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Project Reports by Enric Ruiz-Gelices

MacKay, T., Woeller, S. and Ruiz-Gelices, E. (2018) 'Action on social determinants of health through social finance – an evidence review.' Toronto and Lion's Head, ON: Terrapin Social Finance., Jun 29, 2018

This report explores the relationship between social finance and social determinants of health in... more This report explores the relationship between social finance and social determinants of health in order to understand the influence each has on the other to address health and socioeconomic outcomes. Drawing from published research, reports and interviews with key informants in the fields of social economy and public health, this report reviews key concepts of social finance and social determinants of health, presents evidence of the links between the two, and provides approaches on how to expand social finance to address social determinants of health in the Canadian context.

Who should read this report?
• Community-based organizations that wish to promote inclusive community economic development by providing income supports for low-income community members.
• Social change funders and investors moving to include social finance as an alternative to the traditional charitable model to address inequality and the social costs that arise from it.
• Government agencies looking for innovative, cross-sector approaches to improve the health and socioeconomic well-being of all Canadians.

Key Findings:
Researchers and leading experts in the fields of social finance, social economy, public health, and social impact measurement point to social finance as a viable initiative for addressing social determinants of health, most directly in areas of employment conditions, unemployment, income, social safety net, and social exclusion. Social enterprise and developmental lending are community-based social finance approaches providing jobs and financing options for people socially excluded from mainstream employment and from accessing small business loans. A great deal of the published literature provides emerging evidence on the links between social enterprise and improved health and well-being. Developmental lending, a proven Canadian social finance model often overlooked in academic research, is a promising innovative community-based approach to addressing social determinants of health. Community-based organizations, with longstanding knowledge of and trusted relationships within their communities, are well positioned to act as social finance intermediaries to engage in developmental lending and support social enterprise initiatives. Social determinants of health provide a framework for social impact measurement, addressing a key challenge in the social finance sector.

Key Approaches:
For community-based social finance to have its greatest impact on the hardest to help, a social first focus is a critical success factor.
• Governments can foster a supportive policy and regulatory environment that promotes social finance and helps to level the playing field between social enterprise and traditional for-profit business.
• Impact investors emerging from the grant funding and charitable donations space can help lower the cost of operations for social enterprises by prioritizing social-first impact investing.
• To expand proven community-based social finance initiatives, a program based on the Aboriginal Finance Institution developmental lending model should be created and piloted through community-based organizations.
• Future knowledge products are needed to support the development of community-based social finance including: an asset mapping tool to assess organizational and community readiness and, a consistent and comparable social impact measurement framework based on the social determinants of health.

Community-based social finance is one tool that holds promise to improve social and economic inequalities by bringing people excluded from mainstream finance and employment opportunities into the economy and creating healthy communities through inclusive economic development.

This report was funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada. The opinions expressed in this report belong to the authors and are not necessarily those of the Government of Canada.

King, R., Findlay, A., Ruiz-Gelices, E. and Stam, A. (2004) 'International Student Mobility'. HEFCE Issues Paper 2004/30. Bristol: Higher Education Funding Council for England., Jul 2004

Report by the Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex, and the Centre for Appl... more Report by the Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex, and the Centre for Applied Population Research, University of Dundee.

Commissioned by HEFCE, SHEFC, HEFCW, DEL, DfES, UK Socrates Erasmus Council, HEURO, BUTEX and the British Council.

This report describes research to establish the range and types of international student mobility available to UK students and to ascertain current trends. The report analyses published statistics for scheme-led mobility programmes, the arrangements at UK higher education institutions for both scheme-led and other international mobility programmes, and attitudes to mobility among students and staff.

This report was commissioned following discussions among a wide group of stakeholders (see Annex L) with an interest in international student mobility. It was recognised that there was a lack of systematic information about the overall picture of UK student mobility, particularly individual mobility activity. Concern had been expressed about a decline in UK outward Erasmus mobility in comparison with other EU countries and the imbalance of incoming and outgoing Erasmus students to and from the UK. It became apparent during the discussions that while there was much anecdotal evidence of the underlying reasons for the imbalance, there were few available data and there were gaps in the collective knowledge. There was also considerable interest in learning more about student mobility outside Europe and outside the major schemes. The stakeholders agreed to sponsor a study which would examine the types and range of UK student international mobility, the reasons for student choice and how higher education institutions (HEIs) manage mobility. An invitation to tender was issued and the Sussex Centre for Migration Research at the University of Sussex (SCMR) was selected to undertake the study (SCMR subcontracted the Centre for Applied Population Research at the University of Dundee, and the report was prepared by the groups working together). A steering group comprising representatives of the main stakeholders oversaw the progress of the study and advised the consultants.

The results presented here draw together a range of previously uncollated data, which are relevant to the overall picture of UK students’ patterns of mobility, along with findings from specially commissioned surveys and new analysis of student data sources. Although these data can only give a partial picture of the multi-faceted context of student mobility, this report marks an important step in understanding how a variety of complex issues with a bearing on student mobility interact. The report makes it possible to answer at least some of the initial questions with which the stakeholders were concerned, and to pose others.

The sponsors of the report are the UK higher education funding bodies, the Department for Education and Skills (DfES), UK Socrates Erasmus Council, HEURO, BUTEX and the British Council. The research and conclusions drawn are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.

Papers by Enric Ruiz-Gelices

Findlay, A., King, R., Stam, A. and Ruiz-Gelices, E. (2006) 'Ever reluctant Europeans: the changing geographies of UK students studying and working abroad.' European Urban and Regional Studies, 13(4): 291-318., Oct 1, 2006

Students have been little studied as a mobile population, despite their increasing importance amo... more Students have been little studied as a mobile population, despite their increasing importance among human flows in the contemporary globalizing world. This article examines changing mobility patterns, attitudes and behaviours of UK higher education students who spend a part of their degree programme studying or working abroad. The research was stimulated by perceptions that UK students were turning away from international mobility, especially to Europe. Using a multi-method approach, based on further statistical analysis of existing data sources, notably the UK Socrates–Erasmus student dataset, and on a range of questionnaire and interview surveys to staff and students in selected UK higher education institutions, the article explores the changing patterns of student movement and the drivers and barriers to mobility for UK students. We find that UK students's decreasing mobility to Europe is more than compensated by rising flows to other world destinations, especially North America and Australia. Questionnaire and interview data reveal the prime significance of language and financial factors as barriers to European mobility. Evidence also points to the embeddedness of personal mobility in relation to social class and the ways in which the varied practices of a socially differentiated higher education system may reproduce relative social advantage and disadvantage through access to international mobility opportunities. The article concludes with further attempts to conceptualize student mobility and to draw out policy aspects.

Findlay, A., Stam, A., King, R. and Ruiz-Gelices, E. (2005) 'International opportunities: searching for the meaning of student migration.' Geographica Helvetica, 60(3): 192-200., Sep 30, 2005

This paper explores aspects of the geography of international Student migration. By listening to ... more This paper explores aspects of the geography of international Student migration. By listening to the voices of British students we make a methodological contribution in terms of extending understanding of the intentions and values of Student migrants as developed over their life course. On the one hand, students stressed the social and cultural embeddedness of their actions, while on the other hand interviews with university staff and mobility managers pointed to the existence of other social structures that shape the networks of mobility that are available to students. Policy makers seeking to re-shape the geography of international Student mobility need to address the deeper socio-cultural forces that selectively inhibit movement although European integration processes have long paved the way for international living and work experience.
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La présente contribution aborde différentes facettes d'un mouvement peu étudie, la migration internationale estudiantine. En donnant la parole à des étudiants britanniques, I'enquête menée cherche à élargir la connaissance des motivations et échelles de valeurs développées par les étudiants migrants au cours de leur trajectoire. Les étudiants ont démontré que leurs actions s'inscrivent dans leurs valeurs sociales et culturelles. Quant aux interviews conduites auprès d'enseignants et co-ordinateurs de mobilité, elles ont permis de relever d'autres structures sociales qui influencent le comportement des étudiants. Les personnalités politiques qui entendent promouvoir l'expérience internationale de leurs élites formatrices en matière d'études et professionnelle, doivent prendre notamment en considération les influences socio-culturelles qui réduisent la mobilité, des influences qui persistent encore, en dépit du fait que les processus européens d'intégration ne cessent de faciliter les échanges internationaux.
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Dieser Artikel setzt sich mit verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten der internationalen Studierendenmigration, einer noch wenig untersuchten Bewegung, auseinander. Es soll ein methodischer Beitrag dazu geleistet werden, die Erwartungen und Wertvorstellungen britischer Studierender herauszuarbeiten, wie sie sich im Laufe ihres Lebens entwickeln. Die Studierenden zeigen einerseits, dass ihr Verhalten ihren sozialen und kulturellen Kontext widerspiegelt. Andererseits ergeben Interviews mit Dozierenden und Austausch-Koordinatoren an Universitäten, dass andere soziale Strukturen und Einflüsse das Studierenden-Verhalten bestimmen. Politiker, welche die internationale Studien- und Arbeitserfahrung ihrer Bildungselite fördern wollen, müssen gerade die soziokulturellen Einflüsse, welche die Mobilität reduzieren, berücksichtigen, Einflüsse, die noch bestehen, obwohl europäische Integrationsprozesse den internationalen Austausch laufend erleichtern.

King, R. and Ruiz‐Gelices, E. (2003) 'International student migration and the European "year abroad": effects on European identity and subsequent migration behaviour.' International Journal of Population Geography, 9(3): 229-252., May 14, 2003

This paper first draws attention to the scant literature in population geography on international... more This paper first draws attention to the scant literature in population geography on international student migration, or ISM. Yet students comprise an important element in global and European population mobility, especially of highly skilled movements. This study is set within the context of intra-European ISM and looks specifically at the ‘Year Abroad experience’ which has been subsidised over the past 15 years by the Erasmus and Socrates programmes. Empirical data come from questionnaire surveys to three groups of University of Sussex students, surveyed during 2000–01. The main survey was a large postal survey to graduates who had spent a year abroad (YA) in another European country as part of their Sussex degree. This questionnaire was designed to test two sets of hypotheses: firstly that the YA had given students/graduates a more ‘European’ identity or consciousness, and a greater insight into European issues; and secondly that YA graduates would be more likely to pursue their subsequent career/migration paths in continental Europe. These hypotheses were tested against a control sample of Sussex graduates who had not been on a YA, matched by degree type and time of graduation. A third sample was undertaken with second-year undergraduate students about to embark on their YA, in order to test pre- and post-YA perspectives. The results broadly confirm the research hypotheses, although with a variety of nuances and outcomes.

Book Sections by Enric Ruiz-Gelices

In "Human Mobility in a Borderles World?" (Ed. Montanari, Armando). SGI-IGU Publication Series, Vol. 1. Rome: Società Geografica Italiana (SGI) and International Geographical Union (IGU). , 2002

The first volume of the Home of Geography Publication Series is a collective publication by the I... more The first volume of the Home of Geography Publication Series is a collective publication by the IGU Study Group on Global Change and Human Mobility (Globility). It includes papers and abstracts produced at the first Globility Conference which was held in Italy on 20-22 April, 2001. The research programme was approved by the IGU Executive Committee in 1999, has been operative since August 2000 and will remain so at least until the year 2004. The Study Group’s objective is to direct greater attention to a new reading of traditional population movements and to consider new forms of mobility with reference to the migration of workers occupied in new types of production, stemming from economic globalisation, as well as types of mobilityderiving from the internationalisation of consumption and new patterns of leisure and tourism. In the latter case, changing patterns of (mass) tourism provide a clear indication of a tendency towards post-fordist consumption and, therefore, towards a more differentiated and fragmented mobility. It is the intention of the Study Group to examine those forms of human mobility that may be related to the processesof global change, to new forms of investment, local development and to social and cultural behaviour.

Allan M. Findlay, Russell King, Enric Ruiz-Gelices and Alexandra Stam (2009) 'International Opportunities: Searching for the Meaning of Student Migration' in Steven Vertovec (ed.) "Migration". London: Routledge. Series: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences, pp. 311–324. ISBN 978-0-415-47842-7., Nov 24, 2009

Nowadays, migration seems never far from the top of the political agenda. Whether as a consequenc... more Nowadays, migration seems never far from the top of the political agenda. Whether as a consequence of civil and ethnic unrest, or as one response to the widening gulf between the wealthy and poor zones of the world, international population movement for sanctuary or settlement has become as prevalent as increased capital flows. (Indeed, for many commentators, there is a clear connection between the fluidity of population movements and the economic and technological changes that have generated 'globalization'.)

According to UN estimates, the global stock of migrants has doubled in the past forty years and now amounts to around 200 million souls living outside their places of birth. For receiving countries, migration-at once perceived as a social challenge and an economic necessity-prompts difficult debates and questions.

Perhaps rather belatedly, the social sciences have recognized the importance of these issues and a significant body of new literature has accumulated in recent decades. The field is, however, intrinsically multidisciplinary with contributions stemming from economics, demography, human geography, law, sociology, political science, and social anthropology. Migration also interweaves with other important multidisciplinary fields such as gender studies, labour-market studies, and cultural studies.

The sheer scale of the growth in migration research output - and the breadth and complexity of the discipline - makes this new Major Work from Routledge especially timely, and answers the urgent need for a wide-ranging collection which provides easy access to the key items of scholarly literature, material that is often inaccessible or scattered throughout a variety of specialist journals and books. In five volumes, Migration brings together the best and most influential foundational and cutting-edge research on: theories of migration; patterns of migration; the politics of migration; and the dynamics of migration.

The collection is supplemented with a full index, and includes a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context. Migration is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and researchers as a vital research resource.

Interim Reports by Enric Ruiz-Gelices

King, R., Ruiz-Gelices, E., Findlay, A. M. and Stam, A. (2004) 'International Student Mobility Study. Final Report'. Brighton: Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex., Apr 2004

This study analyses outward student mobility from the United Kingdom. International student mobil... more This study analyses outward student mobility from the United Kingdom. International student mobility (ISM) involves students leaving their country of residence for a period of higher education abroad, or to pursue a related activity such as a foreign work placement or study tour.

One major reason for undertaking this study is concern about the low level of outward mobility by UK-based students compared to other EU countries. This lack of mobility is highlighted by the marked decline in numbers of UK students going on Socrates-Erasmus exchanges – from 11,988 students in 1994/95 to 7,956 in 2002/3. If current rates of decline continue, by 2006 there will be only about 6,500 students taking up Erasmus opportunities.

Low student mobility links to wider concerns about the lack of a cosmopolitan and multilingual perspective amongst UK graduates in an increasingly globalised labour market. It might put the UK economy at a competitive disadvantage, especially in fields such a business, research and international organisations. The argument that English has become a ‘global language’ is not a good enough reason to ignore the important intercultural learning experience that a spell abroad can bring.

Uptake of Erasmus exchanges is only one indication of mobility of UK students. But consistent and comparable data on non-Erasmus mobility are scarce. Another reason for this study is therefore to document other types of international mobility in the higher education sector.

This study also explores the wider context in which student mobility occurs. In advanced societies, international mobility is much more widespread and frequent than it was in the past. Although older age groups are not excluded from this ‘mobility culture’, it is young people, especially those with good educational backgrounds, who travel abroad the most. Many are likely to have been abroad with their parents, on school trips, or as part of a ‘Gap-Year’ experiences between school and university.

There are many other influences on student mobility. In Europe it is affected by key political changes in the European Union. One example is the Bologna process. The initiative aims to harmonise higher education systems across the EU, with mutual recognition of credits and qualifications. Another example is the enlargement of the EU in 2004. Many students in the 10 new countries want to study in an English-language environment (HEPI 2004) and will be entitled to do so within the current Socrates-Erasmus scheme. Whether UK students will reciprocate by moving in equal numbers to these new destinations is doubtful.

The UK’s position in the world is very complex, given its high degree of involvement in Europe, North America, and the developing world. This wide global reach means that viewing its student mobility largely within a European context may be misplaced: ties of language, culture and history mean that the United States, Canada, Australia and Singapore are also likely destinations. Hence, in this study, both European and non-European mobility are considered.

An important question we address is how students perceive the benefits of, and barriers to, mobility and what factors are critical in shaping their mobility choices. We also ask whether the current pattern of international mobility matches UK students’ aspirations. Finally, we evaluate the policy implications of the changing dynamics of UK student mobility.

Findlay, A. M., Stam, A., King, R. and Ruiz-Gelices, E. (2004) 'International Student Mobility Study, Study 3. UK international student mobility: perspectives of students, academics and mobility managers'. Brighton: Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex., Feb 2004

This is the third of three study-reports which are the main component parts of the International ... more This is the third of three study-reports which are the main component parts of the International Student Mobility Study, a research project commissioned and funded by the Higher Education Council of England (HEFCE) and a number of other sponsoring and stakeholder bodies. The research programme runs from 1 May 2003 to 30 April 2004. Study 1 was produced in August 2003, Study 2 in January 2004 and Study 3, this report, concludes the third phase of the research, to February 2004.

The research team recruited as consultants for the International Student Mobility Study constitutes a collaborative research effort between the Sussex Centre for Migration Research at the University of Sussex and the Centre for Applied Population Research at the University of Dundee. Our brief has been to collect a wide range of research evidence, including both primary and secondary data, on the scale, trends and typology of (mainly outward) student mobility from the UK. The stimulus for such a study arises from concerns about the apparent low level of outward international mobility on the part of UK-based HE students, particularly when compared with rates of mobility in other EU countries.

In addition to the three studies which are the building blocks toward the Final Report (due in April 2004), we have also produced an Annotated Bibliography on student mobility (Ruiz-Gelices et al. 2003), organised around six key research questions relating to student migration/mobility and the specific objectives of this project. These questions concerned (i) the conceptualisation of student international mobility as a subset of skilled international migration, (ii) comparative numerical trends of student flows, (iii) relationship of student mobility to mobility pre- and post-HE, (iv) role of foreign language acquisition, (v) institutional perspectives, and (vi) policy implications.

Study 1 (Findlay et al. 2003) dealt especially with the first two in this list of questions, and in particular with the second question, on numerical trends. The data sources used for this numerical mapping were limited to those in the public domain, including tables published by international organisations and, for the UK and the EU, data series issued for Erasmus exchanges. Study 1 was issued at an early stage in the project’s timetable and further additions, updating and refinement of the datasets will be incorporated into the Final Report of the whole study.

Study 2 (King et al. 2004) explored the diversity of UK outward student mobility through a questionnaire sent to all HEIs in the UK. The study was mainly focused on question (v) in the list above, but it also collected non-Erasmus institutional-level data for question (ii) and, through qualitative answers on the questionnaire, shed some light on questions (iii), (iv) and (v). Study 2 was based on partial survey results: at the time the study was written, 71 questionnaires had been returned from the 168 sent out ten weeks earlier. Since then some more questionnaires have come in, and we will incorporate an up-dated analysis of this survey in the Final Report.

Study 3 moves to the individual level, a progressive moving down the scale from the global/national (Study 1) and the institutional (Study 2). In terms of the list of research questions set out above, it particularly responds to questions (iii) and (iv), but also sheds light on some of the others. Based on site visits to 10 carefully selected UK HEIs, Study 3 focuses especially on student attitudes towards and experiences of mobility. It also canvases the views of academics and ‘mobility managers’ – typically international and study abroad officers, departmental Erasmus representatives etc. Questionnaires (to students), one-to-one interviews (with academics and managers), and interviews and focus groups (with students) were the three main research approaches used.

As with Studies 1 and 2, Study 3 has been greatly helped by the support and encouragement given by members of the Advisory and Steering Groups, especially Jeanette Cheong, chair of both groups, Beth Steiner, Rachel Titman, Annette Kratz, John Reilly, Barrie Morgan and Beatrice Merrick. We also thank the very many academics, administrators and students in the 10 HEIs visited for their patience at our intrusion, and for their time in facilitating the administration of the questionnaire and in agreeing to be interviewed. Their willing collaboration was absolutely vital to the information base assembled in this report.

Finally, we reiterate the caveat mentioned in the Prefaces to the previous two studies. This study is produced at this stage largely for internal circulation within the Advisory and Steering Groups of the International Student Mobility Study. It is an interim report, pending further refinement and incorporation into the published Final Report of the overall study.

King, R., Ruiz-Gelices, E. and Findlay, A. M. (2004) 'International Student Mobility Study, Study 2. Exploring the diversity of UK international student mobility'. Brighton: Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex., Jan 2004

This Report is the second of three studies which make up the International Student Mobility Study... more This Report is the second of three studies which make up the International Student Mobility Study, a programme of research commissioned by the Higher Education Funding Council of England (HEFCE) and a range of other sponsoring bodies concerned with higher education and student mobility in the United Kingdom. The programme of research runs from 1 May 2003 to 30 April 2003 and Study 2 concludes its second phase, to the end of December 2003. Over the duration of the research programme, the consultants are collecting a wide range of primary and secondary data on the scale, types and trends of student mobility, mainly outward mobility, for the UK Higher Education sector. The need for such a study arises from concerns about the apparent low level of UK outward student mobility in comparison to mobility in other EU countries.

Thus far, the research team has produced two main outputs: an annotated bibliography on international student mobility (Ruiz-Gelices et al. 2003) and a review of available statistics on UK student mobility (Study 1; Findlay et al. 2003). The datasets for the latter study were limited to those which are published or otherwise accessible in the public domain. A variety of sources was used, but the major detailed database was for Socrates/Erasmus exchanges, and therefore limited to European mobility. This leaves uncharted many other areas of outward mobility, about which the available statistics are rather sketchy.

The aim of Study 2 is to fill this information gap. The main research instrument we use to do this is a short questionnaire to all UK Higher Education institutions, to gather data on their non-Socrates/Erasmus forms of outward mobility. Like Study 1, this report is written for the specific audience of the Advisory and Steering Groups of the research project, and is therefore to be seen as a preliminary and largely internal discussion document. It presents partial survey results (since questionnaire returns are not complete) and our analysis of the patterns revealed is therefore provisional. It reports, for the time being, only on Study 2 and not the wider context. A fuller analysis, integrated with other project findings, will be included in the Final Report of the consultants, to be submitted in April 2004.

Meanwhile, work on Study 3 has already started. This focuses on the ‘student experience’ and is collecting a range of questionnaire and focused interview data from selected groups of students in ten HEIs in the UK, together with interviews and discussions with academics, university administrators and mobility programme managers. Study 3 will be submitted in February 2004, in advance of the Final Report which will be a synthesis and development of all three studies.

Our main debt of gratitude for Study 2 is to the officers in each university and HEI who filled out the questionnaire. Often this needed considerable time and effort in collating data from different departments which had never been assembled before – this in a sense was the whole point of the exercise. We thank Kathy Williams, University of Leicester, and Brian Salter, King’s College London, respectively Chair and Secretary of the Academic Registrars’ network, for facilitating the distribution of the institutional questionnaire. We are also grateful to Alexandra Stam, who is working with us on Study 3, but who provided valuable comments on the text of Study 2. As before, we also thank Jeanette Cheong, Beth Steiner and Rachel Titman at HEFCE, as well as various members of the Advisory and Steering Groups, for their willing help and advice at all stages of the research.

Findlay, A. M., King, R. and Ruiz-Gelices, E. (2003) 'International Student Mobility Study, Study 1. New directions in UK international student mobility: a preliminary typology and review of secondary data sources'. Brighton: Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex., Aug 2003

This report is the first of three studies which will form the main published output of the Intern... more This report is the first of three studies which will form the main published output of the International Student Mobility Study, a programme of research commissioned by the Higher Education Funding Council of England (HEFCE), the Department of Education and Skills (DfES) and a range of sponsoring bodies connected with higher education and student mobility in the United Kingdom. The research runs from 1 May 2003 to 30 April 2004 and Study 1 concludes its first phase, to the end of July 2003. Over the course of the entire research period, the research team will be collecting a range of primary and secondary data on the scale, types and trends of student mobility within the UK Higher Education system. The need for such a study has been recognised as a result of concerns about the low level of UK student mobility in comparison to mobility in other EU countries.

During the first three months of the research, the contractors have engaged in the following activities: compilation of a detailed Annotated Bibliography on international student mobility (Ruiz-Gelices et al. 2003); review, evaluation and preliminary analysis of secondary datasets on UK student mobility, with some European and global comparisons (the main object of the present report); design and piloting of a questionnaire to be used later in the year as one of the research instruments to collect primary data from samples of HE students in the UK; and establishment of preliminary professional contacts in selected higher educational institutions identified for the survey work later in the year.

The aforementioned Annotated Bibliography was organised around six key research questions which the researchers felt defined the field of investigation into UK student mobility. These are:

1. How has student migration been theorised and how does this theorisation differ from research on other aspects of skilled migration?
2. What trends can be identified in UK international student mobility and how do these trends differ from those in other countries?
3. To what extent can student mobility be related to pre- and post-student mobility?
4. How important is foreign language knowledge in understanding UK student mobility?
5. How have institutional parameters framed student mobility?
6. What are the policy implications for UK universities and the UK economy of current student mobility trends?

Study 1 deals with the first two of this list of research questions, especially the second. We say relatively little about the first question, and mainly in the context of mapping out a preliminary typology of student mobility. Our preliminary attempt to disaggregate the types of student movement from a UK perspective will be fleshed out in the later review and survey work, notably in Study 2.

Our main objective in this report is to summarise the main findings that arise from analysing secondary datasets on UK international student mobility. The focus is on trends in outflows of students from the UK, but this is set in the wider context of student flows into the UK and outward student flows from other countries over the last decade. Some statistical material is included in the many tables in this report, culled from the diverse range of sources consulted by the researchers, but only the most significant tables are included and no attempt has been made to provide an exhaustive portfolio of all the statistical material which exists. Readers are directed to the reference section of this report for sources which contain further numerical data.

As a preliminary report, Study 1 has been written for the specific audience of the Steering Group of the wider research project with the aim of indicating key issues raised from existing statistical data. It should be noted, however, that at the time of data compilation and writing in July several important datasets were not yet available to the researchers. These will be included in future revised analyses. Equally it is important to stress that double-checking for any errors in the statistical analyses is ongoing and that any results such as the regression models in the latter part of the report should therefore be treated as provisional at this stage.

At this point we need to spell out an important caveat: we want to re-emphasise that Study 1 is issued at an early stage of the research process. It reviews datasets and sets out ideas and typologies in a preliminary fashion against tight time constraints, and findings presented here are highly provisional. They are likely to be refined, even amended, when we collect our own purpose-designed survey data later in the year. Readers of this report are asked to bear this provisionality in mind and to be circumspect in quoting any material from the present study.

The researchers were very fortunate to be assisted in their work by John Reilly and his staff at the UK Socrates-Erasmus office at the University of Kent, Canterbury. Judy Powell and staff at the British Council, London, were very helpful in providing a wealth of information about the IAESTE and Language Assistant schemes. The researchers would be pleased to add data on any other managed mobility schemes that the Steering Group feel are significant. Our work has been hugely facilitated by Jeanette Cheong, Beth Steiner and Rachel Titman at HEFCE, to whom we wish to express our sincere thanks.

Finally, this report could not have been prepared on time without the assistance of Alexandra Stam of the Centre for Applied Population Research, University of Dundee to whom we owe a huge debt of gratitude. She was responsible for abstracting large numbers of articles and statistical material from a diverse range of web sites and she also prepared several of the graphs included in this report.

Ruiz-Gelices, E., King, R. and Findlay, A. M. (2003) 'International Student Mobility Study. Annotated Bibliography'. Brighton: Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex., Jul 2003

This Annotated Bibliography on international student mobility is the first output of a study spon... more This Annotated Bibliography on international student mobility is the first output of a study sponsored by the Higher Education Funding Council of England (HEFCE), the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) and a range of other stakeholder organisations into the phenomenon of the international mobility of UK-based students. The research study runs from 1 May 2003 to 30 April 2004, and soon will be collecting a range of primary and secondary data on the scale and trends of different types of student mobility in the UK Higher Education system. The need for such a study has been identified in response to wider concerns about the level of UK student mobility in comparison to mobility trends in other EU countries, and whether this difference is significant and puts UK students at a disadvantage.

This Bibliography has been one of our main tasks during the first two months of research. It is structured around six key research questions which guide the overall study. Under each question, several dozen references are listed alphabetically; more than 300 in all. Each reference is followed by a summary. Allocating individual references to each key question has not been an exact process since the questions themselves are closely interrelated and overlapping, and the content of many references, perhaps the majority in fact, cannot be easily pigeon-holed. Nevertheless, the division and allocation process was thought to be worthwhile in order to structure the bibliographic resource and to avoid an endless listing of very diverse material.

The core literature on UK international student mobility is rather small. However, the available literature expands exponentially as the boundaries defining the phenomenon and its various contexts are themselves extended into cognate realms such as skilled migration, brain drain, graduate employment and mobility, institutional frameworks, related language issues, and policy. The Bibliography presented here is a constantly evolving research tool, and will be constantly refined and added to over the life of the research project. Needless to say, information about sources we have overlooked will be very welcome.

Book Reviews by Enric Ruiz-Gelices