Carlo Cafiero | United Nations (original) (raw)
Papers by Carlo Cafiero
The World Bank eBooks, Apr 22, 2014
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, Feb 1, 2023
Objective To investigate how water and food insecurity were associated in nationally representati... more Objective To investigate how water and food insecurity were associated in nationally representative samples of individuals from 25 lowand middle-income countries. Methods We used data from the 2020 World Gallup Poll in which the Individual Water Insecurity Experiences Scale and the Food Insecurity Experience Scale had been administered to 31 755 respondents. These scales measure insecurity experiences in the previous 12 months. We classified individuals as water insecure if their score was ≥ 12 and food insecure if the Rasch probability parameter was ≥ 0.5. For estimating the proportions, we used projection weights. We estimated the relationships between binary and continuous measures of water insecurity and food insecurity for individuals within each country and region using multivariable logistic and linear regression models, adjusting for key socioeconomic characteristics including income, gender, age and education. Findings Among the 18.3% of respondents who experienced water insecurity, 66.8% also experienced food insecurity. The likelihood of experiencing moderate-to-severe food insecurity was higher among respondents also experiencing water insecurity (adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 2.69; 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.43 to 2.98). Similar odds were found in Asia (aOR: 2.95; 95% CI: 2.04 to 4.25), Latin America (aOR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.62 to 2.89), North Africa (aOR: 2.92; 95% CI: 2.17 to 3.93) and sub-Saharan Africa (aOR: 2.71; 95% CI: 2.40 to 3.06). Conclusion Our results suggest that water insecurity should be considered when developing food and nutrition policies and interventions. However, more research is needed to understand the paths between these insecurities.
Springer eBooks, 2023
The European Union, apart from its well-developed socioeconomic regions, is also characterized by... more The European Union, apart from its well-developed socioeconomic regions, is also characterized by marginal, remote rural areas, where the difficult socioeconomic conditions and gentrification are the basis of an increasing phenomenon of depopulation and territorial abandonment. In some of these areas, sometimes, not only the development of inland and/or mountainous areas is complex, but also coastal development is not easy, and it calls for synergies between regional authorities, enterprises, universities, schools, and, more in general, local private and public stakeholders. In such vulnerable areas, there is a greater necessity to build proper governance systems, where local communities and public and private stakeholders have the responsibility to meet, discuss and actively participate as public-private partnerships (PPP) in local development processes. In such a context this paper highlights some of the research themes that have been developed in the research project on Gastronomy and Tourism in remote European Areas with particular reference to the creation of a gastronomic Atlas, still under development, of the Italian area of study, the Metropolitan Town of Reggio Calabria.
The World Bank Economic Review, 2014
Small Farm Agriculture in Southern Europe, 2019
Current Developments in Nutrition
Objectives Although water insecurity and food insecurity may be related via various pathways, thi... more Objectives Although water insecurity and food insecurity may be related via various pathways, this relationship has received little attention. Knowing where and among whom water and food insecurities coexist is critical for developing nutrition interventions and policies that are not undermined by concurrent problems with water. The objective of this study, therefore, was to investigate the relationship between water and food insecurities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods In 2020, Gallup World Poll administered the Individual Water Insecurity Experiences Scale (IWISE, score range 0–36) and the Food Insecurity Experiences Scale (FIES, score range 0–8) to measure water and food insecurities in nationally representative samples from 25 LMICs in four global regions (n = 31,755). As a preliminary analysis, we estimated the odds of food insecurity (FIES score ≥ 4) in relation to water insecurity (IWISE score ≥ 12) for each country and region separately using multivariab...
arXiv (Cornell University), Mar 23, 2023
Domain Indicator Unit Min. 25th Median 75th Max Weighted Mean Weighted SD Weighted by Environment... more Domain Indicator Unit Min. 25th Median 75th Max Weighted Mean Weighted SD Weighted by Environment, production, and natural resources Greenhouse gas emissions Food systems greenhouse gas emissions kt CO2eq (AR5)
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2022
HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re... more HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Non-PRIFPRI1; CRP4; B Promoting healthy food systemsDGO; A4NH; PHNDCGIAR Research Program on Agri... more Non-PRIFPRI1; CRP4; B Promoting healthy food systemsDGO; A4NH; PHNDCGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH
.................................................................................................... more ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5 1. The current literature on agricultural value chain and the lack of attention to the welfare implications of risk................................................................................................. 7 2. Risk and risk management in the context of agricultural based value chains................... 10 2.1. Identification of the agents: personal vs. functional incidence analysis.................... 10 2.2. The nature of the links. Market vs. contractual relationships.................................... 10 2.3. The “fundamentals” of risk........................................................................................ 12 2.4. Elements for a coherent risk management strategy ................................................... 15 2.4.1. Risk assessment..................................................................................................... 15 2.4.2. Risk management .................................................................................................. 16 2.4.3. Price risk reduction. Affecting price distribution through production, storage and marketing decisions............................................................................ 17 2.4.4. Hedging price variation ......................................................................................... 20 2.4.5. Coping with price variation................................................................................... 21 2.5. A few summary considerations on price risk management within commodity chains and the role of contracts ................................................................................. 22 2.6. The role of governments............................................................................................ 23 3. Economic risk and types of value chains in developing Countries’ agriculture ............... 25 3.1. Staple foods for domestic consumption..................................................................... 28 3.2. Fresh fruits and vegetables for domestic consumption ............................................. 31 3.3. Highly standardized, high-volume internationally traded commodities ................... 32 3.4. Specialty commodities for international markets ...................................................... 36 3.5. Fresh fruits, vegetables and flowers for international markets.................................. 38 4. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 40 References ................................................................................................................................ 43
People,Food and Environments: Global Trends and European Strategies, 2008
Global Food Security, 2021
Abstract This paper presents the first global picture of food security at a subnational level bas... more Abstract This paper presents the first global picture of food security at a subnational level based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale, the indicator for the Sustainable Development Goal of “Zero Hunger” that is most indicative of the individual’s lived experience of food insecurity and hunger. Using microdata from 75 countries and filling gaps using machine learning, we find significant heterogeneity in levels of food insecurity around the world. Examining global temporal trends and accounting for the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we find that rates of severe food insecurity are declining, resulting in global decreases in the total number of severely food insecure people. However, the total number of moderately food insecure people has been increasing and, after recovering from the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic, we predict it will continue to increase through the end of the 2020s. Overall, we conclude that current trends in development and demographic change will still leave a large share of the world’s population still experiencing hunger by 2030.
Journal of Place Management and Development, 2019
PurposeThis paper aims to provide evidence on the extent to which traditional agri-food products ... more PurposeThis paper aims to provide evidence on the extent to which traditional agri-food products (TFPs) constitute a leverage to promote tourism in the province of Reggio Calabria, Italy, and discuss ways in which community-led local development governance institutions might enhance it.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a review of existing information on Calabrian TFPs to classify them by area of production and identify those that are specific or relatively small areas, in addition to a qualitative analysis of the content of the texts of a sample of websites promoting tourism in the region.FindingsThough food is one of the leverages used to promote tourism in Calabria, TFPs are not yet sufficiently exploited to attract tourists to the province of Reggio Calabria, in spite of their potential as a vital expression of local culture and traditions.Research limitations/implicationsThe selection of the websites used in the study may not be exhaustive of the full spectrum of...
Food Policy, 2017
By analyzing the food consumption data from the 2008/09 Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares in Braz... more By analyzing the food consumption data from the 2008/09 Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares in Brazil, we demonstrate that failing to account for food consumed for free at school may significantly distort the assessment of the distribution of food consumption among households and therefore the assessment of the extent of food insecurity in the country. The results of our analysis enabled a revision of the FAO estimate of the Prevalence of Undernourishment in Brazil and provide useful suggestions for better design of food consumption modules to be included in Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys (HCES). Additionally, we identify areas for further research on food consumption data to improve national food security assessments.
This document has been prepared at the request of the Secretariat of the FAO Commission on Geneti... more This document has been prepared at the request of the Secretariat of the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and in close collaboration with the FAO Plant Production and Protection Division, to facilitate the Commission's deliberations when it will review key issues on targets and indicators for plant genetic resources for food and agriculture at its Fifteenth Regular Session.
Food Policy, 2021
Food systems that support healthy diets in sustainable, resilient, just, and equitable ways can e... more Food systems that support healthy diets in sustainable, resilient, just, and equitable ways can engender progress in eradicating poverty and malnutrition; protecting human rights; and restoring natural resources. Food system activities have contributed to great gains for humanity but have also led to significant challenges, including hunger, poor diet quality, inequity, and threats to nature. While it is recognized that food systems are central to multiple global commitments and goals, including the Sustainable Development Goals, current trajectories are not aligned to meet these objectives. As mounting crises further stress food systems, the consequences of inaction are clear. The goal of food system transformation is to generate a future where all people have access to healthy diets, which are produced in sustainable and resilient ways that restore nature and deliver just, equitable livelihoods. A rigorous, science-based monitoring framework can support evidence-based policymaking and the work of those who hold key actors accountable in this transformation process. Monitoring can illustrate current performance, facilitate comparisons across geographies and over time, and track progress. We propose a framework centered around five thematic areas related to (1) diets, nutrition, and health; (2) environment and climate; and (3) livelihoods, poverty, and equity; (4) governance; and (5) resilience and sustainability. We hope to call attention to the need to monitor food systems globally to inform decisions and support accountability for better governance of food systems as part of the transformation process. Transformation is possible in the next decade, but rigorous evidence is needed in the countdown to the 2030 SDG global goals. 1 Co-first authors. 2 Co-principal investigators. 3 Leads of thematic area working groups.
This article is part of a broader study of the fishery system in a coastal area of Southern Italy... more This article is part of a broader study of the fishery system in a coastal area of Southern Italy. It presents a description of the main features of the fishing sectors in the five ports of the southernmost part of Tyrrhenian coast of the Reggio Calabria province, as derived from personal interviews to key informants. Such description contributes to an understanding of the key elements of the economic, social and political environment surrounding the small-scale fishery sector and its performance, both from a narrow economic and a broader development perspective. Further data, obtained by structured interviews to a sample of fishermen, provide information on the relations that fishermen entertain with cooperatives and other professional organizations. The main conclusion is that the system of such relations is still weak, heavily conditioned by some of the problems that resulted from the imposition, long time ago, of environmentally-motivated restrictions to the fishing activity in ...
The World Bank eBooks, Apr 22, 2014
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, Feb 1, 2023
Objective To investigate how water and food insecurity were associated in nationally representati... more Objective To investigate how water and food insecurity were associated in nationally representative samples of individuals from 25 lowand middle-income countries. Methods We used data from the 2020 World Gallup Poll in which the Individual Water Insecurity Experiences Scale and the Food Insecurity Experience Scale had been administered to 31 755 respondents. These scales measure insecurity experiences in the previous 12 months. We classified individuals as water insecure if their score was ≥ 12 and food insecure if the Rasch probability parameter was ≥ 0.5. For estimating the proportions, we used projection weights. We estimated the relationships between binary and continuous measures of water insecurity and food insecurity for individuals within each country and region using multivariable logistic and linear regression models, adjusting for key socioeconomic characteristics including income, gender, age and education. Findings Among the 18.3% of respondents who experienced water insecurity, 66.8% also experienced food insecurity. The likelihood of experiencing moderate-to-severe food insecurity was higher among respondents also experiencing water insecurity (adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 2.69; 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.43 to 2.98). Similar odds were found in Asia (aOR: 2.95; 95% CI: 2.04 to 4.25), Latin America (aOR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.62 to 2.89), North Africa (aOR: 2.92; 95% CI: 2.17 to 3.93) and sub-Saharan Africa (aOR: 2.71; 95% CI: 2.40 to 3.06). Conclusion Our results suggest that water insecurity should be considered when developing food and nutrition policies and interventions. However, more research is needed to understand the paths between these insecurities.
Springer eBooks, 2023
The European Union, apart from its well-developed socioeconomic regions, is also characterized by... more The European Union, apart from its well-developed socioeconomic regions, is also characterized by marginal, remote rural areas, where the difficult socioeconomic conditions and gentrification are the basis of an increasing phenomenon of depopulation and territorial abandonment. In some of these areas, sometimes, not only the development of inland and/or mountainous areas is complex, but also coastal development is not easy, and it calls for synergies between regional authorities, enterprises, universities, schools, and, more in general, local private and public stakeholders. In such vulnerable areas, there is a greater necessity to build proper governance systems, where local communities and public and private stakeholders have the responsibility to meet, discuss and actively participate as public-private partnerships (PPP) in local development processes. In such a context this paper highlights some of the research themes that have been developed in the research project on Gastronomy and Tourism in remote European Areas with particular reference to the creation of a gastronomic Atlas, still under development, of the Italian area of study, the Metropolitan Town of Reggio Calabria.
The World Bank Economic Review, 2014
Small Farm Agriculture in Southern Europe, 2019
Current Developments in Nutrition
Objectives Although water insecurity and food insecurity may be related via various pathways, thi... more Objectives Although water insecurity and food insecurity may be related via various pathways, this relationship has received little attention. Knowing where and among whom water and food insecurities coexist is critical for developing nutrition interventions and policies that are not undermined by concurrent problems with water. The objective of this study, therefore, was to investigate the relationship between water and food insecurities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods In 2020, Gallup World Poll administered the Individual Water Insecurity Experiences Scale (IWISE, score range 0–36) and the Food Insecurity Experiences Scale (FIES, score range 0–8) to measure water and food insecurities in nationally representative samples from 25 LMICs in four global regions (n = 31,755). As a preliminary analysis, we estimated the odds of food insecurity (FIES score ≥ 4) in relation to water insecurity (IWISE score ≥ 12) for each country and region separately using multivariab...
arXiv (Cornell University), Mar 23, 2023
Domain Indicator Unit Min. 25th Median 75th Max Weighted Mean Weighted SD Weighted by Environment... more Domain Indicator Unit Min. 25th Median 75th Max Weighted Mean Weighted SD Weighted by Environment, production, and natural resources Greenhouse gas emissions Food systems greenhouse gas emissions kt CO2eq (AR5)
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2022
HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re... more HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Non-PRIFPRI1; CRP4; B Promoting healthy food systemsDGO; A4NH; PHNDCGIAR Research Program on Agri... more Non-PRIFPRI1; CRP4; B Promoting healthy food systemsDGO; A4NH; PHNDCGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH
.................................................................................................... more ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5 1. The current literature on agricultural value chain and the lack of attention to the welfare implications of risk................................................................................................. 7 2. Risk and risk management in the context of agricultural based value chains................... 10 2.1. Identification of the agents: personal vs. functional incidence analysis.................... 10 2.2. The nature of the links. Market vs. contractual relationships.................................... 10 2.3. The “fundamentals” of risk........................................................................................ 12 2.4. Elements for a coherent risk management strategy ................................................... 15 2.4.1. Risk assessment..................................................................................................... 15 2.4.2. Risk management .................................................................................................. 16 2.4.3. Price risk reduction. Affecting price distribution through production, storage and marketing decisions............................................................................ 17 2.4.4. Hedging price variation ......................................................................................... 20 2.4.5. Coping with price variation................................................................................... 21 2.5. A few summary considerations on price risk management within commodity chains and the role of contracts ................................................................................. 22 2.6. The role of governments............................................................................................ 23 3. Economic risk and types of value chains in developing Countries’ agriculture ............... 25 3.1. Staple foods for domestic consumption..................................................................... 28 3.2. Fresh fruits and vegetables for domestic consumption ............................................. 31 3.3. Highly standardized, high-volume internationally traded commodities ................... 32 3.4. Specialty commodities for international markets ...................................................... 36 3.5. Fresh fruits, vegetables and flowers for international markets.................................. 38 4. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 40 References ................................................................................................................................ 43
People,Food and Environments: Global Trends and European Strategies, 2008
Global Food Security, 2021
Abstract This paper presents the first global picture of food security at a subnational level bas... more Abstract This paper presents the first global picture of food security at a subnational level based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale, the indicator for the Sustainable Development Goal of “Zero Hunger” that is most indicative of the individual’s lived experience of food insecurity and hunger. Using microdata from 75 countries and filling gaps using machine learning, we find significant heterogeneity in levels of food insecurity around the world. Examining global temporal trends and accounting for the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we find that rates of severe food insecurity are declining, resulting in global decreases in the total number of severely food insecure people. However, the total number of moderately food insecure people has been increasing and, after recovering from the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic, we predict it will continue to increase through the end of the 2020s. Overall, we conclude that current trends in development and demographic change will still leave a large share of the world’s population still experiencing hunger by 2030.
Journal of Place Management and Development, 2019
PurposeThis paper aims to provide evidence on the extent to which traditional agri-food products ... more PurposeThis paper aims to provide evidence on the extent to which traditional agri-food products (TFPs) constitute a leverage to promote tourism in the province of Reggio Calabria, Italy, and discuss ways in which community-led local development governance institutions might enhance it.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a review of existing information on Calabrian TFPs to classify them by area of production and identify those that are specific or relatively small areas, in addition to a qualitative analysis of the content of the texts of a sample of websites promoting tourism in the region.FindingsThough food is one of the leverages used to promote tourism in Calabria, TFPs are not yet sufficiently exploited to attract tourists to the province of Reggio Calabria, in spite of their potential as a vital expression of local culture and traditions.Research limitations/implicationsThe selection of the websites used in the study may not be exhaustive of the full spectrum of...
Food Policy, 2017
By analyzing the food consumption data from the 2008/09 Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares in Braz... more By analyzing the food consumption data from the 2008/09 Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares in Brazil, we demonstrate that failing to account for food consumed for free at school may significantly distort the assessment of the distribution of food consumption among households and therefore the assessment of the extent of food insecurity in the country. The results of our analysis enabled a revision of the FAO estimate of the Prevalence of Undernourishment in Brazil and provide useful suggestions for better design of food consumption modules to be included in Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys (HCES). Additionally, we identify areas for further research on food consumption data to improve national food security assessments.
This document has been prepared at the request of the Secretariat of the FAO Commission on Geneti... more This document has been prepared at the request of the Secretariat of the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and in close collaboration with the FAO Plant Production and Protection Division, to facilitate the Commission's deliberations when it will review key issues on targets and indicators for plant genetic resources for food and agriculture at its Fifteenth Regular Session.
Food Policy, 2021
Food systems that support healthy diets in sustainable, resilient, just, and equitable ways can e... more Food systems that support healthy diets in sustainable, resilient, just, and equitable ways can engender progress in eradicating poverty and malnutrition; protecting human rights; and restoring natural resources. Food system activities have contributed to great gains for humanity but have also led to significant challenges, including hunger, poor diet quality, inequity, and threats to nature. While it is recognized that food systems are central to multiple global commitments and goals, including the Sustainable Development Goals, current trajectories are not aligned to meet these objectives. As mounting crises further stress food systems, the consequences of inaction are clear. The goal of food system transformation is to generate a future where all people have access to healthy diets, which are produced in sustainable and resilient ways that restore nature and deliver just, equitable livelihoods. A rigorous, science-based monitoring framework can support evidence-based policymaking and the work of those who hold key actors accountable in this transformation process. Monitoring can illustrate current performance, facilitate comparisons across geographies and over time, and track progress. We propose a framework centered around five thematic areas related to (1) diets, nutrition, and health; (2) environment and climate; and (3) livelihoods, poverty, and equity; (4) governance; and (5) resilience and sustainability. We hope to call attention to the need to monitor food systems globally to inform decisions and support accountability for better governance of food systems as part of the transformation process. Transformation is possible in the next decade, but rigorous evidence is needed in the countdown to the 2030 SDG global goals. 1 Co-first authors. 2 Co-principal investigators. 3 Leads of thematic area working groups.
This article is part of a broader study of the fishery system in a coastal area of Southern Italy... more This article is part of a broader study of the fishery system in a coastal area of Southern Italy. It presents a description of the main features of the fishing sectors in the five ports of the southernmost part of Tyrrhenian coast of the Reggio Calabria province, as derived from personal interviews to key informants. Such description contributes to an understanding of the key elements of the economic, social and political environment surrounding the small-scale fishery sector and its performance, both from a narrow economic and a broader development perspective. Further data, obtained by structured interviews to a sample of fishermen, provide information on the relations that fishermen entertain with cooperatives and other professional organizations. The main conclusion is that the system of such relations is still weak, heavily conditioned by some of the problems that resulted from the imposition, long time ago, of environmentally-motivated restrictions to the fishing activity in ...