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Papers by John Giebfried
Mediterranean Historical Review, 2013
This article examines the decisive role played by the Mongols in the political history of the Aeg... more This article examines the decisive role played by the Mongols in the political history of the Aegean region in the thirteenth century. The Mongol invasions of 1241–44 were the key turning point in the struggle for hegemony in the region. It was these invasions that allowed the Empire of Nicaea to rapidly expand its power at the expense of its Mongol-ravaged rivals: Bulgaria, the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum, and the Latin Empire of Constantinople and thus assert itself as the preeminent power in the region, leading to the reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.
This chapter will appear in the forthingcoming proceedings of the The Third International Sympos... more This chapter will appear in the forthingcoming proceedings of the The Third International Symposium on Crusade Studies held at
Saint Louis University from 28 February - 1 March 2014
This article explores the Temple Mount under crusader rule. It examines how the space was transfo... more This article explores the Temple Mount under crusader rule. It examines how the space was transformed physically and, more importantly, how it was spiritually rebranded to fit into the new sacred geography of crusader Jerusalem. The Dome of the Rock was consecrated as a church, known as the Templum Domini and was associated primarily with the story of Jesus forgiving the adulteress about to be stoned. The site also became the place of confession for pilgrims. Therefore this site absorbed the original purpose of the Jewish Temple, the forgiveness of sins, but reworked to fit with Christian doctrine, namely the rite of confession. Likewise the Al-Aqsa mosque, which the Muslim sources before 1099 argued was Solomon's Temple, was recast by the crusaders as Solomon's house or palace shortly after the conquest. This happened because the mosque became the royal palace under Baldwin I.
This article examines the decisive role played by the Mongols in the political history of the Aeg... more This article examines the decisive role played by the Mongols in the political history of the Aegean region in the thirteenth century. The Mongol invasions of 1241–44 were the key turning point in the struggle for hegemony in the region. It was these invasions that allowed the Empire of Nicaea to rapidly expand its power at the expense of its Mongol-ravaged rivals: Bulgaria, the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum, and the Latin Empire of Constantinople and thus assert itself as the preeminent power in the region, leading to the reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.
Books by John Giebfried
Mediterranean Historical Review, 2013
This article examines the decisive role played by the Mongols in the political history of the Aeg... more This article examines the decisive role played by the Mongols in the political history of the Aegean region in the thirteenth century. The Mongol invasions of 1241–44 were the key turning point in the struggle for hegemony in the region. It was these invasions that allowed the Empire of Nicaea to rapidly expand its power at the expense of its Mongol-ravaged rivals: Bulgaria, the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum, and the Latin Empire of Constantinople and thus assert itself as the preeminent power in the region, leading to the reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.
This chapter will appear in the forthingcoming proceedings of the The Third International Sympos... more This chapter will appear in the forthingcoming proceedings of the The Third International Symposium on Crusade Studies held at
Saint Louis University from 28 February - 1 March 2014
This article explores the Temple Mount under crusader rule. It examines how the space was transfo... more This article explores the Temple Mount under crusader rule. It examines how the space was transformed physically and, more importantly, how it was spiritually rebranded to fit into the new sacred geography of crusader Jerusalem. The Dome of the Rock was consecrated as a church, known as the Templum Domini and was associated primarily with the story of Jesus forgiving the adulteress about to be stoned. The site also became the place of confession for pilgrims. Therefore this site absorbed the original purpose of the Jewish Temple, the forgiveness of sins, but reworked to fit with Christian doctrine, namely the rite of confession. Likewise the Al-Aqsa mosque, which the Muslim sources before 1099 argued was Solomon's Temple, was recast by the crusaders as Solomon's house or palace shortly after the conquest. This happened because the mosque became the royal palace under Baldwin I.
This article examines the decisive role played by the Mongols in the political history of the Aeg... more This article examines the decisive role played by the Mongols in the political history of the Aegean region in the thirteenth century. The Mongol invasions of 1241–44 were the key turning point in the struggle for hegemony in the region. It was these invasions that allowed the Empire of Nicaea to rapidly expand its power at the expense of its Mongol-ravaged rivals: Bulgaria, the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum, and the Latin Empire of Constantinople and thus assert itself as the preeminent power in the region, leading to the reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.