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Papers by Fernando Santos
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2000
Skeletal growth depends on endochondral ossification in growth plate cartilage, where proliferati... more Skeletal growth depends on endochondral ossification in growth plate cartilage, where proliferation of chondrocytes, matrix synthesis, and increases in chondrocyte size all contribute to the final length of a bone. To learn more about the potential role of matrix synthesis/degradation dynamics in the determination of bone growth rate, we investigated the expression of matrix collagens and collagenase 3 in tibial growth plates in three age groups of rats (21, 35, and 80 days after birth), each characterized by specific growth rates. By combining stereological and in situ hybridization techniques, it was found that the expression of matrix collagens and collagenase 3 was specifically turned on or off at specific stages of the chondrocyte-differentiation cycle, and these changes occurred as a temporal sequence that varied depending of animal growth rate. Furthermore, the expression of these matrix proteins by a growth plate chondrocyte was found to be sped up or slowed down depending of the growth rate. In addition to expression of types II and X collagen, collagenase-3 expression was found to constitute a constant event in the series of changes in gene expression that takes place during the chondrocyte-differentiation process. Collagenase-3 expression was found to show a biphasic pattern: it was intermittently expressed at the proliferative phase and uniformly expressed at the hypertrophic stage. An intimate relationship between morphological and kinetic changes associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and changes in the expression pattern of matrix collagens and collagenase 3 was observed. Present data prove that the matrix synthesis/degradation dynamics of the growth plate cartilage varied depending on growth rate; these results support the hypothesis that changes in matrix degradation and synthesis are a critical link in the sequence of tightly regulated events that lead to chondrocytic differentiation.
Extremophiles, 2005
Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven envi... more Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven environmental relevance in hypersaline brines at or approaching NaCl saturation, that has been brought to pure culture. A collection of 17 strains isolated from five different geographical locations (Mallorca, Alicante, Ebro Delta, Canary Islands, and Peruvian Andes) were studied following the currently accepted taxonomic approach. Additionally, random amplification of genomic DNA led to the phenetic analysis of the intraspecific diversity. Altogether the taxonomic study indicated that S. ruber remained highly homogeneous beyond any geographical barrier. However, genomic fingerprints indicated that populations from different isolation sites could still be discriminated.
Extremophiles, 2005
Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven envi... more Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven environmental relevance in hypersaline brines at or approaching NaCl saturation, that has been brought to pure culture. A collection of 17 strains isolated from five different geographical locations (Mallorca, Alicante, Ebro Delta, Canary Islands, and Peruvian Andes) were studied following the currently accepted taxonomic approach. Additionally, random amplification of genomic DNA led to the phenetic analysis of the intraspecific diversity. Altogether the taxonomic study indicated that S. ruber remained highly homogeneous beyond any geographical barrier. However, genomic fingerprints indicated that populations from different isolation sites could still be discriminated.
Extremophiles, 2005
Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven envi... more Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven environmental relevance in hypersaline brines at or approaching NaCl saturation, that has been brought to pure culture. A collection of 17 strains isolated from five different geographical locations (Mallorca, Alicante, Ebro Delta, Canary Islands, and Peruvian Andes) were studied following the currently accepted taxonomic approach. Additionally, random amplification of genomic DNA led to the phenetic analysis of the intraspecific diversity. Altogether the taxonomic study indicated that S. ruber remained highly homogeneous beyond any geographical barrier. However, genomic fingerprints indicated that populations from different isolation sites could still be discriminated.
Extremophiles, 2005
Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven envi... more Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven environmental relevance in hypersaline brines at or approaching NaCl saturation, that has been brought to pure culture. A collection of 17 strains isolated from five different geographical locations (Mallorca, Alicante, Ebro Delta, Canary Islands, and Peruvian Andes) were studied following the currently accepted taxonomic approach. Additionally, random amplification of genomic DNA led to the phenetic analysis of the intraspecific diversity. Altogether the taxonomic study indicated that S. ruber remained highly homogeneous beyond any geographical barrier. However, genomic fingerprints indicated that populations from different isolation sites could still be discriminated.
Fertility and Sterility, 2008
Objective: To report a case where intra-amniotic injection of methotrexate (MTX) was used to term... more Objective: To report a case where intra-amniotic injection of methotrexate (MTX) was used to terminate a cervical ectopic pregnancy that was resistant to IM MTX treatment. Design: Case report. Patient(s): A 31-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, presented with painless vaginal bleeding. An early cervical pregnancy was diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound. Intervention(s): Intramuscular MTX therapy was started without success, and an intra-amniotic injection of MTX under ultrasonographic guidance was performed. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy termination. Result(s): Pregnancy termination was successful, without complications or side effects. Conclusion(s): Local installation of MTX appears to be an effective and safe method; however, choice depends on gestational age, desire to preserve fertility, and, most of all, hemodynamic stability. (Fertil Steril Ò 2008;90:2005.e7-e10.
Fertility and Sterility, 2008
Objective: To report a case where intra-amniotic injection of methotrexate (MTX) was used to term... more Objective: To report a case where intra-amniotic injection of methotrexate (MTX) was used to terminate a cervical ectopic pregnancy that was resistant to IM MTX treatment. Design: Case report. Patient(s): A 31-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, presented with painless vaginal bleeding. An early cervical pregnancy was diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound. Intervention(s): Intramuscular MTX therapy was started without success, and an intra-amniotic injection of MTX under ultrasonographic guidance was performed. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy termination. Result(s): Pregnancy termination was successful, without complications or side effects. Conclusion(s): Local installation of MTX appears to be an effective and safe method; however, choice depends on gestational age, desire to preserve fertility, and, most of all, hemodynamic stability. (Fertil Steril Ò 2008;90:2005.e7-e10.
Kidney International, 1995
Estrogen-induced uterine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) expression has been demonstrated to... more Estrogen-induced uterine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) expression has been demonstrated to mediate at least in part the uterotrophic action of estradiol. We studied the effects of tamoxifen, a partial antagonist to the estrogen receptor widely used in the treatment of breast cancer, and ICI 182780, a pure antagonist to the estrogen receptor, on uterine weight and uterine IGF-I gene expression in the rat. Tamoxifen increased uterine weight to 125% of control values and doubled uterine IGF-I expression. In contrast, ICI 182780 reduced uterine weight to 60% of control and uterine IGF-I gene expression to 13 % of control. These results demonstrate for the first time that uterine IGF-I expression is a molecular marker that correlates with the effects of partial agonists and antagonists to the estrogen receptor on the uterus. Furthermore, the induction of uterine IGF-I expression by tamoxifen provides a molecular mechanism to account for the uterotrophic effects which are commonly seen with tamoxifen therapy and which have been associated with endometriai neoplasia.
Kidney International, 1995
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2000
Skeletal growth depends on endochondral ossification in growth plate cartilage, where proliferati... more Skeletal growth depends on endochondral ossification in growth plate cartilage, where proliferation of chondrocytes, matrix synthesis, and increases in chondrocyte size all contribute to the final length of a bone. To learn more about the potential role of matrix synthesis/degradation dynamics in the determination of bone growth rate, we investigated the expression of matrix collagens and collagenase 3 in tibial growth plates in three age groups of rats (21, 35, and 80 days after birth), each characterized by specific growth rates. By combining stereological and in situ hybridization techniques, it was found that the expression of matrix collagens and collagenase 3 was specifically turned on or off at specific stages of the chondrocyte-differentiation cycle, and these changes occurred as a temporal sequence that varied depending of animal growth rate. Furthermore, the expression of these matrix proteins by a growth plate chondrocyte was found to be sped up or slowed down depending of the growth rate. In addition to expression of types II and X collagen, collagenase-3 expression was found to constitute a constant event in the series of changes in gene expression that takes place during the chondrocyte-differentiation process. Collagenase-3 expression was found to show a biphasic pattern: it was intermittently expressed at the proliferative phase and uniformly expressed at the hypertrophic stage. An intimate relationship between morphological and kinetic changes associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and changes in the expression pattern of matrix collagens and collagenase 3 was observed. Present data prove that the matrix synthesis/degradation dynamics of the growth plate cartilage varied depending on growth rate; these results support the hypothesis that changes in matrix degradation and synthesis are a critical link in the sequence of tightly regulated events that lead to chondrocytic differentiation.
Extremophiles, 2005
Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven envi... more Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven environmental relevance in hypersaline brines at or approaching NaCl saturation, that has been brought to pure culture. A collection of 17 strains isolated from five different geographical locations (Mallorca, Alicante, Ebro Delta, Canary Islands, and Peruvian Andes) were studied following the currently accepted taxonomic approach. Additionally, random amplification of genomic DNA led to the phenetic analysis of the intraspecific diversity. Altogether the taxonomic study indicated that S. ruber remained highly homogeneous beyond any geographical barrier. However, genomic fingerprints indicated that populations from different isolation sites could still be discriminated.
Extremophiles, 2005
Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven envi... more Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven environmental relevance in hypersaline brines at or approaching NaCl saturation, that has been brought to pure culture. A collection of 17 strains isolated from five different geographical locations (Mallorca, Alicante, Ebro Delta, Canary Islands, and Peruvian Andes) were studied following the currently accepted taxonomic approach. Additionally, random amplification of genomic DNA led to the phenetic analysis of the intraspecific diversity. Altogether the taxonomic study indicated that S. ruber remained highly homogeneous beyond any geographical barrier. However, genomic fingerprints indicated that populations from different isolation sites could still be discriminated.
Extremophiles, 2005
Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven envi... more Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven environmental relevance in hypersaline brines at or approaching NaCl saturation, that has been brought to pure culture. A collection of 17 strains isolated from five different geographical locations (Mallorca, Alicante, Ebro Delta, Canary Islands, and Peruvian Andes) were studied following the currently accepted taxonomic approach. Additionally, random amplification of genomic DNA led to the phenetic analysis of the intraspecific diversity. Altogether the taxonomic study indicated that S. ruber remained highly homogeneous beyond any geographical barrier. However, genomic fingerprints indicated that populations from different isolation sites could still be discriminated.
Extremophiles, 2005
Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven envi... more Salinibacter ruber is the first extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria domain of proven environmental relevance in hypersaline brines at or approaching NaCl saturation, that has been brought to pure culture. A collection of 17 strains isolated from five different geographical locations (Mallorca, Alicante, Ebro Delta, Canary Islands, and Peruvian Andes) were studied following the currently accepted taxonomic approach. Additionally, random amplification of genomic DNA led to the phenetic analysis of the intraspecific diversity. Altogether the taxonomic study indicated that S. ruber remained highly homogeneous beyond any geographical barrier. However, genomic fingerprints indicated that populations from different isolation sites could still be discriminated.
Fertility and Sterility, 2008
Objective: To report a case where intra-amniotic injection of methotrexate (MTX) was used to term... more Objective: To report a case where intra-amniotic injection of methotrexate (MTX) was used to terminate a cervical ectopic pregnancy that was resistant to IM MTX treatment. Design: Case report. Patient(s): A 31-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, presented with painless vaginal bleeding. An early cervical pregnancy was diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound. Intervention(s): Intramuscular MTX therapy was started without success, and an intra-amniotic injection of MTX under ultrasonographic guidance was performed. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy termination. Result(s): Pregnancy termination was successful, without complications or side effects. Conclusion(s): Local installation of MTX appears to be an effective and safe method; however, choice depends on gestational age, desire to preserve fertility, and, most of all, hemodynamic stability. (Fertil Steril Ò 2008;90:2005.e7-e10.
Fertility and Sterility, 2008
Objective: To report a case where intra-amniotic injection of methotrexate (MTX) was used to term... more Objective: To report a case where intra-amniotic injection of methotrexate (MTX) was used to terminate a cervical ectopic pregnancy that was resistant to IM MTX treatment. Design: Case report. Patient(s): A 31-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, presented with painless vaginal bleeding. An early cervical pregnancy was diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound. Intervention(s): Intramuscular MTX therapy was started without success, and an intra-amniotic injection of MTX under ultrasonographic guidance was performed. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy termination. Result(s): Pregnancy termination was successful, without complications or side effects. Conclusion(s): Local installation of MTX appears to be an effective and safe method; however, choice depends on gestational age, desire to preserve fertility, and, most of all, hemodynamic stability. (Fertil Steril Ò 2008;90:2005.e7-e10.
Kidney International, 1995
Estrogen-induced uterine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) expression has been demonstrated to... more Estrogen-induced uterine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) expression has been demonstrated to mediate at least in part the uterotrophic action of estradiol. We studied the effects of tamoxifen, a partial antagonist to the estrogen receptor widely used in the treatment of breast cancer, and ICI 182780, a pure antagonist to the estrogen receptor, on uterine weight and uterine IGF-I gene expression in the rat. Tamoxifen increased uterine weight to 125% of control values and doubled uterine IGF-I expression. In contrast, ICI 182780 reduced uterine weight to 60% of control and uterine IGF-I gene expression to 13 % of control. These results demonstrate for the first time that uterine IGF-I expression is a molecular marker that correlates with the effects of partial agonists and antagonists to the estrogen receptor on the uterus. Furthermore, the induction of uterine IGF-I expression by tamoxifen provides a molecular mechanism to account for the uterotrophic effects which are commonly seen with tamoxifen therapy and which have been associated with endometriai neoplasia.
Kidney International, 1995