Eleonora Sausa | University of Pavia (original) (raw)
Papers by Eleonora Sausa
In this paper we provide an overview of new approaches to New Testament Greek linguistics, in lig... more In this paper we provide an overview of new approaches to New Testament Greek linguistics, in light of recent linguistic trends. The New Testament may be of interest for linguists in many respects: it can be studied from a sociolinguistic, synchronic, and diachronic point of view, and it plays a relevant role also for developments in language contact research, translation studies, corpus linguistics, and digital humanities. Here, we briefly discuss the importance of New Testament Greek in a sociolinguistics perspective and within the history of the Greek language. We also take into account some syntactic changes from Classical Greek in a diachronic perspective, adopting insights from Construction Grammar. Within the same perspective, we observe the issue of language contact through translation. Finally, we show some digital resources for the study of New Testament Greek and its translations, such as electronic corpora, parallel corpora, and Treebanks, together with an exemplification of what kind of research can be carried out on such resources.
In Homeric Greek verbs that indicate negative emotions such as anger, hate, and envy take the Nom... more In Homeric Greek verbs that indicate negative emotions such as anger, hate, and envy take the NominativeDative construction, while verbs that indicate love, desire, and affection take the NominativeGenitive construction. The two constructions are typical of different verb classes: the former mainly occurs with verbs of social interaction, while the latter is mostly associated with verbs of hitting, touching, and striving. A further difference between the two groups of emotion verbs is that only verbs that indicate negative feelings are used in the imperative and co-occur with cause expressions. We argue that the extension of either construction to verbs of emotion accounts for different construals: while situations of anger, hate and envy are construed as interactive, with an agent that initiates an event and a second participant that may react, love and desire are construed as uncontrolled and not interactive. * Research for this paper was supported by a grant of the Thyssen Stiftung. The glosses follow the Leipzig Glossing Rules; abbreviations not included in the Leipzig list are: impf = imperfect, m/p = medio-passive; ptc = particle. In addition we use the following abbreviations for Classical works/authors: Hdt. = Herodotus, Histories; Il. = Homer, The Iliad; Od. = Homer, The Odyssey.
Book Reviews by Eleonora Sausa
Talks by Eleonora Sausa
The aim of our study is to show how two new and complementary digital databases for Ancient Greek... more The aim of our study is to show how two new and complementary digital databases for Ancient Greek syntax work. In order to do so, we run a case study on the change in second argument realization (see Levin 1993; Levin and Rappaport Hovav 2005) of three Ancient Greek verbs in diachrony. The first database is focused on Homeric verbs based on the Homeric texts lemmatized and morpho-syntactically annotated within the Perseus Project (, which includes all argument realizations attested in Homer for each verb. The second one is the REGLA (Rección y complementación del griego antiguo y del latín) Ancient Greek and Latin database (Torrego et al. 2007), a work in progress based on a selection of Classical authors which contains the argument realizations and the semantic classification of some of the most frequent Ancient Greek and Latin verbs.
The two databases are the product of two different methodologies. The Homeric database is the result of the semi-automatic extraction of argument realizations; it explores and exploits the information present at the morpho-syntactic layer of annotation, and contains a list of all verbs attested in Homer with the correspondent list of arguments and their realization.
The Classical authors database, differently, is not based on a morpho-syntactically pre-annotated corpus; it collects all occurrences of some of the most frequent verbs of the Greek classical literature in a selection of some classical authors. For each verb all attested argument realizations are given and an attempt for a semantic classification is provided. In addition, in this database one can find semantic information about the arguments and a final argument structure template will be available for each verb when the work will be completed.
Our paper aims to show how, in spite of the differences, it is possible to use these two databases in a complementary way in order to study the verb argument structure and realization in Ancient Greek in diachrony. We will focus, in particular, on second argument case marking in Homer and its change in diachrony: we will analyze three semantically different verbs (ágamai ‘admire, be jealous’, antiboléō ‘meet, be present’ and methiḗmi ‘dismiss, let go’) which show in Homer case alternation for the second argument, respectively Acc(usative)/Dat(ive), Gen(itive)/Dat(ive) and Acc(usative)/Gen(itive). Starting from these case alternations attested in Homer, we study the syntactic behavior of these verbs in the post-Homeric Greek (6th, 5th and 4th century BC) using the second database. Thus, we explore the syntactic productivity in diachrony (Barđdal 2008).
References:
BARĐDAL, J., 2008. Productivity. Evidence from Case and Argument Structure in Icelandic. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
LEVIN, B., 1993. English verb classes and alternation. A preliminary investigation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
LEVIN, B. AND M. RAPPAPORT HOVAV, 2005. Argument realization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Perseus Digital Library. Ed. Gregory R. Crane. Tufts University. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu (accessed APRIL 17, 2012)
TORREGO, M.E., J.M. BAÑOS, C. CABRILLANA AND J.V. MÉNDEZ DOSUNA, 2007. Praedicativa II: esquemas de complementación verbal en griego antiguo y en latín. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza.
Edited books by Eleonora Sausa
The focus of this keynote is the larger picture of how different disciplines of classics and arch... more The focus of this keynote is the larger picture of how different disciplines of classics and archaeologies from analogue times, when taken onto the digital level, change. And what that change looks like, when focused on the often misunderstood role of computer linguists inside the data ecosystem of classics and archaeologies.
Drafts by Eleonora Sausa
Un giorno, René Descartes sta facendo un viaggio aereo. Gli si avvicina una hostess e chiede: -Si... more Un giorno, René Descartes sta facendo un viaggio aereo. Gli si avvicina una hostess e chiede: -Signore, desidera un drink?‖ Lui esita, poi risponde: -Non penso...‖e svanisce. (da Fortescue 2001) 1. INTRODUZIONE In questo lavoro, descriveremo la semantica e l'uso di alcuni verbi che indicano attività mentale e stati cognitivi nel greco omerico. Si tratta di un settore del lessico che presenta vari motivi di interesse, come evidenziato da numerosi contributi recenti che si collocano nell'ambito della tipologia lessicale (vedi per esempio Wierzbicka 1992, Fortescue 2001, Goddard 2003, Amberber 2007). Come gli altri predicati esperienziali, infatti, anche i verbi di cognizione fanno riferimento a una situazione che coinvolge un partecipante senziente, quindi necessariamente animato. Piú specificamente, qualunque attività mentale presuppone un certo grado di consapevolezza di sé, e si configura quindi come attività tipicamente umana, al contrario, per esempio, delle sensazioni corporee. Inoltre, a differenza delle sensazioni corporee, come freddo, fame, sete o altri stati di malessere o benessere, che escludono qualsiasi controllo da parte dell'esperiente, la maniera in cui le attività mentali vengono concepite è piú complessa. La differenza è evidenziata dal possibile uso dell'imperativo: frasi come Abbiate freddo! Non avere fame! ci appaiono poco appropriate, visto che riportano ordini che risultano sostanzialmente impossibili. Invece, possiamo senza difficoltà dare ordini come Rifletti! Ricordati di comprare il pane! perché concepiamo queste attività come consce e eseguite intenzionalmente. Tuttavia, questo non vale per ogni tipo di situazione cognitiva: possiamo dire Sappi che ... per indicare all'interlocutore che vogliamo fornirgli qualche informazione nuova; si tratta quindi piuttosto di una richiesta di attenzione. Ciò dipende naturalmente anche dal fatto che sapere indica uno stato 2 cognitivo, piuttosto che un'attività; osserviamo tuttavia che anche un imperativo come Pensa! suona strano se riferito alla semplice attività di pensare, senza uno specifico contenuto. Anche solo dalle poche considerazioni esposte, risulta chiara la molteplicità di fattori che entrano in gioco nello studio dei verbi di attività mentale, fra cui in primo luogo l'aspetto lessicale o azionalità: troviamo infatti accanto ad attività vere e proprie come pensare o riflettere, anche stati, come sapere e ricordare e cambi di stato, 1 come apprendere, rendersi conto. Inoltre, questi verbi si riferiscono a eventi con diversi gradi di complessità: è evidente per esempio che il semplice pensare risulta meno complesso del riflettere, che implica un grado notevole di controllo e intenzionalità. A questo proposito, intendiamo rifarci alla proposta di Goddard e Wierzbicka (1994), (2002) relativa ai primitivi semantici. Nell'approccio della Natural semantic metalanguage o NSM, elaborato a partire da Wierzbicka (1972), esistono concetti non ulteriormente definibili, che vengono lessicalizzati in tutte le lingue: nella definizione di Goddard (2003, 110) un primitivo semantico è quindi -an indefinable meaning which exists as the meaning of a lexical unit in all languages‖ (vedi anche Goddard 2012). Fra le attività mentali e gli stati cognitivi, Goddard e Wierzbicka elencano quelli di pensare e sapere, mentre diverso è il caso di ricordare, un concetto complesso e definito variamente in lingue diverse, che implica fra le altre cose una somma di sapere e pensare, come sostiene Wierzbicka (2007, 21): -‗remember' is a complex concept, which stands for a languagespecific configuration of simpler concepts (including think and know)‖. Non tutti gli studiosi di tipologia lessicale condividono l'approccio della NSM. Fortescue (2001) esamina i verbi di attività mentale in varie lingue, allo scopo di indicare i folk models riscontrabili in lingue diverse, secondo i quali pensiero, conoscenza, memoria e comprensione vengono concettualizzati. La complessità e diversità testimoniate dalle lingue del mondo sono tali da mettere in dubbio l'esistenza di un primitivo semantico ‗pensare'. In particolare, è stato messo in luce da Evans (2010) che, se per la NSM pensare e sapere sono dei primitivi semantici mentre mente sarebbe un concetto derivato da pensare (nei termini della NSM potrebbe essere definito come la parte di una persona con cui si pensa), ciò non è universalmente vero. Infatti, in dalabon o ngalkbun, una lingua australiana, non esistono specifici lessemi non derivati che significhino
In this paper we provide an overview of new approaches to New Testament Greek linguistics, in lig... more In this paper we provide an overview of new approaches to New Testament Greek linguistics, in light of recent linguistic trends. The New Testament may be of interest for linguists in many respects: it can be studied from a sociolinguistic, synchronic, and diachronic point of view, and it plays a relevant role also for developments in language contact research, translation studies, corpus linguistics, and digital humanities. Here, we briefly discuss the importance of New Testament Greek in a sociolinguistics perspective and within the history of the Greek language. We also take into account some syntactic changes from Classical
The verb akoúō 'hear' in Homeric Greek can indicate concrete perception as well as acqusition of ... more The verb akoúō 'hear' in Homeric Greek can indicate concrete perception as well as acqusition of knowledge by hearsay, and mean 'learn'. In addition, it can denote an uncontrolled state, either perceptual or cognitive, the controlled activity of listening, or an inchoative event. In the paper, we discuss its syntax and semantics and compare it with klúō 'listen to', which indicates activities, and punthánomai 'learn', which mostly has an inchoative meaning. We show that construction variation is connected with animacy of the stimulus, and it is not triggered by semantic differences in the verbal meaning, with the partial exception of punthánomai when indicating uncontrolled situations. Different actionalities expressed by the three verbs are often matched by verbal aspect. In conclusion, we argue that the extension of hearing to learning and acquiring knowledge is explained through pragmatic inference. The same can be said to the much more studied extention of seeing to possessing knowledge. Different meanings of perception verbs when referring to the domain of cognition are based on embodiment, in that they depend on our knowledge of the structure of perception events.
In this paper we provide an overview of new approaches to New Testament Greek linguistics, in lig... more In this paper we provide an overview of new approaches to New Testament Greek linguistics, in light of recent linguistic trends. The New Testament may be of interest for linguists in many respects: it can be studied from a sociolinguistic, synchronic, and diachronic point of view, and it plays a relevant role also for developments in language contact research, translation studies, corpus linguistics, and digital humanities. Here, we briefly discuss the importance of New Testament Greek in a sociolinguistics perspective and within the history of the Greek language. We also take into account some syntactic changes from Classical Greek in a diachronic perspective, adopting insights from Construction Grammar. Within the same perspective, we observe the issue of language contact through translation. Finally, we show some digital resources for the study of New Testament Greek and its translations, such as electronic corpora, parallel corpora, and Treebanks, together with an exemplification of what kind of research can be carried out on such resources.
In Homeric Greek verbs that indicate negative emotions such as anger, hate, and envy take the Nom... more In Homeric Greek verbs that indicate negative emotions such as anger, hate, and envy take the NominativeDative construction, while verbs that indicate love, desire, and affection take the NominativeGenitive construction. The two constructions are typical of different verb classes: the former mainly occurs with verbs of social interaction, while the latter is mostly associated with verbs of hitting, touching, and striving. A further difference between the two groups of emotion verbs is that only verbs that indicate negative feelings are used in the imperative and co-occur with cause expressions. We argue that the extension of either construction to verbs of emotion accounts for different construals: while situations of anger, hate and envy are construed as interactive, with an agent that initiates an event and a second participant that may react, love and desire are construed as uncontrolled and not interactive. * Research for this paper was supported by a grant of the Thyssen Stiftung. The glosses follow the Leipzig Glossing Rules; abbreviations not included in the Leipzig list are: impf = imperfect, m/p = medio-passive; ptc = particle. In addition we use the following abbreviations for Classical works/authors: Hdt. = Herodotus, Histories; Il. = Homer, The Iliad; Od. = Homer, The Odyssey.
The aim of our study is to show how two new and complementary digital databases for Ancient Greek... more The aim of our study is to show how two new and complementary digital databases for Ancient Greek syntax work. In order to do so, we run a case study on the change in second argument realization (see Levin 1993; Levin and Rappaport Hovav 2005) of three Ancient Greek verbs in diachrony. The first database is focused on Homeric verbs based on the Homeric texts lemmatized and morpho-syntactically annotated within the Perseus Project (, which includes all argument realizations attested in Homer for each verb. The second one is the REGLA (Rección y complementación del griego antiguo y del latín) Ancient Greek and Latin database (Torrego et al. 2007), a work in progress based on a selection of Classical authors which contains the argument realizations and the semantic classification of some of the most frequent Ancient Greek and Latin verbs.
The two databases are the product of two different methodologies. The Homeric database is the result of the semi-automatic extraction of argument realizations; it explores and exploits the information present at the morpho-syntactic layer of annotation, and contains a list of all verbs attested in Homer with the correspondent list of arguments and their realization.
The Classical authors database, differently, is not based on a morpho-syntactically pre-annotated corpus; it collects all occurrences of some of the most frequent verbs of the Greek classical literature in a selection of some classical authors. For each verb all attested argument realizations are given and an attempt for a semantic classification is provided. In addition, in this database one can find semantic information about the arguments and a final argument structure template will be available for each verb when the work will be completed.
Our paper aims to show how, in spite of the differences, it is possible to use these two databases in a complementary way in order to study the verb argument structure and realization in Ancient Greek in diachrony. We will focus, in particular, on second argument case marking in Homer and its change in diachrony: we will analyze three semantically different verbs (ágamai ‘admire, be jealous’, antiboléō ‘meet, be present’ and methiḗmi ‘dismiss, let go’) which show in Homer case alternation for the second argument, respectively Acc(usative)/Dat(ive), Gen(itive)/Dat(ive) and Acc(usative)/Gen(itive). Starting from these case alternations attested in Homer, we study the syntactic behavior of these verbs in the post-Homeric Greek (6th, 5th and 4th century BC) using the second database. Thus, we explore the syntactic productivity in diachrony (Barđdal 2008).
References:
BARĐDAL, J., 2008. Productivity. Evidence from Case and Argument Structure in Icelandic. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
LEVIN, B., 1993. English verb classes and alternation. A preliminary investigation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
LEVIN, B. AND M. RAPPAPORT HOVAV, 2005. Argument realization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Perseus Digital Library. Ed. Gregory R. Crane. Tufts University. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu (accessed APRIL 17, 2012)
TORREGO, M.E., J.M. BAÑOS, C. CABRILLANA AND J.V. MÉNDEZ DOSUNA, 2007. Praedicativa II: esquemas de complementación verbal en griego antiguo y en latín. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza.
The focus of this keynote is the larger picture of how different disciplines of classics and arch... more The focus of this keynote is the larger picture of how different disciplines of classics and archaeologies from analogue times, when taken onto the digital level, change. And what that change looks like, when focused on the often misunderstood role of computer linguists inside the data ecosystem of classics and archaeologies.
Un giorno, René Descartes sta facendo un viaggio aereo. Gli si avvicina una hostess e chiede: -Si... more Un giorno, René Descartes sta facendo un viaggio aereo. Gli si avvicina una hostess e chiede: -Signore, desidera un drink?‖ Lui esita, poi risponde: -Non penso...‖e svanisce. (da Fortescue 2001) 1. INTRODUZIONE In questo lavoro, descriveremo la semantica e l'uso di alcuni verbi che indicano attività mentale e stati cognitivi nel greco omerico. Si tratta di un settore del lessico che presenta vari motivi di interesse, come evidenziato da numerosi contributi recenti che si collocano nell'ambito della tipologia lessicale (vedi per esempio Wierzbicka 1992, Fortescue 2001, Goddard 2003, Amberber 2007). Come gli altri predicati esperienziali, infatti, anche i verbi di cognizione fanno riferimento a una situazione che coinvolge un partecipante senziente, quindi necessariamente animato. Piú specificamente, qualunque attività mentale presuppone un certo grado di consapevolezza di sé, e si configura quindi come attività tipicamente umana, al contrario, per esempio, delle sensazioni corporee. Inoltre, a differenza delle sensazioni corporee, come freddo, fame, sete o altri stati di malessere o benessere, che escludono qualsiasi controllo da parte dell'esperiente, la maniera in cui le attività mentali vengono concepite è piú complessa. La differenza è evidenziata dal possibile uso dell'imperativo: frasi come Abbiate freddo! Non avere fame! ci appaiono poco appropriate, visto che riportano ordini che risultano sostanzialmente impossibili. Invece, possiamo senza difficoltà dare ordini come Rifletti! Ricordati di comprare il pane! perché concepiamo queste attività come consce e eseguite intenzionalmente. Tuttavia, questo non vale per ogni tipo di situazione cognitiva: possiamo dire Sappi che ... per indicare all'interlocutore che vogliamo fornirgli qualche informazione nuova; si tratta quindi piuttosto di una richiesta di attenzione. Ciò dipende naturalmente anche dal fatto che sapere indica uno stato 2 cognitivo, piuttosto che un'attività; osserviamo tuttavia che anche un imperativo come Pensa! suona strano se riferito alla semplice attività di pensare, senza uno specifico contenuto. Anche solo dalle poche considerazioni esposte, risulta chiara la molteplicità di fattori che entrano in gioco nello studio dei verbi di attività mentale, fra cui in primo luogo l'aspetto lessicale o azionalità: troviamo infatti accanto ad attività vere e proprie come pensare o riflettere, anche stati, come sapere e ricordare e cambi di stato, 1 come apprendere, rendersi conto. Inoltre, questi verbi si riferiscono a eventi con diversi gradi di complessità: è evidente per esempio che il semplice pensare risulta meno complesso del riflettere, che implica un grado notevole di controllo e intenzionalità. A questo proposito, intendiamo rifarci alla proposta di Goddard e Wierzbicka (1994), (2002) relativa ai primitivi semantici. Nell'approccio della Natural semantic metalanguage o NSM, elaborato a partire da Wierzbicka (1972), esistono concetti non ulteriormente definibili, che vengono lessicalizzati in tutte le lingue: nella definizione di Goddard (2003, 110) un primitivo semantico è quindi -an indefinable meaning which exists as the meaning of a lexical unit in all languages‖ (vedi anche Goddard 2012). Fra le attività mentali e gli stati cognitivi, Goddard e Wierzbicka elencano quelli di pensare e sapere, mentre diverso è il caso di ricordare, un concetto complesso e definito variamente in lingue diverse, che implica fra le altre cose una somma di sapere e pensare, come sostiene Wierzbicka (2007, 21): -‗remember' is a complex concept, which stands for a languagespecific configuration of simpler concepts (including think and know)‖. Non tutti gli studiosi di tipologia lessicale condividono l'approccio della NSM. Fortescue (2001) esamina i verbi di attività mentale in varie lingue, allo scopo di indicare i folk models riscontrabili in lingue diverse, secondo i quali pensiero, conoscenza, memoria e comprensione vengono concettualizzati. La complessità e diversità testimoniate dalle lingue del mondo sono tali da mettere in dubbio l'esistenza di un primitivo semantico ‗pensare'. In particolare, è stato messo in luce da Evans (2010) che, se per la NSM pensare e sapere sono dei primitivi semantici mentre mente sarebbe un concetto derivato da pensare (nei termini della NSM potrebbe essere definito come la parte di una persona con cui si pensa), ciò non è universalmente vero. Infatti, in dalabon o ngalkbun, una lingua australiana, non esistono specifici lessemi non derivati che significhino
In this paper we provide an overview of new approaches to New Testament Greek linguistics, in lig... more In this paper we provide an overview of new approaches to New Testament Greek linguistics, in light of recent linguistic trends. The New Testament may be of interest for linguists in many respects: it can be studied from a sociolinguistic, synchronic, and diachronic point of view, and it plays a relevant role also for developments in language contact research, translation studies, corpus linguistics, and digital humanities. Here, we briefly discuss the importance of New Testament Greek in a sociolinguistics perspective and within the history of the Greek language. We also take into account some syntactic changes from Classical
The verb akoúō 'hear' in Homeric Greek can indicate concrete perception as well as acqusition of ... more The verb akoúō 'hear' in Homeric Greek can indicate concrete perception as well as acqusition of knowledge by hearsay, and mean 'learn'. In addition, it can denote an uncontrolled state, either perceptual or cognitive, the controlled activity of listening, or an inchoative event. In the paper, we discuss its syntax and semantics and compare it with klúō 'listen to', which indicates activities, and punthánomai 'learn', which mostly has an inchoative meaning. We show that construction variation is connected with animacy of the stimulus, and it is not triggered by semantic differences in the verbal meaning, with the partial exception of punthánomai when indicating uncontrolled situations. Different actionalities expressed by the three verbs are often matched by verbal aspect. In conclusion, we argue that the extension of hearing to learning and acquiring knowledge is explained through pragmatic inference. The same can be said to the much more studied extention of seeing to possessing knowledge. Different meanings of perception verbs when referring to the domain of cognition are based on embodiment, in that they depend on our knowledge of the structure of perception events.