia-Obi axis, ... more This paper aims to understand the combustion profiles of the coal samples in the Lafia-Obi axis, Middle Benue Trough (MBT), for consideration as a potential energy source for electricity power generation. Despite efforts and commitment from renewable energy sources to account for a significant share of the total electricity supply, coal remains the most important electricity-producing fuel globally. Currently, there is growing energy demand, as many industrialized and developing countries continue to rely on coal for electricity power generation in the next few decades to come. The Benue Trough is a failed arm of the triple ‘RRr’ junction of an inland sedimentary basin that extends in a NE-SW direction from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, to the Chad Basin in the north. A total of nine (9) grab coal samples were obtained from 3 coal localities in the Lafia-Obi environment, the proximate analysis was conducted on the coal samples using a Perkin Elmer Thermogravimetric Analyzer. The ...

Potential petroleum prospects in the middle Benue trough, central Nigeria: Inferences from integrated applications of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies

Scientific African

Potential petroleum prospects in the middle Benue trough, central Nigeria: Inferences from integrated applications of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies

Scientific African

Lead and Mercury Poisoning Due to Artisanal Gold Mining in Nigeria

A motivation to writing this book was as a result of a reported case of lead poisoning from Anka ... more A motivation to writing this book was as a result of a reported case of lead poisoning from Anka area of Zamfara State, north western Nigeria which became a matter of public concern in 2010 which led to the dead of over 400 people including children. Since then widespread Artisanal gold mining and associated Pb-Zn sulphide ore has continued unhindered without adhering to best practices in mining with adverse environmental and human health consequences. Lead and Mercury released into the environment through this activity constitute serious human health hazards and has led to the extreme contamination of the top soils and subsequently sources of drinking water thereby contaminating them. The book’s main goal, apart from raising awareness, is to contribute towards reducing the environmental and health impact of artisanal mining in the affected areas so as secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and well-being of the surrounding mining communities.

Etude Geochimique de Massifs Basiques et Ultrabasiques (Apa, Todasana, TINAQUILLO) de la Chaine Tertiaire Caraibe du Venezuela: Genese de Magmas Mantelliques et interaction Manteau-Croute

SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : TD 83486 / INIST-CN... more SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : TD 83486 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Partial melting mechanism and mantle peridotite chemical geodynamics

Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2000

Earth Sciences, 2013

The concentration levels of trace elements in drinking water and food pose potential health risks... more The concentration levels of trace elements in drinking water and food pose potential health risks to man and therefore require great attention. Studies on iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) indicate goiter prevalence in areas underlain by metamorphic Basement and Younger Granite rocks and its near absence in the sedimentary terrains. There are cases of dental fluorosis resulting from the excessive ingestion of fluoride in both children and adults living in both the crystalline and sedimentary terrains in Nigeria with none reported from the coastal areas. Mining/mineral processing predisposes these trace elements to weathering whereby they are released into the environment in the soil and water bodies. The incidence of abnormally high natural radiation (radon gas) associated with most rocks and the exceptionally higher natural radiation associated with cassiterite mill tailings of the Jos Plateau, north central Nigeria, is a source of worry. Epidemiological records have indicated the increasing rate of lung cancer prevalence on the Jos Plateau and studies carried out elsewhere in Europe have linked about 13% of deaths associated with lung cancer to exposure to natural radiation. Preliminary hydrogeochemical study indicates high concentrations of potentially harmful elements (PHE) (Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, V, Co, Cr, Ni, etc.) in the soils and water bodies in the crystalline and inland sedimentary terrains especially close to sulfide mineralization. In addition, high levels of these elements from anthropogenic sources have also been reported in soils and water in most mining/mineral processing sites and urban centres. The knowledge of the relationships between trace elements and human health issues is at its infancy in Nigeria. To adequately understand these relationships, there is need for geoscientists to intensify research on trace elements in the environment and together with professionals in community health so as to identify health issues arising from trace elements in the environment.

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, May 18, 2022

The petrographic composition of Cretaceous-age coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria is prese... more The petrographic composition of Cretaceous-age coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria is presented and discussed in terms of the paleodepositional settings that influenced the coal-bearing formations. The Benue Trough is a failed arm of the triple junction of an inland sedimentary basin that extends in a NE-SW direction from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, to the Chad Basin in the north. A total of twenty-nine (29) coal samples were obtained from nineteen coal localities in the Upper (UBT), Middle (MBT), and Lower Benue Trough (LBT). The high average volatile matter yield, low average ash yield, high calorific value (24.82 MJ/kg, on average), and low sulphur values indicate good quality coal deposits. The organic matter is dominated by vitrinite, reported at an average of 59.3% by volume (mineral-matter free). Variation was noted in the inertinite content across three sub-regions. Liptinite macerals were not commonly observed in the studied samples and were absent in the MBT samples. Coal facies studies decipher the paleoenvironmental conditions under which the vegetation accumulated. Indices commonly used are the gelification index (GI), tissue preservation index (TPI), ground water index (GWI and variations), vegetation index (VI), and wood index (WI). Comparing the array of coal facies models applied, the MBT samples differ from the UBT and LBT samples, concurring with the coal quality data. The UBT and LBT coals formed in an upper deltaic to drier piedmont plane depositional environment, while the MBT coal formed in a lower deltaic marsh to wet forest swamp depositional environment. All samples indicate an ombrotrophic paleomire. In view of the modified equations and the plots used, interpreting depositional environments from just a single model is not reliable.

Petroleum Geochemistry Of Kuchalli -1 In The Nigerian Sector Of The Chad Basin

Kuchalli -1 well, one of the twenty-three exploratory oil wells drilled in the Nigerian sector of... more Kuchalli -1 well, one of the twenty-three exploratory oil wells drilled in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin penetrated a Cretaceous succession comprising the Bima, Gongila, Fika and Chad formations. Organic geochemical analyses were carried out to assess the source-rock potential of forty (40) selected ditch cuttings. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content was found to vary between 0.5 – 2.0wt % (moderate to good) at a depth of 1700m and 2300m. Hydrogen Index (HI) values correlated against TOC and T_maxvalues indicate gas generative potential. Results of the investigation show that the Chad Basin has hydrocarbon source rock potential at the indicated interval. TOC of > 0.5wt% was recorded in both the Gongila and Fika shales. The Bima Sandstone and the Gombe Sandstone could serve as potential reservoir rocks. An integrated exploration programme is recommended for use in the Chad Basin to enable a better understanding of the petroleum systems of the basin.

Overview of the Development and Utilization of Industrial Mineral Commodities in Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities

Medical Geology in Nigeria: An Emerging Earth Sciences Discipline

Abstract: The study area lies precisely between longitude 5048’E and 6000’E and latitude 11058’N ... more Abstract: The study area lies precisely between longitude 5048’E and 6000’E and latitude 11058’N and 12015’N and the concentration of Pb, Hg and As were studied in soils of the area. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which gold mining and the use of mercury for its processing has led to the contamination of the soils with Pb Hg and As. The assessment of the contamination of the soils was based on the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF); the Igeo gives a quantitative extent of accumulation of the metal with respect to the quality of medium analyzed while the Enrichment Factor is used to differentiate between metals originating from anthropogenic activities and those from natural processes. A total of twenty four (24) soil samples were collected and analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The data revealed that the soils in the study area are significantly contaminated, showing high level of toxic el...

Major and Trace Elemens (+ SR ISOTOPJC) GeochemicalCharacteristics of The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Peridotites and, The Nature of The Upper Mantle

Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2000

The study area lies precisely between longitude 548’E and 600’E and latitude 1158’N and 1215’N an... more The study area lies precisely between longitude 548’E and 600’E and latitude 1158’N and 1215’N and the concentration of Pb, Hg and As were studied in soils of the area. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which gold mining and the use of mercury for its processing has led to the contamination of the soils with Pb Hg and As. The assessment of the contamination of the soils was based on the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF); the Igeo gives a quantitative extent of accumulation of the metal with respect to the quality of medium analyzed while the Enrichment Factor is used to differentiate between metals originating from anthropogenic activities and those from natural processes. A total of twenty four (24) soil samples were collected and analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The data revealed that the soils in the study area are significantly contaminated, showing high level of toxic elements than no...

The petrographic composition of coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria are presented and discu... more The petrographic composition of coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria are presented and discussed in terms of paleodepositional setting that influenced the coal-bearing formations. The Benue Trough is a failed arm of the triple ‘RRr’ junction of an inland sedimentary basin that extends in a NE-SW direction from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, to the Chad Basin in the north. A total of twenty-nine (29) coal samples were obtained from 19 coal localities in the Upper (UBT), Middle (MBT), and Lower Benue Trough (LBT). The proximate data indicates the coal samples have a high volatile matter content, low ash yield, and high calorific value (24.82 MJ/Kg, on average). The sulphur values are generally low (average of 0.94 %). The coal samples are generally high in vitrinite, with an average of 59.3% by volume (mineral-matter free). Variation was noted in the inertinite content for the three sub-region samples. Liptinite macerals were not commonly observed in the studied samples and are...

Effect of biodegradation and water washing on oil properties

AIMS Geosciences, 2018

Bulk and molecular properties of oils extracted from various oil sands were examined to show the ... more Bulk and molecular properties of oils extracted from various oil sands were examined to show the effect of biodegradation and water washing on oil quality. Our results indicate that the total ion current (TIC) fragmentograms of all the studied oils show the presence of significant unresolved complex mixture (UCM) components, which is a common characteristic of oils that have undergone biodegradation. All the studied oils are also enriched in the polar fractions (asphaltene + resin) and depleted in the saturate oil fractions consistent with oils that have undergone biodegradation. The studied oils are also acidic, having total acid numbers (TAN) > ~0.5 mgKOH/goil. Such high TAN values have serious negative impact on the economic value of the oils, as high oil acidity is known to cause production and downstream handling problems such as corrosion and the formation of emulsions. This study also demonstrates that geological and geochemical processes that appear to give rise to a high concentration of sulfur in oils, and to oil acidity (typically measured as TAN), are those that favour biodegradation. Water washing is observed to occur simultaneously with biodegradation in all the studied oils. Vital roles played by water in petroleum biodegradation include acting as a reactant in biodegradation processes and carrying nutrients needed for life.

Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 2016

Consumption of high fluoride in groundwater of Langtang area, manifest in the inhabitants of the ... more Consumption of high fluoride in groundwater of Langtang area, manifest in the inhabitants of the area in form of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis in older group. The aim of this study was to appraise the hydrogeochemistry of fluoride in the groundwaters of Langtang area. Thirty seven surface and groundwater samples and nine rock samples were collected in Langtang area for geochemical analysis. The Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICPOES) was used to detect cations. The anions (Cl-, SO 4 = and Br-) were determine by Ion Chromatography method. Fluoride was determined by the Specific Ion Electrode and bicarbonate was determined by titration. Major oxides, trace elements and rare earth elements for the rock samples were determined by the XRF method and fluorine by the Fusion method. Polished thin sections for rocks were prepared and studied. Geochemical results from analysis of the samples (rock and water) show that four major rock units make up the geology of the area; coarse porphyritic biotite granite, migmatite, rhyolite and riebeckite granites, the minor ones are pegmatite, trachyte, aplite and fine to medium grained biotite granites. The rhyolite, the riebeckite granites and trachyte have the highest level of fluorine content in the area (1,470, 1000, 900 and 800 ppm) respectively. The fluorine mineral (Fluorite) crystallized in the late stage of the magma as replacement of Fe/Mg mineral probably hornblende or biotite. Fluorine is leached into the groundwater from the rhyolite under the slightly alkaline (Ca-Mg-HCO 3 evolving Na-HCO 3) water in the area. The two major groundwater types (Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Na-HCO 3) in the area have good relationship with content of fluoride in water. Although, the riebeckite granites have high fluorine content, contribution of fluoride from them is towards the southern portion of the map, owing to the groundwater flow direction. The different water sources in the area do not show variation in content of fluoride in water. However, groundwater barriers (dykes) may be responsible for some area having low fluoride (<1.5 mg/l) content. The consumption of high content of fluoride in the area has resulted in severe dental fluorosis in both children and youths and bowing of legs (Genu Valgum) in children with no discrimination between the sexes.

IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 2014

Until fairly recently, water has been seen as an infinitely available resource to be diverted, dr... more Until fairly recently, water has been seen as an infinitely available resource to be diverted, drained or polluted in generating wealth. Scarcity is a policy-induced outcome flowing from this deeply flawed approach, the predictable consequences of inexhaustible demand chasing an under priced resources. This study seeks to look at water resources in Nigeria and to assess water availability and its attendant consequences on the Nigeria population at present and in the near future. Images of shrinking lakes, and disappearing of rivers, population growth, pollution and climate change reinforce the perception that Nigeria is drifting into water crises. With competition for an increasing scarce resource conflicts within the country and water wars between countries are likely inevitable. This study seeks for ways of providing solutions to water crises that may arise between Nigeria and other countries sharing rivers together.

A geophysical investigation using geo-electrical resistivity method was carried out in the Kassa ... more A geophysical investigation using geo-electrical resistivity method was carried out in the Kassa Volcanic Field (KVF) on the Jos Plateau to reveal the subsurface structural lineaments as indicated in the satellite images covering the area. The electrical resistivity method utilized the Schlumberger technique along 3 profiles. A total of 36 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) stations with AB/2 (current electrode spacing) from 1.5 to 215m with intervals of 50m and depth penetration capability of 70m was carried out. The results obtained revealed 3-5 lithologies sequence with thicknesses ranges between 0.1 and 70m and resistivity values of between 34 Ωm and 2222 Ωm. Nineteen major fractures at various depths were intercepted at various VES stations and these are probably the zones through which the basaltic lava out poured apart from the central volcanic vent. The VES results revealed heterogeneous nature of the subsurface geological sequence. The geologic sequence beneath the study a...

Widespread artisanal, alongside small-scale mining operations are currently increasing in intensi... more Widespread artisanal, alongside small-scale mining operations are currently increasing in intensity in Nigeria. These activities are causing immeasurable damage to the environment and populations that live in the vicinity of these mine fields. The discharges of Potentially Harmful Elements (PHEs) from the exposed mine-out /mineral processing sites and their subsequent remobilization into the soils, and natural water bodies constitute serious human health problems. A study aiming at understanding the extent by which these elements contaminate the soils at the vicinity of the mining operations was conducted. This study also sought to identify the possible effects on human health and how it can be best mitigated. Geochemical results suggest that the discharges of PHEs from the mining/mineral ore processing operations have contributed significantly to the enrichment of these elements in the surrounding environment, thereby contaminating drinking water sources, food crops, and are dispos...

The Combustion Profiles of the Lafia-Obi Coals: Implication for Electricity Power Generation

Journal of Applied Physical Science International

This paper aims to understand the combustion profiles of the coal samples in the Lafia-Obi axis, ... more This paper aims to understand the combustion profiles of the coal samples in the Lafia-Obi axis, Middle Benue Trough (MBT), for consideration as a potential energy source for electricity power generation. Despite efforts and commitment from renewable energy sources to account for a significant share of the total electricity supply, coal remains the most important electricity-producing fuel globally. Currently, there is growing energy demand, as many industrialized and developing countries continue to rely on coal for electricity power generation in the next few decades to come. The Benue Trough is a failed arm of the triple ‘RRr’ junction of an inland sedimentary basin that extends in a NE-SW direction from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, to the Chad Basin in the north. A total of nine (9) grab coal samples were obtained from 3 coal localities in the Lafia-Obi environment, the proximate analysis was conducted on the coal samples using a Perkin Elmer Thermogravimetric Analyzer. The ...

Potential petroleum prospects in the middle Benue trough, central Nigeria: Inferences from integrated applications of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies

Scientific African

Potential petroleum prospects in the middle Benue trough, central Nigeria: Inferences from integrated applications of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies

Scientific African

Lead and Mercury Poisoning Due to Artisanal Gold Mining in Nigeria

A motivation to writing this book was as a result of a reported case of lead poisoning from Anka ... more A motivation to writing this book was as a result of a reported case of lead poisoning from Anka area of Zamfara State, north western Nigeria which became a matter of public concern in 2010 which led to the dead of over 400 people including children. Since then widespread Artisanal gold mining and associated Pb-Zn sulphide ore has continued unhindered without adhering to best practices in mining with adverse environmental and human health consequences. Lead and Mercury released into the environment through this activity constitute serious human health hazards and has led to the extreme contamination of the top soils and subsequently sources of drinking water thereby contaminating them. The book’s main goal, apart from raising awareness, is to contribute towards reducing the environmental and health impact of artisanal mining in the affected areas so as secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and well-being of the surrounding mining communities.

Etude Geochimique de Massifs Basiques et Ultrabasiques (Apa, Todasana, TINAQUILLO) de la Chaine Tertiaire Caraibe du Venezuela: Genese de Magmas Mantelliques et interaction Manteau-Croute

SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : TD 83486 / INIST-CN... more SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : TD 83486 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Partial melting mechanism and mantle peridotite chemical geodynamics

Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2000

Earth Sciences, 2013

The concentration levels of trace elements in drinking water and food pose potential health risks... more The concentration levels of trace elements in drinking water and food pose potential health risks to man and therefore require great attention. Studies on iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) indicate goiter prevalence in areas underlain by metamorphic Basement and Younger Granite rocks and its near absence in the sedimentary terrains. There are cases of dental fluorosis resulting from the excessive ingestion of fluoride in both children and adults living in both the crystalline and sedimentary terrains in Nigeria with none reported from the coastal areas. Mining/mineral processing predisposes these trace elements to weathering whereby they are released into the environment in the soil and water bodies. The incidence of abnormally high natural radiation (radon gas) associated with most rocks and the exceptionally higher natural radiation associated with cassiterite mill tailings of the Jos Plateau, north central Nigeria, is a source of worry. Epidemiological records have indicated the increasing rate of lung cancer prevalence on the Jos Plateau and studies carried out elsewhere in Europe have linked about 13% of deaths associated with lung cancer to exposure to natural radiation. Preliminary hydrogeochemical study indicates high concentrations of potentially harmful elements (PHE) (Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, V, Co, Cr, Ni, etc.) in the soils and water bodies in the crystalline and inland sedimentary terrains especially close to sulfide mineralization. In addition, high levels of these elements from anthropogenic sources have also been reported in soils and water in most mining/mineral processing sites and urban centres. The knowledge of the relationships between trace elements and human health issues is at its infancy in Nigeria. To adequately understand these relationships, there is need for geoscientists to intensify research on trace elements in the environment and together with professionals in community health so as to identify health issues arising from trace elements in the environment.

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, May 18, 2022

The petrographic composition of Cretaceous-age coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria is prese... more The petrographic composition of Cretaceous-age coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria is presented and discussed in terms of the paleodepositional settings that influenced the coal-bearing formations. The Benue Trough is a failed arm of the triple junction of an inland sedimentary basin that extends in a NE-SW direction from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, to the Chad Basin in the north. A total of twenty-nine (29) coal samples were obtained from nineteen coal localities in the Upper (UBT), Middle (MBT), and Lower Benue Trough (LBT). The high average volatile matter yield, low average ash yield, high calorific value (24.82 MJ/kg, on average), and low sulphur values indicate good quality coal deposits. The organic matter is dominated by vitrinite, reported at an average of 59.3% by volume (mineral-matter free). Variation was noted in the inertinite content across three sub-regions. Liptinite macerals were not commonly observed in the studied samples and were absent in the MBT samples. Coal facies studies decipher the paleoenvironmental conditions under which the vegetation accumulated. Indices commonly used are the gelification index (GI), tissue preservation index (TPI), ground water index (GWI and variations), vegetation index (VI), and wood index (WI). Comparing the array of coal facies models applied, the MBT samples differ from the UBT and LBT samples, concurring with the coal quality data. The UBT and LBT coals formed in an upper deltaic to drier piedmont plane depositional environment, while the MBT coal formed in a lower deltaic marsh to wet forest swamp depositional environment. All samples indicate an ombrotrophic paleomire. In view of the modified equations and the plots used, interpreting depositional environments from just a single model is not reliable.

Petroleum Geochemistry Of Kuchalli -1 In The Nigerian Sector Of The Chad Basin

Kuchalli -1 well, one of the twenty-three exploratory oil wells drilled in the Nigerian sector of... more Kuchalli -1 well, one of the twenty-three exploratory oil wells drilled in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin penetrated a Cretaceous succession comprising the Bima, Gongila, Fika and Chad formations. Organic geochemical analyses were carried out to assess the source-rock potential of forty (40) selected ditch cuttings. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content was found to vary between 0.5 – 2.0wt % (moderate to good) at a depth of 1700m and 2300m. Hydrogen Index (HI) values correlated against TOC and T_maxvalues indicate gas generative potential. Results of the investigation show that the Chad Basin has hydrocarbon source rock potential at the indicated interval. TOC of > 0.5wt% was recorded in both the Gongila and Fika shales. The Bima Sandstone and the Gombe Sandstone could serve as potential reservoir rocks. An integrated exploration programme is recommended for use in the Chad Basin to enable a better understanding of the petroleum systems of the basin.

Overview of the Development and Utilization of Industrial Mineral Commodities in Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities

Medical Geology in Nigeria: An Emerging Earth Sciences Discipline

Abstract: The study area lies precisely between longitude 5048’E and 6000’E and latitude 11058’N ... more Abstract: The study area lies precisely between longitude 5048’E and 6000’E and latitude 11058’N and 12015’N and the concentration of Pb, Hg and As were studied in soils of the area. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which gold mining and the use of mercury for its processing has led to the contamination of the soils with Pb Hg and As. The assessment of the contamination of the soils was based on the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF); the Igeo gives a quantitative extent of accumulation of the metal with respect to the quality of medium analyzed while the Enrichment Factor is used to differentiate between metals originating from anthropogenic activities and those from natural processes. A total of twenty four (24) soil samples were collected and analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The data revealed that the soils in the study area are significantly contaminated, showing high level of toxic el...

Major and Trace Elemens (+ SR ISOTOPJC) GeochemicalCharacteristics of The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Peridotites and, The Nature of The Upper Mantle

Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2000

The study area lies precisely between longitude 548’E and 600’E and latitude 1158’N and 1215’N an... more The study area lies precisely between longitude 548’E and 600’E and latitude 1158’N and 1215’N and the concentration of Pb, Hg and As were studied in soils of the area. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which gold mining and the use of mercury for its processing has led to the contamination of the soils with Pb Hg and As. The assessment of the contamination of the soils was based on the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF); the Igeo gives a quantitative extent of accumulation of the metal with respect to the quality of medium analyzed while the Enrichment Factor is used to differentiate between metals originating from anthropogenic activities and those from natural processes. A total of twenty four (24) soil samples were collected and analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The data revealed that the soils in the study area are significantly contaminated, showing high level of toxic elements than no...

The petrographic composition of coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria are presented and discu... more The petrographic composition of coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria are presented and discussed in terms of paleodepositional setting that influenced the coal-bearing formations. The Benue Trough is a failed arm of the triple ‘RRr’ junction of an inland sedimentary basin that extends in a NE-SW direction from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, to the Chad Basin in the north. A total of twenty-nine (29) coal samples were obtained from 19 coal localities in the Upper (UBT), Middle (MBT), and Lower Benue Trough (LBT). The proximate data indicates the coal samples have a high volatile matter content, low ash yield, and high calorific value (24.82 MJ/Kg, on average). The sulphur values are generally low (average of 0.94 %). The coal samples are generally high in vitrinite, with an average of 59.3% by volume (mineral-matter free). Variation was noted in the inertinite content for the three sub-region samples. Liptinite macerals were not commonly observed in the studied samples and are...

Effect of biodegradation and water washing on oil properties

AIMS Geosciences, 2018

Bulk and molecular properties of oils extracted from various oil sands were examined to show the ... more Bulk and molecular properties of oils extracted from various oil sands were examined to show the effect of biodegradation and water washing on oil quality. Our results indicate that the total ion current (TIC) fragmentograms of all the studied oils show the presence of significant unresolved complex mixture (UCM) components, which is a common characteristic of oils that have undergone biodegradation. All the studied oils are also enriched in the polar fractions (asphaltene + resin) and depleted in the saturate oil fractions consistent with oils that have undergone biodegradation. The studied oils are also acidic, having total acid numbers (TAN) > ~0.5 mgKOH/goil. Such high TAN values have serious negative impact on the economic value of the oils, as high oil acidity is known to cause production and downstream handling problems such as corrosion and the formation of emulsions. This study also demonstrates that geological and geochemical processes that appear to give rise to a high concentration of sulfur in oils, and to oil acidity (typically measured as TAN), are those that favour biodegradation. Water washing is observed to occur simultaneously with biodegradation in all the studied oils. Vital roles played by water in petroleum biodegradation include acting as a reactant in biodegradation processes and carrying nutrients needed for life.

Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 2016

Consumption of high fluoride in groundwater of Langtang area, manifest in the inhabitants of the ... more Consumption of high fluoride in groundwater of Langtang area, manifest in the inhabitants of the area in form of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis in older group. The aim of this study was to appraise the hydrogeochemistry of fluoride in the groundwaters of Langtang area. Thirty seven surface and groundwater samples and nine rock samples were collected in Langtang area for geochemical analysis. The Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICPOES) was used to detect cations. The anions (Cl-, SO 4 = and Br-) were determine by Ion Chromatography method. Fluoride was determined by the Specific Ion Electrode and bicarbonate was determined by titration. Major oxides, trace elements and rare earth elements for the rock samples were determined by the XRF method and fluorine by the Fusion method. Polished thin sections for rocks were prepared and studied. Geochemical results from analysis of the samples (rock and water) show that four major rock units make up the geology of the area; coarse porphyritic biotite granite, migmatite, rhyolite and riebeckite granites, the minor ones are pegmatite, trachyte, aplite and fine to medium grained biotite granites. The rhyolite, the riebeckite granites and trachyte have the highest level of fluorine content in the area (1,470, 1000, 900 and 800 ppm) respectively. The fluorine mineral (Fluorite) crystallized in the late stage of the magma as replacement of Fe/Mg mineral probably hornblende or biotite. Fluorine is leached into the groundwater from the rhyolite under the slightly alkaline (Ca-Mg-HCO 3 evolving Na-HCO 3) water in the area. The two major groundwater types (Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Na-HCO 3) in the area have good relationship with content of fluoride in water. Although, the riebeckite granites have high fluorine content, contribution of fluoride from them is towards the southern portion of the map, owing to the groundwater flow direction. The different water sources in the area do not show variation in content of fluoride in water. However, groundwater barriers (dykes) may be responsible for some area having low fluoride (<1.5 mg/l) content. The consumption of high content of fluoride in the area has resulted in severe dental fluorosis in both children and youths and bowing of legs (Genu Valgum) in children with no discrimination between the sexes.

IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 2014

Until fairly recently, water has been seen as an infinitely available resource to be diverted, dr... more Until fairly recently, water has been seen as an infinitely available resource to be diverted, drained or polluted in generating wealth. Scarcity is a policy-induced outcome flowing from this deeply flawed approach, the predictable consequences of inexhaustible demand chasing an under priced resources. This study seeks to look at water resources in Nigeria and to assess water availability and its attendant consequences on the Nigeria population at present and in the near future. Images of shrinking lakes, and disappearing of rivers, population growth, pollution and climate change reinforce the perception that Nigeria is drifting into water crises. With competition for an increasing scarce resource conflicts within the country and water wars between countries are likely inevitable. This study seeks for ways of providing solutions to water crises that may arise between Nigeria and other countries sharing rivers together.

A geophysical investigation using geo-electrical resistivity method was carried out in the Kassa ... more A geophysical investigation using geo-electrical resistivity method was carried out in the Kassa Volcanic Field (KVF) on the Jos Plateau to reveal the subsurface structural lineaments as indicated in the satellite images covering the area. The electrical resistivity method utilized the Schlumberger technique along 3 profiles. A total of 36 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) stations with AB/2 (current electrode spacing) from 1.5 to 215m with intervals of 50m and depth penetration capability of 70m was carried out. The results obtained revealed 3-5 lithologies sequence with thicknesses ranges between 0.1 and 70m and resistivity values of between 34 Ωm and 2222 Ωm. Nineteen major fractures at various depths were intercepted at various VES stations and these are probably the zones through which the basaltic lava out poured apart from the central volcanic vent. The VES results revealed heterogeneous nature of the subsurface geological sequence. The geologic sequence beneath the study a...

Widespread artisanal, alongside small-scale mining operations are currently increasing in intensi... more Widespread artisanal, alongside small-scale mining operations are currently increasing in intensity in Nigeria. These activities are causing immeasurable damage to the environment and populations that live in the vicinity of these mine fields. The discharges of Potentially Harmful Elements (PHEs) from the exposed mine-out /mineral processing sites and their subsequent remobilization into the soils, and natural water bodies constitute serious human health problems. A study aiming at understanding the extent by which these elements contaminate the soils at the vicinity of the mining operations was conducted. This study also sought to identify the possible effects on human health and how it can be best mitigated. Geochemical results suggest that the discharges of PHEs from the mining/mineral ore processing operations have contributed significantly to the enrichment of these elements in the surrounding environment, thereby contaminating drinking water sources, food crops, and are dispos...

INTECHOPEN, 2019

The Jos and Biu Plateaux volcanic provinces occupy the northeastern half of Nigeria bordering the... more The Jos and Biu Plateaux volcanic provinces occupy the northeastern half of Nigeria bordering the Cameroon Volcanic Line, dotted with conspicuously visible number of dormant volcanoes with no reported activity. These dormant volcanoes represent potential future eruption sites. The ejecta materials of these volcanoes are essentially basaltic in composition and consist of sequence of pyroclastic materials, basalts, scoria and ash and are formed by strombolian and effusive styles of eruption. The volcanoes are represented by well-preserved cones and lava flows. In places the lava flows have been lateritized and eroded leaving remnants of weathered basalt boulders and a number of plugs and dome-like outcrops lacking any preserved cones. The basalts display essentially similar compositions consisting of phenocrysts of both olivine, plagioclase (bytownite-labradorite), with minor pyroxene (diopside-augite) embedded in a groundmass of plagioclase laths (labra-dorite), and accessory magnetite, ilmenite, k-feldspars, and volcanic glass. Geo-chemical data shows that these basalts are mainly alkaline olivine basalts derived from the deep mantle source enriched in incompatible elements similar to that of the Ocean Island basalts (OIB). Preliminary 40 Ar-39 Ar ages on the some of the basalts revealed Quaternary ages (Pleistocene epoch). The significant change in the composition of the Pidong Lake marked by decreasing pH is indicative of a probable input of juvenile fluids into the Lake. Also, the several incidences of volcanic eruptions along the close-by Cameroon volcanic line are pointers to the possibility for the reactivation of any of the dormant volcanoes in Nigeria. This work focuses on the need to assess the hazard level of some of these volcanoes for effective monitoring, disaster preparedness and land use planning as more people live and farm in these potentially endangered volcanic prone areas, unaware of the inherent risk.