Abdelhak Kamal | Université de Toulon (original) (raw)

Papers by Abdelhak Kamal

The development of urbanization and a high population growth rate in large cities are a major fea... more The development of urbanization and a high population growth rate in large cities are a major feature of Turkey between 1950 and 2000. The degree of urban primacy - whether we consider the share of the largest city or of the two largest cities, Istanbul and Ankara - in the national urban population, follow a bell-shaped curve along with economic development: a gradual rise between 1960 and 1980, followed by a slow decline. These two major stages which identify the urban structure can be particularly explained by the combination of two factors: the industrialization which has promoted the growth of non-agricultural employment and the rural exodus, and the transition since 1980 from Import-Substituting Industrialization policies to economic openness and export promotion strategies.

This paper introduces a new quinquennial data set of educational inequality disaggregated by age ... more This paper introduces a new quinquennial data set of educational inequality disaggregated by age group for 146 countries, from 1950 to 2010, by using the Gini index of education as a measure of the distribution of years of schooling. Based on recent estimates of average years of schooling from Barro and Lee (2010) our calculations take into consideration, for the first time, the changes over time in the duration of educational stages, in each country and for each age group. The downward trends in educational inequality observed during the last decades depend on age group, gender and development level. JEL Classification: D63, I21, J24, O15

LEVIERS ET DYNAMIQUES : LECTURE DES DIAGNOSTICS, 2020

Ce papier aborde en premier lieu le contenu de ce que l’on entend par « modèle de développement ... more Ce papier aborde en premier lieu le contenu de ce que l’on entend par « modèle de développement » sur la base de la littérature existante. Il restitue ensuite les principaux défis au développement au Maroc selon trois principaux axes : 1/ Gouvernance, démocratie, droits humains et contrat social ; 2/ Travail, création de valeur et développement des compétences ; et 3/ Capabilités, culture et lien social.
La conclusion est consacrée à une synthèse des principales leçons tirées de cet exercice, en mesure d’inspirer les prochaines étapes du processus définies par les partenaires du projet.

This article examines the impacts of the initial industrial structure of Moroccan provinces on th... more This article examines the impacts of the initial industrial structure of Moroccan provinces on their economic growth between 1985 and 1999 using a panel data model dealing with heterogeneous parameters. Results show the importance of both specialization (MAR externalities) and diversity (Jacob externalities). They also highlight a certain tendency of semi-peripheral provinces, which attract low-technology industries and clothing, to catch

A new quinquennial data set of educational inequality by age group from 1950 to 2010, is now avai... more A new quinquennial data set of educational inequality by age group from 1950 to 2010, is now available. Data on Excel format can be downloaded by clicking the button "View" to the right of the page, then click on 'Download' even if the message "this file isn't supported appear" To cite the data: Wail Benaabdelaali, Saîd Hanchane, Abdelhak Kamal (2012), Chapter 13 Educational Inequality in the World, 1950–2010: Estimates from a New Dataset, in John A. Bishop, Rafael Salas (ed.) Inequality, Mobility and Segregation: Essays in Honor of Jacques Silber (Research on Economic Inequality, Volume 20) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.337 - 366

Research on Economic Inequality, 2012

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

The research on educational inequality plays an essential role in characterizing the fairness and... more The research on educational inequality plays an essential role in characterizing the fairness and effectiveness of educational systems, and monitoring and evaluating processes of educational development. This paper introduces a new quinquennial data set of educational inequality of 146 countries, from 1950 to 2010, and it is the first to present a Gini index of education by 5-year age intervals and by sex for a broad panel. We use the Gini index of education as a measure of the distribution of years of schooling, with a more in-depth approach, compared to existing data sets (). We use data on educational attainment of Barro and Lee taking into consideration, for the first time, the over time changes on the duration of schooling cycles, in each country and for each age group. This approach can significantly improve the measurement of inequality in education by producing estimates of the Gini Index of Education more realistic and reliable especially when it comes to international comparisons. We made a decomposition of the overall educational inequality to measure the contribution of each component. The results show that (i) even though educational inequality has been declining for most countries during the last six decades, it is not occurring in a uniform manner because it depends on age group, gender and development level for each country or region. (ii) The data indicate the existence of the Education Kuznets Curve when we consider the standard deviation of schooling. (iii) It also suggests that the average years of schooling and the Gini index of education are negatively related. JEL Classification code: D63, I21, J24, O15

La population urbaine a fortement progressé au Maroc depuis 1950, poussée par l'exode rural. Le s... more La population urbaine a fortement progressé au Maroc depuis 1950, poussée par l'exode rural. Le système urbain est relativement déséquilibré, dominé par l'agglomération de Casablanca. Le degré de primatie se réduit cependant depuis les années 1970 au profit de quelques grandes agglomérations. L'évolution de la structure urbaine s'explique largement par la répartition géographique des activités et l'évolution des spécialisations productives qui accompagnent le développement et que traduit la courbe en cloche des inégalités urbaines et régionales.

Un modèle empirique est proposé pour analyser les principaux déterminants de l'évolution du taux ... more Un modèle empirique est proposé pour analyser les principaux déterminants de l'évolution du taux d'urbanisation et du degré de primatie urbaine dans les pays en développement, distingués en trois groupes de niveau de revenu par tête, et vérifier de là l'existence ou non d'une courbe en cloche qui fait l'objet de controverses dans la littérature. Les résultats du modèle, estimé par périodes quinquennales de 1950 à 2000 en panel avec variables instrumentales, montrent que : (i) la progression du taux d'urbanisation jusqu'à un certain pic est plus poussée par l'exode agricole que par la croissance du revenu par tête ; (ii) la primatie suit une certaine courbe en cloche, avec une certaine marge d'indétermination dans sa trajectoire. La diffusion de la population vers les villes de rang inférieur est d'autant plus marquée que la croissance du revenu par tête est forte, la baisse de l'emploi agricole limitée, l'ouverture internationale plus poussée, la croissance démographique élevée, les infrastructures de transport plus importantes, les spécialisations productives moins orientées vers les industries de bie ns primaires.

Abstract –The urban population has considerably increased in Morocco since 1950 due to the rur... more Abstract –The urban population has considerably increased in Morocco since 1950 due to the rural exodus. The urban system is relatively unbalanced and is dominated by the agglomeration of Casablanca. The level of primacy has decreased since the 1970s to the benefit of a few large agglomerations. The evolution of the urban structure may mainly be accounted for by the geographical distribution of activities and the evolution of productive specializations that go hand in hand with development and that are featured by the bell-shaped curve of urban and regional inequalities.

Abstract - The development of urbanization and a high population growth rate in large cities are ... more Abstract - The development of urbanization and a high population growth rate in large cities are a major feature of Turkey between 1950 and 2000. The degree of urban primacy - whether we consider the share of the largest city or of the two largest cities, Istanbul and Ankara - in the national urban population,
follow a bell-shaped curve along with economic development: a gradual rise between 1960 and 1980, followed by a slow decline. These two major stages which identify the urban structure can be particularly explained by the combination of two factors: the industrialization which has promoted the growth of non-agricultural employment and the rural exodus, and the transition since 1980 from Import-Substituting Industrialization policies to economic openness and export promotion strategies.

We put forward an empirical model in order to analyze the main determining features of the evol... more We put forward an empirical model in order to analyze the main
determining features of the evolution of the urbanization rate and of the urban primacy rate in developing countries that fall within three groups of income per head, and to check whether or not there exists a bell-shaped curve which is a bone of contention in the literature. The results of the model, assessed in panel by five-year periods from 1950 to 2000 with instrumental variables,
show that : (i) up to a certain peak, the progress of the urbanization rate is the effect of the rural exodus rather than of the increase in the per capita income ; (ii) the primacy follows an overall bell-shaped curve but its trajectory features
a certain indetermination. The flow of people towards cities of inferior ranks is all the more marked as the rise in the per capita income is sharp, the drop in agricultural employment limited, international opening strong, the growth of the population high and as transport infrastructures are important and productive specializations less oriented towards primary goods.

The development of urbanization and a high population growth rate in large cities are a major fea... more The development of urbanization and a high population growth rate in large cities are a major feature of Turkey between 1950 and 2000. The degree of urban primacy - whether we consider the share of the largest city or of the two largest cities, Istanbul and Ankara - in the national urban population, follow a bell-shaped curve along with economic development: a gradual rise between 1960 and 1980, followed by a slow decline. These two major stages which identify the urban structure can be particularly explained by the combination of two factors: the industrialization which has promoted the growth of non-agricultural employment and the rural exodus, and the transition since 1980 from Import-Substituting Industrialization policies to economic openness and export promotion strategies.

This paper introduces a new quinquennial data set of educational inequality disaggregated by age ... more This paper introduces a new quinquennial data set of educational inequality disaggregated by age group for 146 countries, from 1950 to 2010, by using the Gini index of education as a measure of the distribution of years of schooling. Based on recent estimates of average years of schooling from Barro and Lee (2010) our calculations take into consideration, for the first time, the changes over time in the duration of educational stages, in each country and for each age group. The downward trends in educational inequality observed during the last decades depend on age group, gender and development level. JEL Classification: D63, I21, J24, O15

LEVIERS ET DYNAMIQUES : LECTURE DES DIAGNOSTICS, 2020

Ce papier aborde en premier lieu le contenu de ce que l’on entend par « modèle de développement ... more Ce papier aborde en premier lieu le contenu de ce que l’on entend par « modèle de développement » sur la base de la littérature existante. Il restitue ensuite les principaux défis au développement au Maroc selon trois principaux axes : 1/ Gouvernance, démocratie, droits humains et contrat social ; 2/ Travail, création de valeur et développement des compétences ; et 3/ Capabilités, culture et lien social.
La conclusion est consacrée à une synthèse des principales leçons tirées de cet exercice, en mesure d’inspirer les prochaines étapes du processus définies par les partenaires du projet.

This article examines the impacts of the initial industrial structure of Moroccan provinces on th... more This article examines the impacts of the initial industrial structure of Moroccan provinces on their economic growth between 1985 and 1999 using a panel data model dealing with heterogeneous parameters. Results show the importance of both specialization (MAR externalities) and diversity (Jacob externalities). They also highlight a certain tendency of semi-peripheral provinces, which attract low-technology industries and clothing, to catch

A new quinquennial data set of educational inequality by age group from 1950 to 2010, is now avai... more A new quinquennial data set of educational inequality by age group from 1950 to 2010, is now available. Data on Excel format can be downloaded by clicking the button "View" to the right of the page, then click on 'Download' even if the message "this file isn't supported appear" To cite the data: Wail Benaabdelaali, Saîd Hanchane, Abdelhak Kamal (2012), Chapter 13 Educational Inequality in the World, 1950–2010: Estimates from a New Dataset, in John A. Bishop, Rafael Salas (ed.) Inequality, Mobility and Segregation: Essays in Honor of Jacques Silber (Research on Economic Inequality, Volume 20) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.337 - 366

Research on Economic Inequality, 2012

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

The research on educational inequality plays an essential role in characterizing the fairness and... more The research on educational inequality plays an essential role in characterizing the fairness and effectiveness of educational systems, and monitoring and evaluating processes of educational development. This paper introduces a new quinquennial data set of educational inequality of 146 countries, from 1950 to 2010, and it is the first to present a Gini index of education by 5-year age intervals and by sex for a broad panel. We use the Gini index of education as a measure of the distribution of years of schooling, with a more in-depth approach, compared to existing data sets (). We use data on educational attainment of Barro and Lee taking into consideration, for the first time, the over time changes on the duration of schooling cycles, in each country and for each age group. This approach can significantly improve the measurement of inequality in education by producing estimates of the Gini Index of Education more realistic and reliable especially when it comes to international comparisons. We made a decomposition of the overall educational inequality to measure the contribution of each component. The results show that (i) even though educational inequality has been declining for most countries during the last six decades, it is not occurring in a uniform manner because it depends on age group, gender and development level for each country or region. (ii) The data indicate the existence of the Education Kuznets Curve when we consider the standard deviation of schooling. (iii) It also suggests that the average years of schooling and the Gini index of education are negatively related. JEL Classification code: D63, I21, J24, O15

La population urbaine a fortement progressé au Maroc depuis 1950, poussée par l'exode rural. Le s... more La population urbaine a fortement progressé au Maroc depuis 1950, poussée par l'exode rural. Le système urbain est relativement déséquilibré, dominé par l'agglomération de Casablanca. Le degré de primatie se réduit cependant depuis les années 1970 au profit de quelques grandes agglomérations. L'évolution de la structure urbaine s'explique largement par la répartition géographique des activités et l'évolution des spécialisations productives qui accompagnent le développement et que traduit la courbe en cloche des inégalités urbaines et régionales.

Un modèle empirique est proposé pour analyser les principaux déterminants de l'évolution du taux ... more Un modèle empirique est proposé pour analyser les principaux déterminants de l'évolution du taux d'urbanisation et du degré de primatie urbaine dans les pays en développement, distingués en trois groupes de niveau de revenu par tête, et vérifier de là l'existence ou non d'une courbe en cloche qui fait l'objet de controverses dans la littérature. Les résultats du modèle, estimé par périodes quinquennales de 1950 à 2000 en panel avec variables instrumentales, montrent que : (i) la progression du taux d'urbanisation jusqu'à un certain pic est plus poussée par l'exode agricole que par la croissance du revenu par tête ; (ii) la primatie suit une certaine courbe en cloche, avec une certaine marge d'indétermination dans sa trajectoire. La diffusion de la population vers les villes de rang inférieur est d'autant plus marquée que la croissance du revenu par tête est forte, la baisse de l'emploi agricole limitée, l'ouverture internationale plus poussée, la croissance démographique élevée, les infrastructures de transport plus importantes, les spécialisations productives moins orientées vers les industries de bie ns primaires.

Abstract –The urban population has considerably increased in Morocco since 1950 due to the rur... more Abstract –The urban population has considerably increased in Morocco since 1950 due to the rural exodus. The urban system is relatively unbalanced and is dominated by the agglomeration of Casablanca. The level of primacy has decreased since the 1970s to the benefit of a few large agglomerations. The evolution of the urban structure may mainly be accounted for by the geographical distribution of activities and the evolution of productive specializations that go hand in hand with development and that are featured by the bell-shaped curve of urban and regional inequalities.

Abstract - The development of urbanization and a high population growth rate in large cities are ... more Abstract - The development of urbanization and a high population growth rate in large cities are a major feature of Turkey between 1950 and 2000. The degree of urban primacy - whether we consider the share of the largest city or of the two largest cities, Istanbul and Ankara - in the national urban population,
follow a bell-shaped curve along with economic development: a gradual rise between 1960 and 1980, followed by a slow decline. These two major stages which identify the urban structure can be particularly explained by the combination of two factors: the industrialization which has promoted the growth of non-agricultural employment and the rural exodus, and the transition since 1980 from Import-Substituting Industrialization policies to economic openness and export promotion strategies.

We put forward an empirical model in order to analyze the main determining features of the evol... more We put forward an empirical model in order to analyze the main
determining features of the evolution of the urbanization rate and of the urban primacy rate in developing countries that fall within three groups of income per head, and to check whether or not there exists a bell-shaped curve which is a bone of contention in the literature. The results of the model, assessed in panel by five-year periods from 1950 to 2000 with instrumental variables,
show that : (i) up to a certain peak, the progress of the urbanization rate is the effect of the rural exodus rather than of the increase in the per capita income ; (ii) the primacy follows an overall bell-shaped curve but its trajectory features
a certain indetermination. The flow of people towards cities of inferior ranks is all the more marked as the rise in the per capita income is sharp, the drop in agricultural employment limited, international opening strong, the growth of the population high and as transport infrastructures are important and productive specializations less oriented towards primary goods.