Uriah Lar | University of Jos (original) (raw)

Papers by Uriah Lar

Research paper thumbnail of The Combustion Profiles of the Lafia-Obi Coals: Implication for Electricity Power Generation

Journal of Applied Physical Science International

This paper aims to understand the combustion profiles of the coal samples in the Lafia-Obi axis, ... more This paper aims to understand the combustion profiles of the coal samples in the Lafia-Obi axis, Middle Benue Trough (MBT), for consideration as a potential energy source for electricity power generation. Despite efforts and commitment from renewable energy sources to account for a significant share of the total electricity supply, coal remains the most important electricity-producing fuel globally. Currently, there is growing energy demand, as many industrialized and developing countries continue to rely on coal for electricity power generation in the next few decades to come. The Benue Trough is a failed arm of the triple ‘RRr’ junction of an inland sedimentary basin that extends in a NE-SW direction from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, to the Chad Basin in the north. A total of nine (9) grab coal samples were obtained from 3 coal localities in the Lafia-Obi environment, the proximate analysis was conducted on the coal samples using a Perkin Elmer Thermogravimetric Analyzer. The ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Potential petroleum prospects in the middle Benue trough, central Nigeria: Inferences from integrated applications of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies

Scientific African

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Research paper thumbnail of Potential petroleum prospects in the middle Benue trough, central Nigeria: Inferences from integrated applications of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies

Scientific African

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Research paper thumbnail of Lead and Mercury Poisoning Due to Artisanal Gold Mining in Nigeria

A motivation to writing this book was as a result of a reported case of lead poisoning from Anka ... more A motivation to writing this book was as a result of a reported case of lead poisoning from Anka area of Zamfara State, north western Nigeria which became a matter of public concern in 2010 which led to the dead of over 400 people including children. Since then widespread Artisanal gold mining and associated Pb-Zn sulphide ore has continued unhindered without adhering to best practices in mining with adverse environmental and human health consequences. Lead and Mercury released into the environment through this activity constitute serious human health hazards and has led to the extreme contamination of the top soils and subsequently sources of drinking water thereby contaminating them. The book’s main goal, apart from raising awareness, is to contribute towards reducing the environmental and health impact of artisanal mining in the affected areas so as secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and well-being of the surrounding mining communities.

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Research paper thumbnail of Etude Geochimique de Massifs Basiques et Ultrabasiques (Apa, Todasana, TINAQUILLO) de la Chaine Tertiaire Caraibe du Venezuela: Genese de Magmas Mantelliques et interaction Manteau-Croute

SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : TD 83486 / INIST-CN... more SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : TD 83486 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

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Research paper thumbnail of Partial melting mechanism and mantle peridotite chemical geodynamics

Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2000

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Research paper thumbnail of Trace Elements and Health: An Environmental Risk in Nigeria

Earth Sciences, 2013

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Research paper thumbnail of Petrographic composition of coal within the Benue Trough, Nigeria and a consideration of the paleodepositional setting

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, May 18, 2022

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Research paper thumbnail of Petroleum Geochemistry Of Kuchalli -1 In The Nigerian Sector Of The Chad Basin

Kuchalli -1 well, one of the twenty-three exploratory oil wells drilled in the Nigerian sector of... more Kuchalli -1 well, one of the twenty-three exploratory oil wells drilled in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin penetrated a Cretaceous succession comprising the Bima, Gongila, Fika and Chad formations. Organic geochemical analyses were carried out to assess the source-rock potential of forty (40) selected ditch cuttings. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content was found to vary between 0.5 – 2.0wt % (moderate to good) at a depth of 1700m and 2300m. Hydrogen Index (HI) values correlated against TOC and T<sub>max </sub>values indicate gas generative potential. Results of the investigation show that the Chad Basin has hydrocarbon source rock potential at the indicated interval. TOC of > 0.5wt% was recorded in both the Gongila and Fika shales. The Bima Sandstone and the Gombe Sandstone could serve as potential reservoir rocks. An integrated exploration programme is recommended for use in the Chad Basin to enable a better understanding of the petroleum systems of the basin.

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Research paper thumbnail of Overview of the Development and Utilization of Industrial Mineral Commodities in Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities

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Research paper thumbnail of Medical Geology in Nigeria: An Emerging Earth Sciences Discipline

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Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Lead, Mercury and Arsenic in Soils of

Abstract: The study area lies precisely between longitude 5048’E and 6000’E and latitude 11058’N ... more Abstract: The study area lies precisely between longitude 5048’E and 6000’E and latitude 11058’N and 12015’N and the concentration of Pb, Hg and As were studied in soils of the area. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which gold mining and the use of mercury for its processing has led to the contamination of the soils with Pb Hg and As. The assessment of the contamination of the soils was based on the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF); the Igeo gives a quantitative extent of accumulation of the metal with respect to the quality of medium analyzed while the Enrichment Factor is used to differentiate between metals originating from anthropogenic activities and those from natural processes. A total of twenty four (24) soil samples were collected and analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The data revealed that the soils in the study area are significantly contaminated, showing high level of toxic el...

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Research paper thumbnail of Major and Trace Elemens (+ SR ISOTOPJC) GeochemicalCharacteristics of The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Peridotites and, The Nature of The Upper Mantle

Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2000

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Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Lead , Mercury and Arsenic in Soils of Anka Area , North Western Nigeria

The study area lies precisely between longitude 548’E and 600’E and latitude 1158’N and 1215’N an... more The study area lies precisely between longitude 548’E and 600’E and latitude 1158’N and 1215’N and the concentration of Pb, Hg and As were studied in soils of the area. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which gold mining and the use of mercury for its processing has led to the contamination of the soils with Pb Hg and As. The assessment of the contamination of the soils was based on the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF); the Igeo gives a quantitative extent of accumulation of the metal with respect to the quality of medium analyzed while the Enrichment Factor is used to differentiate between metals originating from anthropogenic activities and those from natural processes. A total of twenty four (24) soil samples were collected and analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The data revealed that the soils in the study area are significantly contaminated, showing high level of toxic elements than no...

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Research paper thumbnail of Petrographic Composition of the Coal Within the Benue Trough, Nigeria, With a Consideration of the Paleodepositional Setting

The petrographic composition of coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria are presented and discu... more The petrographic composition of coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria are presented and discussed in terms of paleodepositional setting that influenced the coal-bearing formations. The Benue Trough is a failed arm of the triple ‘RRr’ junction of an inland sedimentary basin that extends in a NE-SW direction from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, to the Chad Basin in the north. A total of twenty-nine (29) coal samples were obtained from 19 coal localities in the Upper (UBT), Middle (MBT), and Lower Benue Trough (LBT). The proximate data indicates the coal samples have a high volatile matter content, low ash yield, and high calorific value (24.82 MJ/Kg, on average). The sulphur values are generally low (average of 0.94 %). The coal samples are generally high in vitrinite, with an average of 59.3% by volume (mineral-matter free). Variation was noted in the inertinite content for the three sub-region samples. Liptinite macerals were not commonly observed in the studied samples and are...

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of biodegradation and water washing on oil properties

AIMS Geosciences, 2018

Bulk and molecular properties of oils extracted from various oil sands were examined to show the ... more Bulk and molecular properties of oils extracted from various oil sands were examined to show the effect of biodegradation and water washing on oil quality. Our results indicate that the total ion current (TIC) fragmentograms of all the studied oils show the presence of significant unresolved complex mixture (UCM) components, which is a common characteristic of oils that have undergone biodegradation. All the studied oils are also enriched in the polar fractions (asphaltene + resin) and depleted in the saturate oil fractions consistent with oils that have undergone biodegradation. The studied oils are also acidic, having total acid numbers (TAN) > ~0.5 mgKOH/goil. Such high TAN values have serious negative impact on the economic value of the oils, as high oil acidity is known to cause production and downstream handling problems such as corrosion and the formation of emulsions. This study also demonstrates that geological and geochemical processes that appear to give rise to a high concentration of sulfur in oils, and to oil acidity (typically measured as TAN), are those that favour biodegradation. Water washing is observed to occur simultaneously with biodegradation in all the studied oils. Vital roles played by water in petroleum biodegradation include acting as a reactant in biodegradation processes and carrying nutrients needed for life.

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Research paper thumbnail of Hydrogeochemical appraisal of fluoride in groundwater of Langtang area, Plateau State, Nigeria

Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 2016

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Research paper thumbnail of Water Scarcity And The Impending Water-Related Conflicts In Nigeria: A Reappraisal

IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 2014

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Research paper thumbnail of Geophysical Investigation of the Subsurface Fractures Zones Using Vertical Electrical Sounding in Kassa Volcanic Field (KVF) on the Jos Plateau, North central, Nigeria

A geophysical investigation using geo-electrical resistivity method was carried out in the Kassa ... more A geophysical investigation using geo-electrical resistivity method was carried out in the Kassa Volcanic Field (KVF) on the Jos Plateau to reveal the subsurface structural lineaments as indicated in the satellite images covering the area. The electrical resistivity method utilized the Schlumberger technique along 3 profiles. A total of 36 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) stations with AB/2 (current electrode spacing) from 1.5 to 215m with intervals of 50m and depth penetration capability of 70m was carried out. The results obtained revealed 3-5 lithologies sequence with thicknesses ranges between 0.1 and 70m and resistivity values of between 34 Ωm and 2222 Ωm. Nineteen major fractures at various depths were intercepted at various VES stations and these are probably the zones through which the basaltic lava out poured apart from the central volcanic vent. The VES results revealed heterogeneous nature of the subsurface geological sequence. The geologic sequence beneath the study a...

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Research paper thumbnail of Environmental health impact of potentially harmful element discharges from mining operations in Nigeria

Widespread artisanal, alongside small-scale mining operations are currently increasing in intensi... more Widespread artisanal, alongside small-scale mining operations are currently increasing in intensity in Nigeria. These activities are causing immeasurable damage to the environment and populations that live in the vicinity of these mine fields. The discharges of Potentially Harmful Elements (PHEs) from the exposed mine-out /mineral processing sites and their subsequent remobilization into the soils, and natural water bodies constitute serious human health problems. A study aiming at understanding the extent by which these elements contaminate the soils at the vicinity of the mining operations was conducted. This study also sought to identify the possible effects on human health and how it can be best mitigated. Geochemical results suggest that the discharges of PHEs from the mining/mineral ore processing operations have contributed significantly to the enrichment of these elements in the surrounding environment, thereby contaminating drinking water sources, food crops, and are dispos...

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Research paper thumbnail of The Combustion Profiles of the Lafia-Obi Coals: Implication for Electricity Power Generation

Journal of Applied Physical Science International

This paper aims to understand the combustion profiles of the coal samples in the Lafia-Obi axis, ... more This paper aims to understand the combustion profiles of the coal samples in the Lafia-Obi axis, Middle Benue Trough (MBT), for consideration as a potential energy source for electricity power generation. Despite efforts and commitment from renewable energy sources to account for a significant share of the total electricity supply, coal remains the most important electricity-producing fuel globally. Currently, there is growing energy demand, as many industrialized and developing countries continue to rely on coal for electricity power generation in the next few decades to come. The Benue Trough is a failed arm of the triple ‘RRr’ junction of an inland sedimentary basin that extends in a NE-SW direction from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, to the Chad Basin in the north. A total of nine (9) grab coal samples were obtained from 3 coal localities in the Lafia-Obi environment, the proximate analysis was conducted on the coal samples using a Perkin Elmer Thermogravimetric Analyzer. The ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Potential petroleum prospects in the middle Benue trough, central Nigeria: Inferences from integrated applications of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies

Scientific African

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Research paper thumbnail of Potential petroleum prospects in the middle Benue trough, central Nigeria: Inferences from integrated applications of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies

Scientific African

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Research paper thumbnail of Lead and Mercury Poisoning Due to Artisanal Gold Mining in Nigeria

A motivation to writing this book was as a result of a reported case of lead poisoning from Anka ... more A motivation to writing this book was as a result of a reported case of lead poisoning from Anka area of Zamfara State, north western Nigeria which became a matter of public concern in 2010 which led to the dead of over 400 people including children. Since then widespread Artisanal gold mining and associated Pb-Zn sulphide ore has continued unhindered without adhering to best practices in mining with adverse environmental and human health consequences. Lead and Mercury released into the environment through this activity constitute serious human health hazards and has led to the extreme contamination of the top soils and subsequently sources of drinking water thereby contaminating them. The book’s main goal, apart from raising awareness, is to contribute towards reducing the environmental and health impact of artisanal mining in the affected areas so as secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and well-being of the surrounding mining communities.

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Research paper thumbnail of Etude Geochimique de Massifs Basiques et Ultrabasiques (Apa, Todasana, TINAQUILLO) de la Chaine Tertiaire Caraibe du Venezuela: Genese de Magmas Mantelliques et interaction Manteau-Croute

SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : TD 83486 / INIST-CN... more SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : TD 83486 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

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Research paper thumbnail of Partial melting mechanism and mantle peridotite chemical geodynamics

Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2000

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Research paper thumbnail of Trace Elements and Health: An Environmental Risk in Nigeria

Earth Sciences, 2013

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Research paper thumbnail of Petrographic composition of coal within the Benue Trough, Nigeria and a consideration of the paleodepositional setting

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, May 18, 2022

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Research paper thumbnail of Petroleum Geochemistry Of Kuchalli -1 In The Nigerian Sector Of The Chad Basin

Kuchalli -1 well, one of the twenty-three exploratory oil wells drilled in the Nigerian sector of... more Kuchalli -1 well, one of the twenty-three exploratory oil wells drilled in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin penetrated a Cretaceous succession comprising the Bima, Gongila, Fika and Chad formations. Organic geochemical analyses were carried out to assess the source-rock potential of forty (40) selected ditch cuttings. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content was found to vary between 0.5 – 2.0wt % (moderate to good) at a depth of 1700m and 2300m. Hydrogen Index (HI) values correlated against TOC and T<sub>max </sub>values indicate gas generative potential. Results of the investigation show that the Chad Basin has hydrocarbon source rock potential at the indicated interval. TOC of > 0.5wt% was recorded in both the Gongila and Fika shales. The Bima Sandstone and the Gombe Sandstone could serve as potential reservoir rocks. An integrated exploration programme is recommended for use in the Chad Basin to enable a better understanding of the petroleum systems of the basin.

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Research paper thumbnail of Overview of the Development and Utilization of Industrial Mineral Commodities in Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Medical Geology in Nigeria: An Emerging Earth Sciences Discipline

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Lead, Mercury and Arsenic in Soils of

Abstract: The study area lies precisely between longitude 5048’E and 6000’E and latitude 11058’N ... more Abstract: The study area lies precisely between longitude 5048’E and 6000’E and latitude 11058’N and 12015’N and the concentration of Pb, Hg and As were studied in soils of the area. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which gold mining and the use of mercury for its processing has led to the contamination of the soils with Pb Hg and As. The assessment of the contamination of the soils was based on the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF); the Igeo gives a quantitative extent of accumulation of the metal with respect to the quality of medium analyzed while the Enrichment Factor is used to differentiate between metals originating from anthropogenic activities and those from natural processes. A total of twenty four (24) soil samples were collected and analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The data revealed that the soils in the study area are significantly contaminated, showing high level of toxic el...

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Research paper thumbnail of Major and Trace Elemens (+ SR ISOTOPJC) GeochemicalCharacteristics of The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Peridotites and, The Nature of The Upper Mantle

Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2000

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Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Lead , Mercury and Arsenic in Soils of Anka Area , North Western Nigeria

The study area lies precisely between longitude 548’E and 600’E and latitude 1158’N and 1215’N an... more The study area lies precisely between longitude 548’E and 600’E and latitude 1158’N and 1215’N and the concentration of Pb, Hg and As were studied in soils of the area. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which gold mining and the use of mercury for its processing has led to the contamination of the soils with Pb Hg and As. The assessment of the contamination of the soils was based on the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF); the Igeo gives a quantitative extent of accumulation of the metal with respect to the quality of medium analyzed while the Enrichment Factor is used to differentiate between metals originating from anthropogenic activities and those from natural processes. A total of twenty four (24) soil samples were collected and analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The data revealed that the soils in the study area are significantly contaminated, showing high level of toxic elements than no...

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Research paper thumbnail of Petrographic Composition of the Coal Within the Benue Trough, Nigeria, With a Consideration of the Paleodepositional Setting

The petrographic composition of coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria are presented and discu... more The petrographic composition of coals hosted in the Benue Trough, Nigeria are presented and discussed in terms of paleodepositional setting that influenced the coal-bearing formations. The Benue Trough is a failed arm of the triple ‘RRr’ junction of an inland sedimentary basin that extends in a NE-SW direction from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, to the Chad Basin in the north. A total of twenty-nine (29) coal samples were obtained from 19 coal localities in the Upper (UBT), Middle (MBT), and Lower Benue Trough (LBT). The proximate data indicates the coal samples have a high volatile matter content, low ash yield, and high calorific value (24.82 MJ/Kg, on average). The sulphur values are generally low (average of 0.94 %). The coal samples are generally high in vitrinite, with an average of 59.3% by volume (mineral-matter free). Variation was noted in the inertinite content for the three sub-region samples. Liptinite macerals were not commonly observed in the studied samples and are...

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of biodegradation and water washing on oil properties

AIMS Geosciences, 2018

Bulk and molecular properties of oils extracted from various oil sands were examined to show the ... more Bulk and molecular properties of oils extracted from various oil sands were examined to show the effect of biodegradation and water washing on oil quality. Our results indicate that the total ion current (TIC) fragmentograms of all the studied oils show the presence of significant unresolved complex mixture (UCM) components, which is a common characteristic of oils that have undergone biodegradation. All the studied oils are also enriched in the polar fractions (asphaltene + resin) and depleted in the saturate oil fractions consistent with oils that have undergone biodegradation. The studied oils are also acidic, having total acid numbers (TAN) > ~0.5 mgKOH/goil. Such high TAN values have serious negative impact on the economic value of the oils, as high oil acidity is known to cause production and downstream handling problems such as corrosion and the formation of emulsions. This study also demonstrates that geological and geochemical processes that appear to give rise to a high concentration of sulfur in oils, and to oil acidity (typically measured as TAN), are those that favour biodegradation. Water washing is observed to occur simultaneously with biodegradation in all the studied oils. Vital roles played by water in petroleum biodegradation include acting as a reactant in biodegradation processes and carrying nutrients needed for life.

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Research paper thumbnail of Hydrogeochemical appraisal of fluoride in groundwater of Langtang area, Plateau State, Nigeria

Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 2016

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Research paper thumbnail of Water Scarcity And The Impending Water-Related Conflicts In Nigeria: A Reappraisal

IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 2014

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Research paper thumbnail of Geophysical Investigation of the Subsurface Fractures Zones Using Vertical Electrical Sounding in Kassa Volcanic Field (KVF) on the Jos Plateau, North central, Nigeria

A geophysical investigation using geo-electrical resistivity method was carried out in the Kassa ... more A geophysical investigation using geo-electrical resistivity method was carried out in the Kassa Volcanic Field (KVF) on the Jos Plateau to reveal the subsurface structural lineaments as indicated in the satellite images covering the area. The electrical resistivity method utilized the Schlumberger technique along 3 profiles. A total of 36 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) stations with AB/2 (current electrode spacing) from 1.5 to 215m with intervals of 50m and depth penetration capability of 70m was carried out. The results obtained revealed 3-5 lithologies sequence with thicknesses ranges between 0.1 and 70m and resistivity values of between 34 Ωm and 2222 Ωm. Nineteen major fractures at various depths were intercepted at various VES stations and these are probably the zones through which the basaltic lava out poured apart from the central volcanic vent. The VES results revealed heterogeneous nature of the subsurface geological sequence. The geologic sequence beneath the study a...

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Research paper thumbnail of Environmental health impact of potentially harmful element discharges from mining operations in Nigeria

Widespread artisanal, alongside small-scale mining operations are currently increasing in intensi... more Widespread artisanal, alongside small-scale mining operations are currently increasing in intensity in Nigeria. These activities are causing immeasurable damage to the environment and populations that live in the vicinity of these mine fields. The discharges of Potentially Harmful Elements (PHEs) from the exposed mine-out /mineral processing sites and their subsequent remobilization into the soils, and natural water bodies constitute serious human health problems. A study aiming at understanding the extent by which these elements contaminate the soils at the vicinity of the mining operations was conducted. This study also sought to identify the possible effects on human health and how it can be best mitigated. Geochemical results suggest that the discharges of PHEs from the mining/mineral ore processing operations have contributed significantly to the enrichment of these elements in the surrounding environment, thereby contaminating drinking water sources, food crops, and are dispos...

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Research paper thumbnail of Is a Volcanic Eruption Possible in Nigeria

INTECHOPEN, 2019

The Jos and Biu Plateaux volcanic provinces occupy the northeastern half of Nigeria bordering the... more The Jos and Biu Plateaux volcanic provinces occupy the northeastern half of Nigeria bordering the Cameroon Volcanic Line, dotted with conspicuously visible number of dormant volcanoes with no reported activity. These dormant volcanoes represent potential future eruption sites. The ejecta materials of these volcanoes are essentially basaltic in composition and consist of sequence of pyroclastic materials, basalts, scoria and ash and are formed by strombolian and effusive styles of eruption. The volcanoes are represented by well-preserved cones and lava flows. In places the lava flows have been lateritized and eroded leaving remnants of weathered basalt boulders and a number of plugs and dome-like outcrops lacking any preserved cones. The basalts display essentially similar compositions consisting of phenocrysts of both olivine, plagioclase (bytownite-labradorite), with minor pyroxene (diopside-augite) embedded in a groundmass of plagioclase laths (labra-dorite), and accessory magnetite, ilmenite, k-feldspars, and volcanic glass. Geo-chemical data shows that these basalts are mainly alkaline olivine basalts derived from the deep mantle source enriched in incompatible elements similar to that of the Ocean Island basalts (OIB). Preliminary 40 Ar-39 Ar ages on the some of the basalts revealed Quaternary ages (Pleistocene epoch). The significant change in the composition of the Pidong Lake marked by decreasing pH is indicative of a probable input of juvenile fluids into the Lake. Also, the several incidences of volcanic eruptions along the close-by Cameroon volcanic line are pointers to the possibility for the reactivation of any of the dormant volcanoes in Nigeria. This work focuses on the need to assess the hazard level of some of these volcanoes for effective monitoring, disaster preparedness and land use planning as more people live and farm in these potentially endangered volcanic prone areas, unaware of the inherent risk.

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