Wahyu Hidayat | Lampung University (original) (raw)
Papers by Wahyu Hidayat
![Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Temperature and Clamping during Heat Treatment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Okan (Cylicodiscus gabunensis [Taub.] Harms) Wood](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44585613/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](The objective was to evaluate the effect of temperature and clamping method during heat treatment... more The objective was to evaluate the effect of temperature and clamping method during heat treatment on the properties of high density Okan wood. Heat treatment of sapwood and heartwood was conducted using an electric oven with a programmable controller at 160 °C, 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C for 2 h. Physical and mechanical properties were compared before and after the heat treatment process. The color change (E*), weight loss, and volume shrinkage increased with increasing temperature, whereas the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and water absorption (WA) decreased in both types of wood. The wood density was not affected by temperature, and the magnitude of E* in sapwood was the highest, while the magnitude of weight loss, volume shrinkage, EMC, and WA in heartwood was higher than in sapwood. The clamping method affected E* in heartwood only, while the weight loss, volume shrinkage, EMC, and WA was affect in both types of wood. A significant reduction in the mechanical properties occurred after heat treatment at 200 °C and 220 °C. The reduction of MOR, MOE, and shear strength in heartwood was greater than in sapwood, while the compressive strength reduction in sapwood was the highest.
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The main weaknesses of particleboard are that it has a lower strength and a lower dimensional sta... more The main weaknesses of particleboard are that it has a lower strength and a lower dimensional stability compared to solid wood. Therefore, in order to gain excellent properties prior to be used, it needs some treatments, i.e., resin thermoplastic laminated. The objectives of this study were to improve the physical and mechanical properties of rubber wood particleboard laminated with low density ethylene (LDPE) resin. Rubber wood particleboard was laminated with 4 different concentrations of LDPE resins (i.e., 5, 10, 15, and 20%). The physical and mechanical properties of board were evaluated both in dry and wet states. The results indicated that the dimensional stability of board after laminated with LDPE resin showed significant improvement in term of water absorption and thickness swelling. Modulus of rupture and srew resistant of resulted particle board were increased with addition of LDPE resin. Modulus of elasticity and surface hardness of the particleboard were slightly decreased with addition of LDPE resin. The intenal bond was unchanged. The best treatment was found on lamination the surface of particleboard with 5% LDPE resin. All the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard laminated with 5% LDPE resin met the requirements of JIS A 5908-2003 standard.
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This research focused on the natural durability of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species ... more This research focused on the natural durability of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in West Java, Indonesia against subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus). It was observed that both heartwood and sapwood of Kiara payung (Filicium decipiens); heartwoods of Nangka (Arthocarpus heterophyllus), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) and Simpur (Dillenia grandifolia); and sapwood of Bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) were rated as resistant (natural durability class II) according to Indonesian standard SNI 01.7207.2006 (BSN 2006). Both heartwood and sapwood of Salam (Syzigium polyanthum), Pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus), Bisbul (Diospyros discolor), Rukam (Flacourtia rukam) and Trembesi (Samanea saman); heartwood of Puspa (Schima walichii), Bungur, Tanjung (Mimusops elangi) and Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) were rated as moderately resistant (natural durability class III). Both heartwood and sapwood of Sungkai (Peronema canescens), Pine (Pinus merkusii), Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Afrika (Maesopsis eminii); sapwoods of Mahoni, Puspa and Tanjung were rated as poorly resistant (natural durability class IV). Both heartwood and sapwood of Agathis (Agathis dammara), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Ki sampang (Evodia latifolia) and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba); sapwoods of Nangka and Angsana were rated as very poorly resistant (natural durability class V). This reserach showed that woods with lower resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class IV and V) tend to have lower termite mortality values compared to woods with higher resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class II and III). Results of the study will provide some valuable information on termite resistance of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in Indonesia.
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This study was performed to understand wood durability to climate deterioration of planted Indone... more This study was performed to understand wood durability to climate deterioration of planted Indonesian wood species such as Albizia, Gmelina, Mangium and Mindi. Wood samples were exposed to indoor and outdoor condition. L*a*b* color and color changes (ΔE*) were determined by a spectrophotometer. As a result, color of all samples was changed more markedly by ultraviolet radiation. In indoor test with UV, brightness of wood specimens from four species was not changed and all samples were changed into more reddish and yellowish. In accelerated weathering test, all samples were bleached and changed into more greenish and blueish. In outdoor test, brightness of wood specimens decreased in Albizia and Gmelina and increased in Mangium and Mindi. All wood specimens in outdoor test were changed into more greenish and blueish. Albizia and Gmleina woods showed greater color change than those of Mangium and Mindi. Especially, color change of wood samples might be influenced greatly by moisture. In conclusion, wood color changed into more clearly by UV radiation. Therefore, exposing woods to UV radiation could be one of reasonable methods to improve wood quality on visual characteristic.
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This study was performed to understand combustion properties four major Indonesian wood species s... more This study was performed to understand combustion properties four major Indonesian wood species such as Albizia, Gmelina, Mangium and Mindi were investigated by cone-calorimeter for better utilization of theses wood species. Heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (TSR), specific mass loss rate (SMLR), effective heat of combustion (EHC), time to ignition (TTI), flame time (FT), specific extinction area (SEA), smoke production rate (SPR) and CO compound production rate were measured. HRR, THR and FT were proportional to the density of woods. Albizia showed the highest HRR, while Mindi had the lowest HRR. For SPR, Albizia showed the highest value due to its higher SEA. On the other hand, Mindi had the lowest SPR due to a lower SEA value. The highest smoke emission was for Albizia at the beginning of combustion. After 300 seconds, smoke emission of Gmleina and Mangium was increased greatly. Mangium and Mindi showed the highest total carbon dioxide emission. Expecially, Gmelina released the highest carbon monoxide during the combustion period and presented three times higher CO/CO2 ratio than those of other species due to incomplete combustion.
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This study investigated several anatomical characteristics of Paulownia tomentosa roots. The root... more This study investigated several anatomical characteristics of Paulownia tomentosa roots. The root wood was separated into three parts from stem base (top, middle, and base) at different positions below ground. Qualitative anatomical data suggested that the growth rings in earlywood and latewood were structurally different. Furthermore, the root wood vessels were found having 2 to 3 radial multiples and they were appeared in the form of clusters. In addition, some sheath cells and septate axial parenchyma were observed. Regarding the quantitative anatomical characteristics, vessel and ray numbers per mm2, as well as ray width and height differed significantly among the top, middle, and base rood wood parts. However, there were no significant differences in vessel diameters, cell wall thickness, and width and length of wood fibers among those parts. The crystallinity of the root top part was slightly higher than that of the middle and base parts. Furthermore, the vessel numbers, ray numbers, and ray width and height in the near pith (NP) area were higher compared to those in the near bark (NB) area. However, the fiber width and fiber length at NP were lower than those at NB. Overall, this study demonstrated some significant differences in the anatomical characteristics of the top, middle, and base parts of root wood from Paulownia tomentosa.
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Densification of the inner part of oil palm trunk (OPT) by the close system compression (CSC) met... more Densification of the inner part of oil palm trunk (OPT) by the close system compression (CSC) method was performed in this study. The effects of the compression temperature and time on the anatomical, physical and mechanical properties of OPT were evaluated. The inner part of OPT with an initial average density of 0.3 g/cm³ was used as samples. Oven-dried samples were immersed in water and vacuumed until fully saturated and then compressed by CSC at 120, 140, 160 or 180 °C for 10, 20, 30 or 40 min. The anatomical characteristics of transverse and radial sections before and after compression were compared by optical microscopy. The physical and mechanical properties, including the density, recovery of set (RS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and compression parallel to grain were examined. It was observed that the anatomical characteristic of the inner part of OPT (i.e., vascular bundles, vessels, and parenchyma tissue) became flattened, fractured, and collapsed after compression by CSC. The RS decreased with increasing compression temperature and time. The lower RS indicated high dimensional stability. The physical and mechanical properties (i.e., density, MOR, MOE, and compressive strength) of the inner part of OPT increased with increasing compression temperature and time. Compression by the CSC method at 160 °C for 40 min was the optimum treatment.
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of bamboo species and resin content on ... more The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of bamboo species and resin content on the physical and mechanical properties of oriented strand boards (OSBs) prepared from steam-treated bamboo strands. The strands from three species of Indonesian bamboo, namely Andong (Gigantochloa verticillata), Betung (Dendrocalamus asper), and Ampel (Bambusa vulgaris), were steamed at 126 °C for 1 h at a pressure of 0.14 MPa. Three-layered OSBs with the core layer oriented perpendicularly to the face layers were prepared by bonding them together with 3 to 5% methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (MDI) resin based on oven-dried strands and with the addition of 1% paraffin. The strand compositions for the face, core, and back layers were 25%, 50%, and 25%, respectively. The slenderness ratios and aspect ratios of the strands ranged from 71.02 to 76.60 and from 2.96 to 3.02, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of the OSBs fabricated from Andong and Betung were better than those from Ampel, and the properties of all OSBs were improved by increasing their resin content. OSBs from Betung with 3 to 5% resin content and those from Andong and Ampel with 4 to 5% resin content showed strength retention of more than 50%, which means they can be used for exterior structural applications. Except for OSBs fabricated from Ampel with 3% resin content, the properties of all OSBs prepared in this study were higher than the minimum values required by the CSA O437.0 (grade O-1) standard (2011).
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of preservative treatment of strands on... more The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of preservative treatment of strands on the properties of oriented strand board (OSB) made from Paraserianthes falcataria, Maesopsis eminii and Acacia mangium strands. Prior to OSB manufacturing, strands were treated with chromium copper boron (CCB) soaking with concentration of 2% for 6 h. Three (3) layers OSB bonded with 7% of methylene diphenyl isocyanate
(MDI) resin were produced with the core layer orientation perpendicular to the face and back layers. The results indicated that soaking strand with CCB significantly decreased the water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) values of OSB after immersed in water for 24 hours. Preservative treatment significantly decreased the mechanical properties of OSB (modulus of rupture/MOR parallel, modulus of elasticity/MOE
parallel and internal bond/IB). Almost all board met the requirement of CSA 0437.0 standard for grade O-1 OSB panels, except board made from P. falcataria treated with preservative which did not achieve the requirement of TS, MOE in parallel direction, and IB. Preservative treatment strongly affected the durability of OSB. Soaking strand with CCB increased the resistance of OSB against termites attack 13.0 times higher than control board.
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The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of wood species and layer structure o... more The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of wood species and layer structure on physical and mechanical properties of strand board made from Paraserianthes
falcataria, Maesopsis eminii and Acacia mangium woods collected from planted forest in Bogor district, Indonesia. The densities of P. falcataria, M. eminii and A. mangium woods
were 0.36, 0.41 and 0.46 g cm-3, respectively. Three types of layer structures namely perpendicular, parallel, and random orientation were applied. Methylene diisocyanate (MDI)
resin with 7% resin amount (w/w) was used. The physical and mechanical properties of strand board were evaluated based on CSA 0437.0 standard. The results indicated that strand board manufactured from wood with lower density (P. falcataria) had higher mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) and
lower dimensional stability (water absorption and thickness swelling) compared to strand board manufactured from higher density (A. mangium), vice versa. Strand orientation strongly affected the physical and mechanical properties of board with perpendicular orientation showed superior performance as compared to parallel and random orientation. Physical and mechanical properties of oriented strand board (OSB) made from fast growing tree species met the requirement of CSA 0437.0 standard for grade O-1 OSB panels.
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Wood flour (WF)–reinforced cis–1,4–isoprene rubber (CIR) composite was prepared through a melting... more Wood flour (WF)–reinforced cis–1,4–isoprene rubber (CIR) composite was prepared through a melting process. Maleic anhydride (MAH), dicumyl peroxide (DCP), and zinc oxide (ZnO) were added to the composites to enhance their tensile properties and dimensional stability. The dependence of MAH, DCP and ZnO concentration at various pressing time on tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) of WF–CIR composites were examined. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus of the WF–CIR were greatly influenced by MAH content and pressing time. The higher the MAH cocentration and the longer time were applied, the greater improvement of tensile strength, Young’s modulus, water absorption and thickness swelling parameters were obtained.
However, the elongation at break was found to decrease with addition of MAH. DCP and ZnO concentration were also influenced the tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus for WF–CIR composites.
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Wood Science and Technology
Bamboo has gained increasing attention as an alternative raw material for use in the manufacture ... more Bamboo has gained increasing attention as an alternative raw material for use in the manufacture of composite boards. Three-layer OSBs were made using Betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes.f) Backer ex Heyne) strands to evaluate the effects of strand length and pre-treatment techniques on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties. Three different strand lengths, namely 50, 60, and 70 mm, were prepared. Prior to the manufacture into OSB, the strands were immersed in cold water for 24 h and in 6% acetic anhydrides solution for 48 h. The OSBs were fabricated using 5% MDI resin based on the strand dry weight. The results indicated that MOR and MOE values in perpendicular to the grain direction were much influenced by strand length. The dimensional stability of OSB was slightly improved by immersing the strands in acetic anhydride solution. Immersing strands in cold water and acetic anhydride solution improved the resistance of OSB against subterranean termite (Macrotermes gylvus) attack under the adopted experimental condition. All OSB parameters manufactured in this experiment were better than the minimum requirement of CSA 0437.0 (Grade O–2) standard.
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Conference Presentations by Wahyu Hidayat
This work investigated the effect of heat treatment on physical properties and color change of sa... more This work investigated the effect of heat treatment on physical properties and color change of sapwood and heartwood part of Okan wood (Cylicodiscus gabunensis). Based on the findings in this work, weight loss increased by increasing heat temperature. Density of samples after heat treated were also decreased as compared to control. Color changes was significantly affected by heat treatment, higher treatment temperatures result in darker wood color. Furthermore the effect of treatment temperature on color change in sapwood is more obvious than that in heartwood.
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The objective was to evaluate the effect of temperature and clamping method during heat treatment... more The objective was to evaluate the effect of temperature and clamping method during heat treatment on the properties of high density Okan wood. Heat treatment of sapwood and heartwood was conducted using an electric oven with a programmable controller at 160 °C, 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C for 2 h. Physical and mechanical properties were compared before and after the heat treatment process. The color change (E*), weight loss, and volume shrinkage increased with increasing temperature, whereas the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and water absorption (WA) decreased in both types of wood. The wood density was not affected by temperature, and the magnitude of E* in sapwood was the highest, while the magnitude of weight loss, volume shrinkage, EMC, and WA in heartwood was higher than in sapwood. The clamping method affected E* in heartwood only, while the weight loss, volume shrinkage, EMC, and WA was affect in both types of wood. A significant reduction in the mechanical properties occurred after heat treatment at 200 °C and 220 °C. The reduction of MOR, MOE, and shear strength in heartwood was greater than in sapwood, while the compressive strength reduction in sapwood was the highest.
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The main weaknesses of particleboard are that it has a lower strength and a lower dimensional sta... more The main weaknesses of particleboard are that it has a lower strength and a lower dimensional stability compared to solid wood. Therefore, in order to gain excellent properties prior to be used, it needs some treatments, i.e., resin thermoplastic laminated. The objectives of this study were to improve the physical and mechanical properties of rubber wood particleboard laminated with low density ethylene (LDPE) resin. Rubber wood particleboard was laminated with 4 different concentrations of LDPE resins (i.e., 5, 10, 15, and 20%). The physical and mechanical properties of board were evaluated both in dry and wet states. The results indicated that the dimensional stability of board after laminated with LDPE resin showed significant improvement in term of water absorption and thickness swelling. Modulus of rupture and srew resistant of resulted particle board were increased with addition of LDPE resin. Modulus of elasticity and surface hardness of the particleboard were slightly decreased with addition of LDPE resin. The intenal bond was unchanged. The best treatment was found on lamination the surface of particleboard with 5% LDPE resin. All the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard laminated with 5% LDPE resin met the requirements of JIS A 5908-2003 standard.
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This research focused on the natural durability of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species ... more This research focused on the natural durability of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in West Java, Indonesia against subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus). It was observed that both heartwood and sapwood of Kiara payung (Filicium decipiens); heartwoods of Nangka (Arthocarpus heterophyllus), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) and Simpur (Dillenia grandifolia); and sapwood of Bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) were rated as resistant (natural durability class II) according to Indonesian standard SNI 01.7207.2006 (BSN 2006). Both heartwood and sapwood of Salam (Syzigium polyanthum), Pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus), Bisbul (Diospyros discolor), Rukam (Flacourtia rukam) and Trembesi (Samanea saman); heartwood of Puspa (Schima walichii), Bungur, Tanjung (Mimusops elangi) and Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) were rated as moderately resistant (natural durability class III). Both heartwood and sapwood of Sungkai (Peronema canescens), Pine (Pinus merkusii), Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Afrika (Maesopsis eminii); sapwoods of Mahoni, Puspa and Tanjung were rated as poorly resistant (natural durability class IV). Both heartwood and sapwood of Agathis (Agathis dammara), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Ki sampang (Evodia latifolia) and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba); sapwoods of Nangka and Angsana were rated as very poorly resistant (natural durability class V). This reserach showed that woods with lower resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class IV and V) tend to have lower termite mortality values compared to woods with higher resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class II and III). Results of the study will provide some valuable information on termite resistance of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in Indonesia.
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This study was performed to understand wood durability to climate deterioration of planted Indone... more This study was performed to understand wood durability to climate deterioration of planted Indonesian wood species such as Albizia, Gmelina, Mangium and Mindi. Wood samples were exposed to indoor and outdoor condition. L*a*b* color and color changes (ΔE*) were determined by a spectrophotometer. As a result, color of all samples was changed more markedly by ultraviolet radiation. In indoor test with UV, brightness of wood specimens from four species was not changed and all samples were changed into more reddish and yellowish. In accelerated weathering test, all samples were bleached and changed into more greenish and blueish. In outdoor test, brightness of wood specimens decreased in Albizia and Gmelina and increased in Mangium and Mindi. All wood specimens in outdoor test were changed into more greenish and blueish. Albizia and Gmleina woods showed greater color change than those of Mangium and Mindi. Especially, color change of wood samples might be influenced greatly by moisture. In conclusion, wood color changed into more clearly by UV radiation. Therefore, exposing woods to UV radiation could be one of reasonable methods to improve wood quality on visual characteristic.
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This study was performed to understand combustion properties four major Indonesian wood species s... more This study was performed to understand combustion properties four major Indonesian wood species such as Albizia, Gmelina, Mangium and Mindi were investigated by cone-calorimeter for better utilization of theses wood species. Heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (TSR), specific mass loss rate (SMLR), effective heat of combustion (EHC), time to ignition (TTI), flame time (FT), specific extinction area (SEA), smoke production rate (SPR) and CO compound production rate were measured. HRR, THR and FT were proportional to the density of woods. Albizia showed the highest HRR, while Mindi had the lowest HRR. For SPR, Albizia showed the highest value due to its higher SEA. On the other hand, Mindi had the lowest SPR due to a lower SEA value. The highest smoke emission was for Albizia at the beginning of combustion. After 300 seconds, smoke emission of Gmleina and Mangium was increased greatly. Mangium and Mindi showed the highest total carbon dioxide emission. Expecially, Gmelina released the highest carbon monoxide during the combustion period and presented three times higher CO/CO2 ratio than those of other species due to incomplete combustion.
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This study investigated several anatomical characteristics of Paulownia tomentosa roots. The root... more This study investigated several anatomical characteristics of Paulownia tomentosa roots. The root wood was separated into three parts from stem base (top, middle, and base) at different positions below ground. Qualitative anatomical data suggested that the growth rings in earlywood and latewood were structurally different. Furthermore, the root wood vessels were found having 2 to 3 radial multiples and they were appeared in the form of clusters. In addition, some sheath cells and septate axial parenchyma were observed. Regarding the quantitative anatomical characteristics, vessel and ray numbers per mm2, as well as ray width and height differed significantly among the top, middle, and base rood wood parts. However, there were no significant differences in vessel diameters, cell wall thickness, and width and length of wood fibers among those parts. The crystallinity of the root top part was slightly higher than that of the middle and base parts. Furthermore, the vessel numbers, ray numbers, and ray width and height in the near pith (NP) area were higher compared to those in the near bark (NB) area. However, the fiber width and fiber length at NP were lower than those at NB. Overall, this study demonstrated some significant differences in the anatomical characteristics of the top, middle, and base parts of root wood from Paulownia tomentosa.
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Densification of the inner part of oil palm trunk (OPT) by the close system compression (CSC) met... more Densification of the inner part of oil palm trunk (OPT) by the close system compression (CSC) method was performed in this study. The effects of the compression temperature and time on the anatomical, physical and mechanical properties of OPT were evaluated. The inner part of OPT with an initial average density of 0.3 g/cm³ was used as samples. Oven-dried samples were immersed in water and vacuumed until fully saturated and then compressed by CSC at 120, 140, 160 or 180 °C for 10, 20, 30 or 40 min. The anatomical characteristics of transverse and radial sections before and after compression were compared by optical microscopy. The physical and mechanical properties, including the density, recovery of set (RS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and compression parallel to grain were examined. It was observed that the anatomical characteristic of the inner part of OPT (i.e., vascular bundles, vessels, and parenchyma tissue) became flattened, fractured, and collapsed after compression by CSC. The RS decreased with increasing compression temperature and time. The lower RS indicated high dimensional stability. The physical and mechanical properties (i.e., density, MOR, MOE, and compressive strength) of the inner part of OPT increased with increasing compression temperature and time. Compression by the CSC method at 160 °C for 40 min was the optimum treatment.
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of bamboo species and resin content on ... more The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of bamboo species and resin content on the physical and mechanical properties of oriented strand boards (OSBs) prepared from steam-treated bamboo strands. The strands from three species of Indonesian bamboo, namely Andong (Gigantochloa verticillata), Betung (Dendrocalamus asper), and Ampel (Bambusa vulgaris), were steamed at 126 °C for 1 h at a pressure of 0.14 MPa. Three-layered OSBs with the core layer oriented perpendicularly to the face layers were prepared by bonding them together with 3 to 5% methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (MDI) resin based on oven-dried strands and with the addition of 1% paraffin. The strand compositions for the face, core, and back layers were 25%, 50%, and 25%, respectively. The slenderness ratios and aspect ratios of the strands ranged from 71.02 to 76.60 and from 2.96 to 3.02, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of the OSBs fabricated from Andong and Betung were better than those from Ampel, and the properties of all OSBs were improved by increasing their resin content. OSBs from Betung with 3 to 5% resin content and those from Andong and Ampel with 4 to 5% resin content showed strength retention of more than 50%, which means they can be used for exterior structural applications. Except for OSBs fabricated from Ampel with 3% resin content, the properties of all OSBs prepared in this study were higher than the minimum values required by the CSA O437.0 (grade O-1) standard (2011).
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of preservative treatment of strands on... more The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of preservative treatment of strands on the properties of oriented strand board (OSB) made from Paraserianthes falcataria, Maesopsis eminii and Acacia mangium strands. Prior to OSB manufacturing, strands were treated with chromium copper boron (CCB) soaking with concentration of 2% for 6 h. Three (3) layers OSB bonded with 7% of methylene diphenyl isocyanate
(MDI) resin were produced with the core layer orientation perpendicular to the face and back layers. The results indicated that soaking strand with CCB significantly decreased the water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) values of OSB after immersed in water for 24 hours. Preservative treatment significantly decreased the mechanical properties of OSB (modulus of rupture/MOR parallel, modulus of elasticity/MOE
parallel and internal bond/IB). Almost all board met the requirement of CSA 0437.0 standard for grade O-1 OSB panels, except board made from P. falcataria treated with preservative which did not achieve the requirement of TS, MOE in parallel direction, and IB. Preservative treatment strongly affected the durability of OSB. Soaking strand with CCB increased the resistance of OSB against termites attack 13.0 times higher than control board.
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The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of wood species and layer structure o... more The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of wood species and layer structure on physical and mechanical properties of strand board made from Paraserianthes
falcataria, Maesopsis eminii and Acacia mangium woods collected from planted forest in Bogor district, Indonesia. The densities of P. falcataria, M. eminii and A. mangium woods
were 0.36, 0.41 and 0.46 g cm-3, respectively. Three types of layer structures namely perpendicular, parallel, and random orientation were applied. Methylene diisocyanate (MDI)
resin with 7% resin amount (w/w) was used. The physical and mechanical properties of strand board were evaluated based on CSA 0437.0 standard. The results indicated that strand board manufactured from wood with lower density (P. falcataria) had higher mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) and
lower dimensional stability (water absorption and thickness swelling) compared to strand board manufactured from higher density (A. mangium), vice versa. Strand orientation strongly affected the physical and mechanical properties of board with perpendicular orientation showed superior performance as compared to parallel and random orientation. Physical and mechanical properties of oriented strand board (OSB) made from fast growing tree species met the requirement of CSA 0437.0 standard for grade O-1 OSB panels.
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Wood flour (WF)–reinforced cis–1,4–isoprene rubber (CIR) composite was prepared through a melting... more Wood flour (WF)–reinforced cis–1,4–isoprene rubber (CIR) composite was prepared through a melting process. Maleic anhydride (MAH), dicumyl peroxide (DCP), and zinc oxide (ZnO) were added to the composites to enhance their tensile properties and dimensional stability. The dependence of MAH, DCP and ZnO concentration at various pressing time on tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) of WF–CIR composites were examined. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus of the WF–CIR were greatly influenced by MAH content and pressing time. The higher the MAH cocentration and the longer time were applied, the greater improvement of tensile strength, Young’s modulus, water absorption and thickness swelling parameters were obtained.
However, the elongation at break was found to decrease with addition of MAH. DCP and ZnO concentration were also influenced the tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus for WF–CIR composites.
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Wood Science and Technology
Bamboo has gained increasing attention as an alternative raw material for use in the manufacture ... more Bamboo has gained increasing attention as an alternative raw material for use in the manufacture of composite boards. Three-layer OSBs were made using Betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes.f) Backer ex Heyne) strands to evaluate the effects of strand length and pre-treatment techniques on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties. Three different strand lengths, namely 50, 60, and 70 mm, were prepared. Prior to the manufacture into OSB, the strands were immersed in cold water for 24 h and in 6% acetic anhydrides solution for 48 h. The OSBs were fabricated using 5% MDI resin based on the strand dry weight. The results indicated that MOR and MOE values in perpendicular to the grain direction were much influenced by strand length. The dimensional stability of OSB was slightly improved by immersing the strands in acetic anhydride solution. Immersing strands in cold water and acetic anhydride solution improved the resistance of OSB against subterranean termite (Macrotermes gylvus) attack under the adopted experimental condition. All OSB parameters manufactured in this experiment were better than the minimum requirement of CSA 0437.0 (Grade O–2) standard.
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This work investigated the effect of heat treatment on physical properties and color change of sa... more This work investigated the effect of heat treatment on physical properties and color change of sapwood and heartwood part of Okan wood (Cylicodiscus gabunensis). Based on the findings in this work, weight loss increased by increasing heat temperature. Density of samples after heat treated were also decreased as compared to control. Color changes was significantly affected by heat treatment, higher treatment temperatures result in darker wood color. Furthermore the effect of treatment temperature on color change in sapwood is more obvious than that in heartwood.
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Indonesian forest areas comprise 128.22 million ha of permanent forest. Permanent forest is a sta... more Indonesian forest areas comprise 128.22 million ha of permanent forest. Permanent forest is a state owned forest which has been determined by government as ‘forest’ whether trees are present or not and thus includes areas destined for planting or natural regeneration as well as existing forest. Permanent forest areas are classified based on their main functions, i.e.: Conservation Forest (22.25 million ha), Protection Forest (30.10 million ha), Production Forest (58.05 million ha) and Conversion Forest (17.81 million ha) (MoF, 2013). A recent analysis of the 2012 forest cover status showed the total land area of Indonesia was 187.84 million ha, with 98.68 million ha (or 52.50%) forested land and 89.15 million ha (or 47.50%) non-forested land (Statistic Indonesia, 2014; MoF, 2013). The forestry sector is important; Indonesia’s forest resources have been the principle engine of national economic development and have contributed significantly to foreign exchange revenues, employment, regional development and economic growth. Major wood product industries in Indonesia are estimated to provide employment for approximately 2.5 million people directly and a further 1.2 million indirectly. The focus of this paper will be on current status of major wood products in Indonesia including round wood, sawn wood, plywood, pulp and paper products and furniture.
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